Index

doi:10.1017/9781009040396.020

Index

Act LVIII on the Epidemiological Preparedness (Hungary), 227–228

Act on Foreigners (2013) (Poland), 245–248

Act on Granting Protection to Foreigners in the Republic of Poland (2003), 245–248, 252–253

Act on Succession (Sweden), 344–353

administrative law

alien detention and, 369–371

discretion and legality bonus, 365–374

humanitarian visas and, 371–373

inadmissible asylum applications, 373–374

independence in Sweden of, 344–353

legal resilience and, 374–376

limited abilities of, 39–41, 46

populism and, 356–361

qualities of, 361–365

subversion of legal resilience by, 355–376

admission to territory

contestation of, 64–65

as empirical fact, 70–76

humanitarian visa program and, 122

in Hungary, 194–195, 219–220, 224–227

infringement proceedings, 176–179

migrants’ right to, 58–61

in Poland, 252–254

Spanish exclaves case and, 130–133

waving through, 135–137

Afghanistan, EU informal cooperation with, 148–149

aging populations

economic growth decrease and, 95–96, 103–104

impact on labor of, 102

inequality growth and, anti-immigration politics and, 108–111

migration law and, 101–103, 111–113

as norm, 114

relative disadvantage and, 110

restrictive migration policies and, 20–21, 42

Åkesson, Jimmie, 337–338

Aksoy, Y., 103–104

Aleinikoff, T. Alexander, 331–332

Aliens Act (Belgium), 314–315

detention of children in, 324–326

integration as residence condition in, 319–320

international protections in, 316–318

removal based on public order or national security in, 318–319

Aliens Act (Sweden), 339–343

Aliens’ Law Amendment Act (FrÄG) (Austria), 286–288, 290–291

Alternative für Deutschland, 110

American Revolution, peoplehood in, 89–92

Ammer, Margit, 23–24, 37, 45, 280–300

Anlandeplattformen (docking platforms), Austrian proposal for, 284–286

Annual Monitoring Cycle (European Commission Mechanism), 174–176

Annual Rule of Law Report (European Commission), 174–176

anti-concentration principle, 29–30

anti-growth norm, restrictive migration policies and, 113–114

anti-immigration parties

aging and inequality and growth of, 108–111

migration crises and growth of, 304–305

anti-pluralism, populism and, 20, 334–336

Area of Freedom, Security and Justice, 155–158

Aristotle, 86–87

Asylum Act (Hungary)

