Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-745bb68f8f-kw2vx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2025-01-07T21:12:03.569Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

5 - Analysis of aerosols by LIBS

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 August 2009

By
Ulrich Panne  and
David Hahn
Edited by
Andrzej W. Miziolek ,
Vincenzo Palleschi  and
Israel Schechter
Ulrich Panne
Affiliation:
Laboratory for Applied Laser Spectroscopy, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Technical University Munich
David Hahn
Affiliation:
Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of Florida
Andrzej W. Miziolek
Affiliation:
U.S. Army Research Laboratory, USA
Vincenzo Palleschi
Affiliation:
Istituto per I Processi Chimico-Fisici, Italy
Israel Schechter
Affiliation:
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa
Get access

Summary

Introduction to aerosol science

Fundamentals of aerosols

Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) is well suited for the analysis of aerosol particles because of the unique point sampling nature of the laser-induced plasma. The discrete plasma volume uniquely couples with the discrete nature of aerosol particles to enable a wide range of data analysis options, including spectral averaging, conditional spectral processing, and single-shot analysis. In this chapter, a detailed introduction to aerosol science and aerosol analysis is presented to frame the overall problem of LIBS-based aerosol analysis. A detailed analysis of the laser-induced breakdown process is focused on the gas-phase processes associated with plasma initiation and propagation. Quantitative aerosol analysis is presented in terms of the aerosol-sampling problem, followed by direct and indirect quantitative aerosol measurements. We conclude with a detailed discussion of LIBS applications to aerosol analysis and future directions in this challenging and important area.

Aerosols (Latin, Aer (air) and sole (solutions)) are particle ensembles of solid and/or liquid matter with characteristic dimensions in the nanometer to micrometer range suspended in a gaseous carrier gas. Common usage, however, refers to aerosols often only as the particulate component. For many processes involving semivolatile components, the gas phase is, however, inextricably linked to the particle composition. In relation to their number density, aerosols are ubiquitous; however, the mass of a single aerosol particle is often negligibly small. For example, a solid spherical particle of 100 nm diameter with a density of 2 g cm−3 has a total mass of 1 fg.

Type
Chapter
Information
Laser Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy , pp. 194 - 253
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2006

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Prospero, J. M., Charlson, R. J., Mohnen, V.et al., Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., 21 (1983), 1607–1630CrossRef
Seinfeld, J. H., Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics of Air Pollution (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986)Google Scholar