amendments to, 222–224

mass migration crisis and changes to, 224–227

Sections 80/A-80K of, 224–227

asylum law

Austrian order and security rhetoric and, 283–284

Belgian Asylum Act, 316–318

Belgian Constitutional Court challenges to, 315–322

Belgian Council of State and challenges to, 322–326

Belgian optimization of, 313–314

Belgian securitization provisions and, 318–319

coercion of asylum seekers in, 150–154

Dublin Regulation and, 135–137

enforcement deficit in, 38–39, 43, 145–147

EU constitutional crisis and, 139–140

EU governance challenges concerning, 142–149

EU relocation decision, 134–135

Europeanization of, 162–164

EU-Turkey agreement and, 205–206

evolution in Hungary of, 219–220

in Hungary, 195–197, 201–203, 222–230

legal status of, 76n.14

Member States’ noncompliance with protections for, 143–145

in New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, 150–154

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) and, 281–290

in Poland, 238–240, 244–256

populism and, 158–164

repoliticization of, 160–161

Swedish constitutional framework for, 344–354

Swedish migration restrictions and, 339–343

Swedish pre-2015 migration policies and, 338–339

transit zones in Hungary and, 201–203

undermining in Belgium of, 314–315

zero asylum seekers proposals and, 284–286

Asylum Procedures Directive

administrative law and, 371–373

administrative law denial of free legal assistance, 373–374

Belgian refugee protections and, 316–318

noncompliance with, 146–147

asylum seekers

admission to territory for, 58–61

rights of, in Austria, 286–288

Australia, no way migration policy in, 265–267

Austria

avoidance of democratic decay in, 25

constitutional law in, 296–299

democratic decay in, 294–296

Federal Agency for Care and Support Services in, 286–290

Government Programme of 2017-2022 283, 286–288

legal resilience in, 37, 296–299

migrants’ rights and democratic decay in, 23–24, 45, 280–300

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

order and security rhetoric on asylum in, 283–284

populism in, 292–294

restrictions on internationally protected refugees in, 290–291

restrictive migration policy of ÖVP-FPÖ coalition in, 281–290

zero asylum seekers as policy goal in, 284–286

Austrian Constitution, 45

legal resilience and, 296–299

authoritarian populism. See also executive aggrandizement; specific countries, e.g., Hungary

anti-concentration principle and, 29–30

Belgian constitutional resistance to, 303–312

Belgian robust constitutional framework and resistance to, 305–310

crisis in democracy and, 1–2

defined, 11–12

democratic decay and, 33–34

instrumentalization of migration by, 14–19

rule of law and, 356–361

autocratisation

constitutional narratives for, 218–220

criminalisation of asylum assistance and, 228–230

democratic decay as, 12–14

legal resilience and, 27–34

migration as context for, 224–230

backslidng in rule of law

anti-immigrant politics and, 299

assessment of tools for countering, 186

Belgian constitutional resilience against, 311–312

EU action to limit, 165–186

EU legal resilience and, 167–176

funding conditionality as response to, 182–185

Hungarian asylum law and, 194–203

Basic Law on Social Assistance (Austria), 290–291

Bélanger, A., 107

Belgian Maritime Code (2019), 316

Belgium

access to international protection and reception conditions in, 323–324

administrative fees for residence applications in, 322, 326–328

appeals procedures in asylum law, 320

constitutional resistance against authoritarian populism in, 303–312

co-optation of populist polices by political parties in, 311–312

Council of State challenges to asylum law in, 322–326

democratic decay in, 301–303

deterioration of legislative process in, 314–315

erosion of migrants’ rights in, 312–328

integration as residence condition in asylum law, 319–320

international protections in asylum law of, 316–318

legal resilience in, 20–45

legislative challenges in Constitutional Court of, 315–322

migrants’ rights in, 20–45

migration politics in, 312–313

optimization of asylum legislation in, 313–314

political parties power in, 309–310

populism in, 11–12, 301–329

proportional representation in electoral system of, 305–307

resistance against migrants’ rights in, 301–329

robust constitutional framework in, 305–310

securitization provisions in asylum law of, 318–319

separation of powers protections in, 307–308

sham family relations in asylum law of, 320–322

terrorist attacks in, 237

Vlaams Belang party in, 303–305

Benhabib, Seylah, 56–57, 64–65

Bermeo, Nancy, 13–14

birth rate, population aging and, 102–103

Bistieva and others v. Poland, 254–256

‘Blueprint for Action’ (European Commission), 174–176

Boese, Vanessa, 27–28

border control policies

Hungarian asylum law and, 224–227

as immobilisation tool, 78–80

in New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, 150–154

noncompliance with migrant law and, 144–145

in Poland, 252–253

Spanish enclaves case, 130–133

border detention, EU migration law and, 124–127

Bosniak, Linda, 72–73

Boubtane, E., 105

bounded community

liberal democracy and, 54–58

breakdown resilience, 27–28

Bresson, Samantha, 55n.37

Bruni, M., 107–108

Bulgaria, noncompliance with CEAS by, 143–145

bundle-rights, citizenship status and, 83–84

Cap Anamur case, 272–273n.38

categorization of people, administrative law and, 361–365

Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) countries, populism in, 10–11