Harrison, R. M. and Grieken, R. E., Atmospheric Particles (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1998)Google Scholar
Spurny, K. R., Analytical Chemistry of Aerosols (Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers, 1999)Google Scholar
Reist, P. C., Aerosol Science and Technology (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1993)Google Scholar
Hinds, W. C., Aerosol Technology (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1982)Google Scholar
Finlayson-Pitts, B. J. and Pitts, J. N., Atmospheric Chemistry (New York: John Wiley & Sons, 1986)Google Scholar
Penner, J. E., Hegg, D.Leaitch, and R., Environ. Sci. Technol., 35 (2001), 332A–340ACrossRef
Jacobson, M. C., Hansson, H.-C., Noone, K. J.Charlson, and R. J., Rev. Geophys., 38 (2000), 267–294CrossRef
Whitby, K. T., Atmos. Environ., 12 (1978), 135–159CrossRef
Preining, O., J. Aerosol Sci., 29 (1998), 481–495CrossRef
Caffrey, P. F., Ondov, J. M., Zufall, M. J.Davidson, and C. I., Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998), 1615–1622CrossRef
Ondov, J. M.Wexler, and A. S., Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998), 2547–2555CrossRef
Suarez, A. E.Ondov, and J. M., Energy & Fuels, 16 (2002), 562–568CrossRef
Hughes, L. S., Cass, G. R., Gone, J., Ames, M.Olmez, and I., Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998), 1153–1161CrossRef
Pio, C. A., Castro, L. M., Cerqueira, M. A.et al., Atmos. Environ., 30 (1996), 3309–3320CrossRef
Chow, J. C., Watson, J. G., Lu, Z. Q.et al., Atmos. Environ., 30 (1996), 2079–2112CrossRef
Pandis, S. N., Wexler, A. S.Seinfeld, and J. H., J. Phys. Chem., 99 (1995), 9646–9659CrossRef
Fergusson, J. E., The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impact and Health Effects (Oxford: Pergamon Press, 1991)Google Scholar
Nriagu, J. O., Nature, 338 (1989), 47–49CrossRef
Pacyna, J. M.Pacyna, and E. G., Environ. Rev., 9 (2001), 269–298CrossRef
Nriagu, J. O.Pacyna, and J. M., Nature, 333 (1988), 134–139CrossRef
Reichhardt, T., Environ. Sci. Technol., 29 (1995), A360–A364CrossRef
Pope, C. A. III, Aerosol Sci. Technol., 32 (2000), 4–14CrossRef
Oberdörster, G., Gelein, R. M., Ferrin, J.Weiss, and B., Inhalation Toxicol., 7 (1995), 111–124CrossRef
Veronesi, B.Oortgiesen, and M., Neurotoxicol., 22 (2001), 795–810CrossRef
Horvath, H., Kasahara, M.Pesava, and P., J. Aerosol Sci., 27 (1996), 417–435CrossRef
Allen, A. G., Nemitz, E., Shi, J. P., Harrison, R. M.Greenwood, and J. C., Atmos. Environ., 35 (2001), 4581–4591CrossRef
Lannefors, H., Hansson, H. C.Granat, and L., Atmos. Environ., 17 (1983), 87–101CrossRef
Kruis, F. E., Fissan, H.Peled, and A., J. Aerosol Sci., 29 (1998), 511–535CrossRef
Pratsinis, S. E., Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 24 (1998), 197–219CrossRef
Walton, W. H.Vincent, and J. H., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 28 (1998), 417–438CrossRef
Pui, D. Y. H., Analyst, 121 (1996), 1215–1224CrossRef
Kenny, L. C., Analyst, 121 (1996), 1233–1239CrossRef
Harrison, R. M. and Perry, R., Handbook of Air Pollution Analysis (London: Chapman and Hall, 1986)CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Flagan, R. C., in Measurement Challenges in Atmospheric Chemistry, Newman, L. (Washington, DC: ACS, 1993), pp. 185–210Google Scholar
McMurry, P. H., Atmos. Environ., 34 (2000), 1959–1999CrossRef
Monkhouse, P., Prog. Energ. Combust. Sci., 28 (2002), 331–381CrossRef
Friedlander, J., Aerosol Sci., 2 (1971), 331–340CrossRef
Friedlander, J.Aerosol Sci., 1 (1970), 295–307CrossRef
Haupt, O., Klaue, B., Schaefer, C.Dannecker, and W., X-Ray Spectrom., 24 (1995), 267–275CrossRef
Steinhoff, G., Haupt, O.Dannecker, and W., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 366 (2000), 174–177CrossRef
Harmel, R., Haupt, O.Dannecker, and W., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 366 (2000), 178–181CrossRef
Haupt, O., Linnow, K., Harmel, R., Schaefer, C.Dannecker, and W., X-Ray Spectrom., 26 (1997), 79–843.0.CO;2-M>CrossRef
Wang, C. F., Chin, C. J., Luo, S. K.Men, and L. C., Anal. Chim. Acta, 389 (1999), 257–266CrossRef
Wang, C. F., Jeng, S. L., Lin, C. C.Chiang, and P. C., Anal. Chim. Acta, 368 (1998), 11–19CrossRef
Chin, C. J., Wang, C. F.Jeng, and S. L., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 14 (1999), 663–668CrossRef
Buchkamp, T.Hermann, and G., Spectrochim. Acta, B 54 (1999), 657–668CrossRef
Sneddon, J.Lee, and Y.-I., Microchem. J., 67 (2000), 201–205CrossRef
Lüdke, C., Hoffmann, E., Skole, J.Artelt, and S., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 355 (1996), 261–263
Lüdke, C., Hoffmann, E. and Skole, J., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 359 (1997), 399–403CrossRef
Petrucci, G. A., Cavalli, P. and Omenetto, N., Spectrochim. Acta, 52 (1997), 1597–1615CrossRef
Schmeling, M., Klockenkämper, R. and Klockow, D., Spectrochim. Acta, B 52 (1997), 985–994CrossRef
Schmeling, M., Spectrochim. Acta, B 56 (2001), 2127–2136CrossRef
John, A. C., Kuhlbusch, T. A. J., Fissan, H. and Schmidt, K. G., Spectrochim. Acta, B 56 (2001), 2137–2146CrossRef
Grieken, R. and Xhoffer, C., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrosc., 7 (1992), 81–88CrossRef
Kawaguchi, H., Fukasawa, N. and Mizuike, A., Spectrochim. Acta, B41 (1986), 1277–1286CrossRef
Bochert, U. K. and Dannecker, W., J. Aerosol Sci., 20 (1989), 1525–1528CrossRef
Baldwin, D. P., Zamzow, D. S. and Silva, A. P., J. Air Waste Manage. Assoc., 45 (1995), 789–791CrossRef
Kaneco, S., Nomizu, T., Tanaka, T., Mizutani, N. and Kawaguchi, H., Anal. Sci., 11 (1995), 835–840CrossRef
Trassy, C. C. and Diemiaszonek, R. C., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 10 (1995), 661–669CrossRef
Gomes, A. M., Sarrette, J. P., Madon, L. and Almi, A., Spectrochim. Acta, B 51 (1996), 1695–1705CrossRef
Seltzer, M. D. and Meyer, G. A., Environ. Sci. Technol., 31 (1997), 2665–2672CrossRef
Seltzer, M. D., Appl. Spectrosc., 52 (1998), 195–199CrossRef
Myojo, T., Takaya, M. and Ono-Ogasawara, M., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 36 (2002), 76–83CrossRef
Schelles, W., Maes, K. J. R., Gendt, S. and Grieken, R. E., Anal. Chem., 68 (1996), 1136–42CrossRef
Marcus, R. K., Dempster, M. A., Gibeau, T. E. and Reynolds, E. M., Anal. Chem., 71 (1999), 3061–3069CrossRef