Chahal v. United Kingdom, 61–62

Charter of Fundamental Rights of the EU, 121–124, 169–170

infringement proceedings and, 146–147

violations of, 176–179, 181–182

children, detention of

Belgian asylum law and, 324–326

Swedish asylum law and, 350–353

Chinese fertility declines, immigration flows and, 107–108

Christian Democratic and Flemish (CD&V) states party, 326

citizenship

legal status concepts and, 73–76

migration and laws of, 92–93

population design and fabrication of, 80–85

terminology of, 88n.36

civil law, administrative law and, 361–365

civil society organizations

Austrian legal resilience and, 296–299

Belgian resistance to migrants’ rights erosion and, 313–314

Hungarian criminalization of, 230

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) attacks on, 292

class politics, Italian anti-migration policies and, 263–265

Clements, B., 102–103, 107–108

closed ports policy (Italy)

criminalisation of search and rescue activities and, 270–271

establishment of, 263–265

international law and, 265–267

litigation involving, 269–270

Security Decree and, 267–268

coalition governments, prevalence in Belgium of, 305–307

Code of Conduct for NGOs, Italian migration policies and, 273

collective vs. individual dichotomy, liberal democracy and stress of, 51–52

colonialism

EU migration law and, 97

privileging of state interests over human rights and, 39, 42–43

Commissioner for Children’s Rights (Poland), 241–242

Commissioner General for Refugees and Stateless Persons (Belgium), 316–318

Commission of Advice for Foreigners (Belgium), 318–319

Commission Vice President for the ‘European Way of Life,’ 189–190, 193–194

Commission v. Poland, 169–170

Committee Against Torture (CAT), 252–253

Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination (CERD), 251–256

Committee on the Rights of the Child, 254–256

Belgian asylum law and, 326–328

Common European Asylum System (CEAS)

collapse of, 140–142

democracy and rule of law, implications of violations, 179–180

infringement proceedings and, 176–179

Member States’ noncompliance with, 143–145

New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum and, 150–154, 160–161

noncompliance with, 146–147

Polish migration law and, 245–248

systematic noncompliance with, 139–140

Common Man’s Front (Fronte dell’Uomo Qualunque (Italy), 259–263

Common Provision Regulation (CPR), 183

Constitutional Court (Austria), 45, 296–299

Constitutional Court (Belgium), 308–309

international protection of refugees in Belgian Asylum Act and, 316–318

legislative challenges in, 315–322

constitutional crises

autocratisation and, 218–220

Europeanization and, 162–164

migration in EU as, 43, 139–164

constitutional law

anti-concentration principle, 29–30

Austrian legal resilience and, 296–299

Belgian constitutional resistance to populism and, 303–312

Belgian robust constitutional framework in, 305–310

Hungarian constitutional developments and, 219–220

Italian populism and, 262–263

legal resilience and, 28–29

liberal democracy and, 50–53

migrant law and, 4–5

Polish democratic decay and, 238–240

populism and, 16–18, 68–69, 335–336

Swedish migrant policies and, 344–353

Conte, Giuseppe, 259–263

contrario construction, EU migrant law and, 136–137

Cooley, T., 103–104

Council for Alien Law Litigation (Belgium), 320

Council of Europe (CoE)

Hungarian re-democratisation and, 232–233

legal resilience and, 41

Council of Legislation (Sweden), 37

Council of National Media (Poland), 240

Council of State (Belgium)