Hunter, A. J. R., Davis, S. J., Piper, L. G., Holtzclaw, K. W. and Fraser, M. E., Appl. Spectrosc., 54 (2000), 575–582CrossRef
Oikari, R., Aho, M. and Hernberg, R., Energ. Fuel., 17 (2003), 87–94CrossRef
Oikari, R., Botti, L. and Hernberg, R., Appl. Spectrosc., 56 (2002), 1453–1457CrossRef
Okada, Y., Yabumoto, J. and Takeuchi, K., J. Aerosol Sci., 33 (2002), 961–965CrossRef
Woskov, P. P., Hadidi, K., Thomas, P., Green, K. and Flores, G., Waste Manage., 20 (2000), 395–402CrossRef
Woskov, P. P., Rhee, D. Y., Thomas, P., et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 67 (1996), 3700–3707CrossRef
Duan, Y., Su, Y., Jin, Z. and Abeln, S. P., Anal. Chem., 72 (2000), 1672–1679CrossRef
Jin, Q., Zhu, C., Borer, M. W. and Hieftje, G. M., Spectrochim. Acta, B 46 (1991), 417–430CrossRef
Suto, H., Matsuura, M., Iinuma, K., Uchida, S. and Takayama, K., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72 (2001), 4434–4441CrossRef
Noble, C. A. and Prather, K. A., Mass Spectrom. Rev., 19 (2000), 248–2743.0.CO;2-I>CrossRef
Hunt, A. L. and Petrucci, G. A., Trends Anal. Chem., 21 (2002), 74–81CrossRef
Johnston, M. V. and Wexler, A. S., Anal. Chem., 67 (1995), A721–A726CrossRef
Wood, S. H. and Prather, K. A., Trends Anal. Chem., 17 (1998), 346–356CrossRef
Allen, J. O., Fergenson, D. P., Gard, E. E.et al., Environ. Sci. Technol., 34 (2000), 211–217CrossRef
Ge, Z. Z., Wexler, A. S. and Johnston, M. V., Environ. Sci. Technol., 32 (1998), 3218–3223CrossRef
Jackson, S. N. and Murray, K. K., Anal. Chem., 74 (2002), 4841–4844CrossRef
Kane, D. B. and Johnston, M. V., Anal. Chem., 73 (2001), 5365–5369CrossRef
Petrucci, G. A., Farnsworth, P. B., Cavalli, P. and Omenetto, N., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33 (2000), 105–121CrossRef
Maker, P. D. T. R. W. and , S. C. M. (New York: Columbia University Press, 1963), pp. 1559–1565
Meyerand, R. G. Jr. and Haught, A. F., Phys. Rev. Lett., 11 (1963), 401–403CrossRef
DeMichelis, C., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 5 (1969), 188–202CrossRef
Morgan, C. G. Grey, Rep. Prog. Phys., 38 (1975), 621–665CrossRef
Bloembergen, N., J. Nonlin. Opt. Phys. Mat., 6 (1997), 377–385CrossRef
Hughes, T. P., Plasmas and Laser Light (New York: Wiley, 1975)Google Scholar
Zel'dovich, Y. B. and Raizer, Y. P., Physics of Shock Waves and High-Temperature Hydrodynamic Phenomena (New York: Dover Publications, 2002)Google Scholar
Bekefi, G., Principles of Laser Plasmas (New York: Wiley, 1976)Google Scholar
Ready, J. F., Effects of High-Power Laser Radiation (New York: Academic Press, 1971)Google Scholar
Bettis, J. R., Appl. Opt., 31 (1992), 3448–3452CrossRef
Voronov, G. S., Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz., 51 (1966), 1496–1498
Voronov, G. S., Delone, G. A. and Delone, N. B., Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz., Pis'ma Redakts., 3 (1966), 480–483
Agostini, P., Barjot, G., Mainfray, G., Manus, C. and Thebault, J., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 6 (1970), 782–788CrossRef
Agostini, P., Barjot, G., Bonnal, J. F.et al., IEEE J. Quant. Electron., 4 (1968), 667–669CrossRef
Baravian, G. and Sultan, G., Physica, B+C, 128 (1985), 343–352