challenges to asylum law in, 322–326

families in asylum law challenges and, 321–322

political undermining of, 314–315

Council of the European Union, EU relocation decision, 134–135

Council on Legislation (Sweden), 344–353

Court of Cassation (Italy), 37, 269–270, 274–277

Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU), 39

CEAS infringement cases, 146–147

EU Common Foreign and Security Policy and Development Cooperation and, 155–158

EU governance of migrant rights and, 142n.17

EU relocation decision, 134–135

EU-Turkey agreement, 120–121

humanitarian visa program, 121–124

Hungarian asylum cases, 222–224

Hungarian infringement proceedings and, 203

infringement proceedings, 168–170, 173, 181–182

Italian migration cases, 277–279

Member States actions against other Member States, 170–171

migration case law and, 42–43

rule of law and, 203–208

COVID-19 pandemic

in Belgium, 301–302

Italian migration policy and, 277

restrictive migration measures linked to, 176–179

criminalisation of asylum-seekers, migrants and NGOs

Hungarian legislation for, 195–197, 201–203, 222–230

Italian criminalisation of search and rescue activities, 270–271

Italian “no way” model and, 259–279

criminal law, administrative law and, 361–365, 374–376

crisis framework

Austrian order and security rhetoric on asylum and, 283–284

emergency framing of migrant crisis, 35–36, 42–43, 118–119

EU political transformation and, 165–166

Hungarian restrictive migration policy and use of, 44, 195–197, 216–218, 225–227

Orbán’s use of, 44, 213

populism and, 10–11, 334–336

Swedish migrant rights policies and, 330–333, 339–343

Croatia

Dublin Regulation and, 135–137

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

Cross-Party Committee of Inquiry on Migration (Sweden), 339–343

Czech Republic

EU relocation programme challenged by, 198–201

infringement proceedings against, 176–179, 248–251

noncompliance proceedings against, 146–147

Data Protection Authority, 316–318

Dauvergne, Catherine, 330

De Block, Maggie, 313–314, 323–324

De Cleen, Benjamin, 9–10

de lege ferenda principles, 180–186

de lege lata principles, 180–186

democracy

decline of, 1–2

de lege lata and de lege ferenda and, 180–186

EU constitutional crisis and, 140–142

human rights and protection of, 52n.15, 292

in Hungary, 219–220

Member States’ disrespect for, 167–176

in political thought, 86–87

populism’s undermining of, 7–12

Schmitt’s interwar theory of, 214–215

democratic decay (democratic backsliding)

ageing population and, 95–96, 111–113

in Austria, 294–296

Belgian constitutional resistance to, 303–312

in Belgium, 301–303

constitutional law and, 16–18

definition of, 7–14

in Europe, 3

European Union constitutional crisis and, 21–22

human rights and, 19–25

incremental and purposive aspects of, 12–14

legal resilience scholarship and, 27–34

majority views on processes of, 19–25

migrant crisis and, 5

migrants’ rights in context of, 18–23, 44–45

peoplehood concept in populism and, 89–92

in Poland, 13–14, 20–23, 28–29, 237–240, 243–244

populism and migration interrelationship with, 5–27, 33–34, 356–361

protections against, 236–237

restrictive migration policies and, 20–21, 44

rule of law and migration policy and, 190–191

democratic iteration, jurisgenerative politics and, 56–57

Démocratie Nationale (Belgium), 305–307

demographic change, economic change, 101–103

demos, in political thought, 86–87

Denmark

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with migrant law and, 144–145