Huillier, A. L'J. Phys., C9 (1987), C9–415/C9–425
Chan, C. H., Moody, C. D. and McKnight, W. B., J. Appl. Phys., 44 (1973), 1179–1188CrossRef
Weyl, G. M. and Rosen, D., Phys. Rev., A 31 (1985), 2300–2313CrossRef
Yablonovitch, E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 23 (1973), 121–122CrossRef
Yablonovitch, E., Phys. Rev. Lett., 32 (1974), 1101–1104CrossRef
Yablonovitch, E., Phys. Rev., A 10 (1974), 1888–1895CrossRef
Keldysh, L. V., Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz., 47 (1964), 1945–1957
MacDonald, A. D., Microwave Breakdown in Gases (New York: Wiley, 1966)Google Scholar
Phelps, A. V., in Physics of Quantum Electronics, edited by Kelley, P., Lax, B. andTannenwald, P. (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1966), pp. 538–547Google Scholar
Browne, P. F., Proc. Phys. Soc., 86 (1965), 1323–1332CrossRef
Wright, J. K., Proc. Phys. Soc., 84 (1964), 41–6CrossRef
Damon, E. K. and Tomlinson, R. G., Appl. Opt., 2 (1963), 546–547CrossRef
Kroll, N. M. and Watson, K. M., Phys. Rev., A 5 (1972), 1883–905CrossRef
Weyl, G. M., Rosen, D. I., Wilson, J. and Seka, W., Phys. Rev., A 26 (1982), 1164–1167CrossRef
Rosen, D. I. and Weyl, G., J. Phys., D 20 (1987), 1264–1276
Buscher, H. T., Tomlinson, R. and Damon, K., Phys. Rev. Lett., 15 (1965), 847–849CrossRef
Byron, K. C. and Pert, G. J., J. Phys., D 12 (1979), 401–408
Simeonsson, J. B. and Miziolek, A. W., Appl. Phys., B 59 (1994), 1–9CrossRef
Tambay, R. and Thareja, R. K., J. Appl. Phys., 70 (1991), 2890–2892CrossRef
Davis, J. P., Smith, A. L., Giranda, C. and Squicciarini, M., Appl. Opt., 30 (1991), 4358–4364CrossRef
Stricker, J. and Parker, J. G., J. Appl. Phys., 53 (1982), 851–855CrossRef
Armstrong, R. A., Lucht, R. A. and Rawlins, W. T., Appl. Opt., 22 (1983), 1573–1577CrossRef
Zel'dovich, Y. B. and Raizer, Y. P., Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz., 47 (1964), 1150–1161
Kas'yanov, V. and Starostin, A., Zh. Eksperim. Teor. Fiz., 48 (1965), 295–302
Dalgarno, A. and Lane, N. F., Astrophys. J., 145 (1966), 623–633CrossRef
Fabre, B., Phys. Lett., A 30 (1969), 167–168CrossRef
Taylor, R. L. and Caledonia, G., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat., 9 (1969), 681–696CrossRef
Taylor, R. L. and Caledonia, G., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat., 9 (1969), 657–679CrossRef
Young, M. and Hercher, M., J. Appl. Phys., 38 (1967), 4393–4400CrossRef
Dewhurst, R. J., Pert, G. J. and Ramsden, S. A., J. Phys., B 7 (1974), 2281–2290
Dewhurst, R. J., J. Phys., D 10 (1977), 283–289
Ireland, C. L. M. and Morgan, C. G., J. Phys., D6 (1973), 720–729
Gamal, Y. and Harith, M. Abdel, J. Phys., D 14 (1981), 2209–2214
Hanafi, M., Omar, M. M. and Gamal, Y. E. E. D., Rad. Phys. Chem., 57 (2000), 11–20CrossRef
Davis, L. M., Li, L. Q. and Keefer, D. R., J. Phys., D 26 (1993), 222–230
Ireland, C. L. M., Yi, A., Aaron, J. M. and Morgan, C. G., Appl. Phys. Lett., 24 (1974), 175–177CrossRef
Sobral, H., Villagran-Muniz, M., Navarro-Gonzalez, R. and Raga, A. C., Appl. Phys. Lett., 77 (2000), 3158–3160CrossRef
Haught, A. F. and Polk, D. H., Phys. Fluids, 9 (1966), 2047–2056CrossRef
Zuev, V. E., Zemlyanov, A. A., Kopytin, Y. D. and Kuzikovskii, A. V., High-Power Laser Radiation in Atmospheric Aerosols (Dordrecht: D. Reidel, 1984)Google Scholar
Lushnikov, A. A. and Negin, A. E., J. Aerosol Sci., 24 (1993), 707–735CrossRef
Armstrong, R. L., Appl. Opt., 23 (1984), 148–155CrossRef
Schoolcraft, T. A., Constable, G. S., Zhigilei, L. V. and Garrison, B. J., Anal. Chem., 72 (2000), 5143–5150CrossRef
Zakharchenko, S. V., Semenov, L. P. and Skripkin, A. M., in Proceedings of the International Conference on Lasers (1980), pp. 864–866
Lencioni, D. E. and Pettingill, L. C., J. Appl. Phys., 48 (1977), 1848–1851CrossRef
Lencioni, D. E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 25 (1974), 15–17CrossRef
Poulain, D. E., Alexander, D. R., Barton, J. P., Schaub, S. A. and Zhang, J., J. Appl. Phys., 67 (1990), 2283–228CrossRef
Borets-Pervak, I. Y. and Vorob'ev, V. S.Quantum Electron., 23 (1993), 224–230CrossRef
Smith, D. C. and Brown, R. T., J. Appl. Phys., 46 (1975), 1146–1154CrossRef
Smith, D. C., J. Appl. Phys., 48 (1977), 2217–2225CrossRef
Weyl, G. M., J. Phys., D12 (1979), 33–49
Smith, D. C., Opt. Eng., 20 (1981), 962–969CrossRef
Amimoto, S. T., Whittier, J. S., Ronkowski, F. G.et al., AIAA J., 22 (1984), 1108–1114CrossRef
Lowder, J. E. and Kleiman, H., J. Appl. Phys., 44 (1973), 504–550
Boni, A. A. and Meskan, D. A., Opt. Comm., 14 (1975), 115–118CrossRef
Canavan, G. H. and Nielsen, P. E., Appl. Phys. Lett., 22 (1973), 409–410CrossRef
Pinnick, R. G., Biswas, A., Pendleton, J. D. and Armstrong, R. L., Appl. Opt., 31 (1992), 311–317CrossRef
Chylek, P., Jarzembski, M. A., Chou, N. Y. and Pinnick, R. G., Appl. Phys. Lett., 49 (1986), 1475–1477CrossRef
Biswas, A., Latifi, H., Shah, P., Radziemski, L. J. and Armstrong, R. L., Opt. Lett., 12 (1987), 313–315CrossRef
Biswas, A., Latifi, H., Radziemski, L. J. and Armstrong, R. L., Appl. Opt., 27 (1988), 2386–2391CrossRef
Pinnick, R. G., Chylek, P., Jarzembski, M.et al., Appl. Opt., 27 (1988), 987–996CrossRef
Chylek, P., Jarzembski, M. A., Srivastava, V.et al., Appl. Opt., 26 (1987), 760–762CrossRef
Hsieh, W. F., Eickmans, J. H. and Chang, R. K., J. Opt. Soc. Amer., B4 (1987), 1816–1820CrossRef
Chang, R. K., Eickmans, J. H., Hsieh, W. F.et al., Appl. Opt., 27 (1988), 2377–2385CrossRef
Hahn, D. W. and Lunden, M. M., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 33 (2000), 30–48CrossRef
Hahn, D. W., Flower, W. L. and Hencken, K. R., Appl. Spectrosc., 51 (1997), 1836–1844CrossRef
Radziemski, L. J., Loree, T. R., Cremers, D. A. and Hoffman, N. M., Anal. Chem., 55 (1983), 1246–1252CrossRef
Chen, Y. L., Lewis, J. W. L. and Parigger, C., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat., 67 (2000), 91–103CrossRef
Yalcin, S., Crosley, D. R., Smith, G. P. and Faris, G. W., Appl. Phys., B68 (1999), 121–130
Carranza, J. E. and Hahn, D. W., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 17 (2002), 1534–1539CrossRef
Hahn, D. W., Carranza, J. E., Arsenault, G. R., Johnsen, H. A. and Hencken, K. R., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 72 (2001), 3706–3713CrossRef
Cremers, D. A. and Radziemski, L. J., Appl. Spectrosc., 39 (1985), 57–63CrossRef