zero asylum seekers proposals and, 285

Dennison, James, 304–305

De Ridder, Maaike, 38–39, 43, 165–186

Desmet, Ellen, 11–12, 20–45, 301–329, 372–373

detention

administrative law and, 369–371

Austrian security detention initiative, 288

in Belgian Asylum Act, 316–318

of children, Belgian asylum law and, 324–326

Hungarian transit zones as, 201–203

Hungarian violations of directives on, 225–227

Italian illegitimate deprivation of personal liberty aboard ships as, 270–271

migrants’ rights and, 61–62

in Poland, 254–256

deterrence against immigration law, state’s rights vs family life, 63–64

Deutsche Welle, 231–234

Diciotti case, 270–271

discretion, administrative law and, 365–374

disembarkations following search and rescue

Anlandeplattformen (docking platforms) proposal, 284–286

Italian violations of, litigation involving, 269–271

regulation of, 154–155

diversity, migrants’ rights and democratic decay linked to, 20

Dixon, Roslind, 311–312

Dublin Regulation

asylum law and, 135–137

challenges to, 193–194

establishment of, 98

EU relocation decision and, 134–135

failure of, 203–208

Member States relations in, 151–154

New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum and, 150–154

noncompliance with migrant law and, 143–145

Polish opposition to, 250, 254–256

repeal of, 150n.59

D. v. Poland, 253–254

economic growth

ageing population and slowing of, 95–96, 103–104

demise in EU of, 94–96

demographic change and, 101–103

immigration and increase in, 105–108

labour mobility linked to, 101–103

economic migration, Italian targeting of, 263–265

EEC Treaty (1957), 119

effet utile principle, Hungarian re-democratisation and, 232–233

elections

Belgian anti-migrant politics and, 301–303

as extra-legal shifts in power, 44–45

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition success in, 281–290

proportional representation in Belgium and, 305–307

Swedish Democrats’ success in, 342–343

Vlaams Belang party in Belgium and, 304–305

elites, populist criticism of, 334–336

emergency powers

EU relocation decision, 134–135

informalization of migration policy in framework of, 147–149

migrant crisis in context of, 35–36, 42–43, 118–119

migration law and, 118–119, 134–138

emigration, populism and impact of, 110

empirical facts

defined, 70–72

migration and, 92–93

enforcement deficit in EU law

asylum law and, 38–39, 43, 145–147

design and functionality problems and, 203–208

Engel and Others v. Netherlands, 267–268

environmental law

legal resilience in, 30–32

threat in, 33–34

ERTA doctrine, 120–121

EU citizens, anti-migrant targeting of, 189–190

EU Common Foreign and Security Policy and Development Cooperation, 155–158

EU Migration Agenda, 205–206

European Agenda on Migration, 198–201

European Asylum Support Office, 162–164

European Border and Coast Guard Agency, 162–164

European Commission

enforcement deficit by, 145–147

Hungarian re-democratisation and, 232–233

infringement proceedings, 38, 145–147, 168–170

Member States actions against other Member States, 170–171

migration crisis and, 38–39

noncompliance with migrant law and, 143–145, 171–174

proactive policies of, 161–162n.101

procedure against Hungarian criminalisation of asylum assistance, 228–230

European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR)

Austria and, 296–299

border detention and, 124–127

detention and, 61–62

failure legal resilience and, 39–41

family life right, 63–64

humanitarian visa program and, 123–124

Hungarian asylum violations of, 225–227

island detention conditions and, 127–130

local migration requirements, 127–133

migrant rights limitations in, 118–119

non-refoulement principle, 58–61

Polish migrant policies and, 253–256

Spanish enclaves case, 130–133

Swedish asylum law and, 350–353

European Council

Conclusions from June 2018 284–286

remedial procedures against noncompliance and, 172–174

European Council Summit (2020), 183–186

European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR), 39

admission to territory rulings, 58–61

Belgian asylum law and, 318–319

border detention and, 124–127

detention cases and, 61–62, 324–326

humanitarian visa program and, 123–124

Hungarian re-democratisation and, 233

island detention conditions and, 127–130

Italian migration cases, 277–279

judicial Independence cases and, 202n.95

Khalifa judgment, 117–118

migrant rights and, 44–45, 57–58

migration case law and, 42–43

Polish migrant policies and, 253–254

restrictive migration policies and, 38–39, 42–43

Sea Watch 3 litigation, 269–270

Spanish enclaves case, 130–133

European integration, migration law and, 96–101

Europeanization, constitutional crises and, 162–164

European Parliament

Hungarian re-democratisation and, 232–233

informal agreements and bypassing of, 148–149

remedial procedures against noncompliance and, 172–174

European Structural and Investment Funds (ESIFs), withholding of, for noncompliance with migrant law, 183

European Union (EU)