Essien, M., Radziemski, L. J. and Sneddon, J., J. Anal. Atom. Spectrom., 3 (1988), 985–988CrossRef
Carranza, J. E. and Hahn, D. W., Anal. Chem., 74 (2002), 5450–5454CrossRef
Carranza, J. E. and Hahn, D. W., Spectrochim. Acta, B57 (2002), 779–790CrossRef
Schechter, I., Anal. Sci. Technol., 8 (1995), 779–86
Arnold, S. D. and Cremers, D. A., Amer. Indust. Hyg. Assoc. J., 56 (1995), 1180–1186CrossRef
Neuhauser, R. E., Panne, U. and Niessner, R., Anal. Chim. Acta, 392 (1999), 47–54CrossRef
Neuhauser, R. E., Panne, U. and Niessner, R., Appl. Spectrosc., 54 (2000), 923–927CrossRef
Panne, U., Neuhauser, R. E., Theisen, M., Fink, H. and Niessner, R., Spectrochim. Acta, B56 (2001), 839–850CrossRef
Willeke, K. and Baron, P. A., Aerosol Measurement (New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1993)Google Scholar
Berg, T., Royset, O. and Steinnes, E., Atm. Environ., 27A (1993), 2435–2439CrossRef
Martin, M. Z., Cheng, M. D. and Martin, R. C., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 31 (1999), 409–421CrossRef
Radziemski, L. J., Microchem. J., 50 (1994), 218–234CrossRef
Radziemski, L. J. and Cremers, D. A. (editors) Laser-Induced Plasmas and Applications (New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989)
Sneddon, J., Trends Anal. Chem., 7 (1988), 222–226CrossRef
Smith, B. W., Hahn, D. W., Gibb, E., Gornushkin, I. and Winefordner, J. D., Kona, 19 (2001), 25–33CrossRef
Rusak, D. A., Castle, B. C., Smith, B. W. and Winefordner, J. D., CRC Crit. Rev. Anal. Chem., 27 (1997), 257–290CrossRef
Belyaev, E. B., Godlevsk, A. P. ii and Kopytin, Y. D., Kvantov. Elektron., 5 (1978), 2594–2601
Godlevsk, A. P. ii, Kopytin, Y. D., Korol'kov, V. A. and Ivanov, Y. V., Zh. Prikl. Spektrosk., 39 (1983), 734–740
Radziemski, L. J., Cremers, D. A. and Loree, T. R., Spectrochim. Acta, B38 (1983), 349–355CrossRef
Loree, T. R. and Radziemski, L. J., Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 1 (1981), 271–279CrossRef
Radziemski, L. J. and Loree, T. R., Plasma Chem. Plasma Process., 1 (1981), 281–293CrossRef
Ottesen, D. K., in Advances in Coal Spectroscopy, edited by Meuzelaar, H. L. C. (New York: Plenum Press, 1992), pp. 91–118Google Scholar
Ottesen, D. K., Wang, J. C. F. and Radziemski, L. J., Appl. Spectrosc., 43 (1989), 967–976CrossRef
Ottesen, D. K., Baxter, L. L., Radziemski, L. J. and Burrows, J. F., Energ. Fuel, 5 (1991), 304CrossRef
Ottesen, D. K., Appl. Spectrosc., 46 (1991), 593–596CrossRef
Singh, J. P., Zhang, H., Yueh, F. Y. and Carney, K. P., Appl. Spectrosc., 50 (1996), 764–773CrossRef
Zhang, H., Yueh, F. Y. and Singh, J. P., Appl. Opt., 38 (1999), 1459–1466CrossRef
Singh, J. P., Yueh, F. Y., Zhang, H. S. and Cook, R. L., Process Cont. Qual., 10 (1997), 247–258
Neuhauser, R. E., Panne, U., Niessner, R. and Wilbring, P., Fresenius J. Anal. Chem., 364 (1999), 720–726CrossRef
Peng, L. W., Flower, W. L., Hencken, K. R.et al., Process Cont. Qual., 7 (1995), 39–49
Flower, W. L., Peng, L. W., Bonin, M. P.et al., Fuel Process. Technol., 39 (1994), 277–84CrossRef
Lemieux, P. M., Ryan, J. V., French, N. B.et al., Waste Manage., 18 (1998), 385–391CrossRef
Buckley, S. G., Johnsen, H. A., Hencken, K. R. and Hahn, D. W., Waste Manage., 20 (2000), 455–462CrossRef