Afghanistan informal cooperation with, 148–149

ageing populations of Member States, 42, 94–96

constitutional crisis, migration as, 43, 139–164

crises and political transformation in, 165–166

demise of economic model in, 94–96

design of rule of law in, 203–208

economic growth and labour mobility in, 106–107

external factors in law of, 35–36

failure legal resilience in, 39–41

foundational norms of migration law in, 96–101

governance challenges for migration and asylum in, 142–149

human rights law and legal resilience in, 38–39

Hungarian re-democratisation efforts and, 232–233

Italian populism and, 262–263

law and legal resilience in, 38

legal resilience in, 41, 176–180

local migration requirements vs. migration law, 127–133

migrant law enforcement deficit in, 38–39, 43, 145–147

migration policies in, 21–22, 43

Polish migration policies and, 248–251

populism and crisis in democracy in, 1–2

status of values in legal system of, 191–194

third country national status in, 82

toolbox for legal resilience in, 167–176

EU Treaties framework, sidelining of, 35–36

EU-Turkey agreement

emergency framing of migrant crisis and, 35–36

ERTA doctrine and, 120–121

EU rule of law and, 205–206

informal cooperation in, 147–149

mixed signals from, 179–180

visa-free travel and, 98–99

exclusive boundaries

liberal democracies and, 54–58

migrants’ rights and, 49–50

executive branch of government

anti-concentration principle and aggrandizement of, 29–30

Belgian distrust of, 307–308

legal resilience and, 36–39

extraterritorial cooperation on migration control, admission to territory rights and, 58–61

Facility for Refugees in Turkey, 205–206

family reunification

Belgian asylum law and, 320–322, 324–326

migrants’ right to, 63–64

Swedish migration restrictions and, 339–343

Fawcett, J. E. S., 119

Federal Agency for Care and Support Services (Austria), 286–290

Federal Agency for the Reception of Asylum Seekers (Fedasil, Belgium), 323–324

federalisation process, Belgian electoral system and, 305–307

fertility stimulation, population ageing and, 102–103

Fidesz-KDNP party, 197–198, 211–213

Flemish Agency for Integration and Civic Integration, 326–328

flexible solidarity systems, in Regulation on Asylum and Migration Management, 154–155

floodgates argument, limits on migrant rights and, 151–154

FMS and others, 226

Framework to Strengthen the Rule of Law (European Commission), 172, 174–176

France

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with migrant law and, 144–145

terrorist attacks in, 237

Francken, Theo, 313–315, 323–324

Free Cities Pact, 231–234

freedom of movement, norm in EU law of, 97

Freedom of the Press Act (Sweden), 344–353

Freedom Party of Austria (Freiheitliche Partei Österreichs, FPÖ). See ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria)

free legal assistance, administrative law denial of, 373–374

French Revolution, peoplehood in, 89–92

FRONTEX, 189–190, 201–203

Front National (Belgium), 305–307

Fundamental Law (Hungary), 215–216, 219–220

Fundamental Law on Freedom of Expression (Sweden), 344–353

fundamental rights, Swedish protections of, 350–353

Fundamental Rights Agency, 254–256

funding conditionality rules, Member State noncompliance and, 182–185, 232–233

Gagnon, Jean-Paul, 333–334

Ganty, Sarah, 189–190

Gardbaum, Stephen, 305

Gauja, Anika, 311–312

Geddes, Andrew, 304–305

generational change, liberalization of immigration policies and, 109

Geneva Convention on Status of Refugees, 219–220

German language courses, Austrian barriers to, for asylum seekers, 290–291

Germany, noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

Ghezelbach case, 151–154

Global Compact for Safe, Orderly and Regular Migration, 1–2

Austria and, 286, 299–300

Belgian endorsement of, political fallout over, 312–313

Polish rejection of, 248–251

“good change” framework, autocratisation of Poland and, 237–238

Gorgias from Leontinoi, 83

governance structure of EU, challenges of migration and asylum and, 142–149

Government Plenipotentiary for Equal Treatment, 240–241

Grabowska-Moroz, Barbara, 43, 187–208

Grand Chamber judgments

border detention, 124–127

Dublin regulation and, 135–137

Hungarian asylum cases, 225–227

island detention conditions, 127–130

Spanish enclaves case, 130–133

Greece

Dublin Regulation and, 135–137

EU relocation decision and, 134–135

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with CEAS by, 143–145

Gregoretti case, 270–271

Gross Domestic Product (GDP)

EU immigration and, 106–107

immigration impact on, 105

Haider, Jörg, 282

Hailbronner, M., 140–142

hard on the outside-soft on the inside approach, migrant rights and, 64–65

Heimat (home land) rhetoric, Austrian asylum policies and, 283–284

Hellström, Anders, 336–338

Helsinki Foundation for Human Rights, 255–256

Henriksen, E., 103–104

Hirsi Jamaa and Others v Italy, 58–61

homogeneity, peoplehood and populist concepts of, 86–87

Huber, P., 106–107

humanitarian assistance

Italian migration law and omission of, 275–276

Polish rejection of, 248–251

humanitarian visa program, 121–124

administrative law and, 371–373

Belgian disregard of judicial authority and, 326–328

human rights law

absence in Belgium of, 309–310

Austrian Constitution and, 296–299

Austrian laws as violations of, 286–288

autocratisation and oppression of, 219

bounded communities and, 54–56n.29

community-transcending validity of, 55–58

democratic decay and, 17, 19–25, 292

EU rule of law crisis and, 187–191

Hungarian asylum system violations of, 224–230

justification for restrictive migration measures in, 42–43

legal resilience and, 38–39

limited scope in EU application of, 191–193

Polish abrogation of, 241–242, 251–256

populism research and, 14–19

privileging of state interests over, 39

protection of democracy and, 52n.15

transnationalism and, 53

Humby, Tracy-Lynn, 31

Hungarian Helsinki Committe, 201–203

Hungary

anti-migration policies in, 3

assaults on democracy in, 28–29

asylum law in, 190–191, 195–197, 201–203, 211–235

authoritarian populism in, 1–2, 11–12, 194–195, 211–213

border detention cases and, 124–127

constitutional developments in, 219–220

criminalisation of asylum-seekers, migrants and NGOs in, 195–197, 201–203, 228–230