Monts, D. L., Singh, J. P., Abhilasha, Y. S.et al., Combust. Sci. Technol., 134 (1998), 103–126CrossRef
Archontaki, H. A. and Crouch, S. R., Appl. Spectrosc., 42 (1988), 741–746CrossRef
Poulain, D. E. and Alexander, D. R., Appl. Spectrosc., 49 (1995), 569–579CrossRef
Parigger, C. and Lewis, J. W. L., Opt. Commun., 12 (1993), 163–173
Ng, K. C., Ayala, N. L., Simeonsson, J. B. and Winefordner, J. D., Anal. Chim. Acta, 269 (1992), 123–128CrossRef
Eickmans, J. H., Hsieh, W. F. and Chang, R. K., Appl. Opt., 26 (1987), 3721–3725CrossRef
Martin, M. and Cheng, M. D., Appl. Spectrosc., 54 (2000), 1279–1285CrossRef
Casini, M., Harith, M. A., Palleschi, V.et al., Lasre Part. Beams, 9 (1991), 633–639CrossRef
Carranza, J. E., Fisher, B. T., Yoder, G. D. and Hahn, D. W., Spectrochim. Acta, B56 (2001), 851–864CrossRef
Nunez, M. H., Cavalli, P., Petrucci, G. and Omenetto, N., Appl. Spectrosc., 54 (2000), 1805–1816CrossRef
Buckley, S. G., McEnally, C. S., Sawyer, R. F., Koshland, C. P. and Lucas, D., Combust. Sci. Technol., 118 (1996), 169–188CrossRef
Buckley, S. G., Sawyer, R. F., Koshland, C. P. and Lucas, D., Combust. Flame, 128 (2002), 435–446CrossRef
Hartinger, K. T., Monkhouse, P. B. and Wolfrum, J., Ber. Bunsenges. Phys. Chem., 97 (1993), 1731–1734CrossRef
Tong, X., Barat, R. B. and Poulos, A. T., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 70 (1999), 4180–4184CrossRef
Tong, X., Barat, R. B. and Poulos, A. T., Environ. Sci. Technol., 33 (1999), 3260–3263CrossRef
Tran, M., Sun, Q., Smith, B. W. and Winefordner, J. D., Appl. Spectrosc., 55 (2001), 739–744CrossRef
Neuhauser, R. E., Panne, U., Niessner, R.et al., Anal. Chim. Acta, 346 (1997), 37–48CrossRef
Cheng, E. A. P., Fraser, R. D. and Eden, J. G., Appl. Spectrosc., 45 (1991), 949–952CrossRef
Lazzari, C., Rosa, M., Rastelli, S.et al., Laser Part. Beam, 12 (1994), 525–530CrossRef
Yalcin, S., Crosley, D. R., Smith, G. P. and Faris, G. W., Hazard. Waste Hazard. Mater., 13 (1996), 51–61CrossRef
Chen, Y. L., Lewis, J. W. L. and Parigger, C., J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat., 66 (2000), 41–53CrossRef
Phuoc, T. X. and White, F. P., Combust. Flame, 119 (1999), 203–216CrossRef
Phuoc, T. X. and White, C. M., Opt. Commun., 181 (2000), 353–359CrossRef
Sircar, A., Dwivedi, R. K. and Thareja, R. K., Appl. Phys. B, 63 (1996), 623–627
Nordstrom, R. J., Appl. Spectrosc., 49 (1995), 1490–1499CrossRef
Dahneke, B., Nature, 244 (1973), 54–55
Schreiner, J., Voigt, C., Mauersberger, K., McMurry, P. and Ziemann, P., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 29 (1998), 50–56CrossRef
Liu, P., Ziemann, P. J., Kittelson, D. B. and McMurry, P. H., Aerosol Sci. Technol, 22 (1995), 293–313CrossRef
Liu, P., Ziemann, P. J., Kittelson, D. B. and McMurry, P. H., Aerosol Sci. Technol., 22 (1995), 314–324CrossRef
Cheng, M.-D., Karr, L., Kornuc, J.et al., Microchem. J., 72 (2002), 209–219CrossRef
Cheng, M. D., Fuel Process. Technol., 65ȓ66 (2000), 219–229CrossRef
Lee, J.-W., Yi, M.-Y. and Lee, S.-M., J. Aerosol Sci., 34 (2002), 211–224CrossRef

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×