democratic and legal resistance possibilities in, 231–234

democratic decay and migrant rights in, 13–14, 22–23

enforcement deficit in EU law and defiance of, 203–208

EU relocation programme challenged by, 134–135, 198–201

exclusion of asylum access in, 227–228

Fundamental Law in, 216–218

infringement proceedings against, 169–170, 176–179, 198–199

mass migration crisis and asylum system in, 224–227

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with CEAS by, 143–145

ordinary asylum system, 222–224

re-democratisation efforts in, 232–233

regular migration policy in, 220–222

restrictive immigration policies in, 38–39

rule of law backsliding and migration crisis rhetoric i, 146–147, 194–203

supranational remedies for authoritarianism in, 39

transit zones in, 150, 227–228

ideational populism, 8

Identitäre Bewegung (Austria), 286

identity politics

citizenship status and, 84–85

Otherness and, 65–67

plurality vs. unity dichotomy and, 52–53

populism and, 10–11

Schmittian theory and, 214–215

static membership of populism and, 65–67

Ilias & Ahmed v. Hungary, 124–127, 225–227, 233

immigration. See also migration

economic growth linked to, 105–108

population ageing and, 102–103

immobilisation

border control policies as tool for, 78–80

of third country nationals, 99–101

inclusion vs. exclusion

family life and, 63–64

liberal democracies and, 54–58

migrants’ rights and, 49–50

from migration to takeover, 64–65

India, persecution of Assam migrants in, 83–84

individual rights, collective vs. individual dichotomy and, 51–52

inequality, ageing and, anti-immigration politics, 108–111

informal cooperation

as migrant governance paradigm, 147–149

third state cooperation and, 155–158

infringement proceedings

convergence of states on, 139–162

democracy and rule of law and, 179–180

enforcement deficit and absence of, 145–147

European Commission proceedings, 38

EU rule of law and, 203–208

Hungarian criminalisation of asylum assistance, 228–230

Hungarian re-democratisation and, 232–233

against Hungary, 169–170, 176–179, 198–199, 226–227

nuclear option (Article 7 TEU), 171–174, 176–179, 232–233

against Poland, 248–251

TEU Article 7 and, 176–179

TFEU procedures, 168–171

inhumane treatment of asylum seekers, Hungarian migrant policies and, 226–227

institutional facts

defined, 70–72

legal thinking on, 72–73

Instruments of Government (Sweden), 344–353

integration norm

in Belgian asylum law, 319–320

EU enforcement deficit and viability of, 146–147

EU foundation on, 96–101

EU migration law and, 21–22

labour market integration, 107

migration and asylum governance and, 142–149

recent challenges to, 193–194

Swedish migration policies and, 339–343

International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS), 265–267

International Convention on Maritime Search and Rescue (SAR), 265–267

international law

Austrian constitutional law and, 296–299

Italian closed ports policy and, 265–267

migration and failure of, 78–80

Polish restrictive migration policies and, 248–251

international protection of refugees

Austrian restrictions on, 290–291

in Belgium, 316–318, 323–324

in Sweden, 338–339

interstate disputes, 170–171, 232–233

island detention conditions, local migration requirements and, 127–130

Italy

admission to territory rulings in, 58–61

avoidance of democratic decay in, 25

closed ports policy of, 263–267, 269–270

constitutional law in, 262–263

criminal charges for deprivation of personal liberty, 270–271

criminalisation of search and rescue activities by, 270–271

Government of change in, 276–277

history of migration policies in, 263–265

illegitimate deprivation of personal liberty aboard ships by, 270–271

Italian “no way” model of populism in, 259–279

judicial independence, 274–276

legal resilience in, 37

Libyan Memorandum of Understanding with, 263–265, 276–277

migrant rights, 277–279

noncompliance proceedings against, 143–147

populism in, 259–263, 276–277

Security Decree by, 267–268

Iuventa case, 273

Jagielski, Mariusz, 20–23, 44–45, 236–258

Japan, ageing population and economic growth in, 103–104

Joint Way Forward on Migration Issues, 148–149

judicial independence

Austrian asylum law and, 288

Belgian constitutional framework for, 308–309

Belgian disregard of, 326–328

Belgian resistance to migrants’ rights erosion and, 312–328

democratic decay and dismantling of, 17

EU law and, 202n.95

EU rule of law crisis and, 187–191

Italian migrant law and, 274–276

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) attacks on, 292

Polish threat to, 174, 239–240

judicial review

EU Common Foreign and Security Policy and Development Cooperation and, 155–158

limits on migrant rights and, 151–154

jurisdiction thresholds, admission to territory rights and, 58–61

Kaczyński, Jarosław, 237–240

Kaltwass, Cristóbal Rovira, 8

Kelemen, Daniel, 174–176, 183

Khalifa and others v. Italy, 117–118, 127–130, 270–271

Khattabi, Zabia, 309n.43

Kirchmair, Lando, 23–24, 37, 45, 280–300

Kochenov, Dimitry Vladimirovich, 43, 187–208

Konsta, A. M., 214

Koskenniemi, Marti, 55–58

Kostakopoulou, Dora, 49–50, 52–53, 65–67, 72–73

Kovács, Kriszta, 9–12, 22–23, 44, 211–235

Kurz, Sebastian, 281–284, 286–288

labour force

ageing population and decline in, 102–104

Austrian access for asylum seekers reduced, 286–288

labour mobility, economic growth and, 101–103

Laclau, Ernesto, 86

Lampedusa detention center, EU judgments on, 127–130

Law and Justice (Prawo i Sprawiedliwość – PiS) (Poland), 237–240

media campaigns by, 247–248

restrictive migration policies of, 246–247

Lazaridis, G., 214

left-wing populism, 9n.35

Lega (Italy), 259–263, 276–277

legality, principle of

administrative law and, 365–374

Swedish constitutional framework and, 344–353

legal resilience. See also resilience

administrative law subversion of, 355–376

in Austria, 296–299

counter-playbook against democratic decay, 28–29

definition and working hypotheses concerning, 27–34

domestic sources, 44

in environmental law, 30–32

EU rule of law, 203–208

EU toolbox for, 167–180

external factors in limits on, 35–36

harnessing potential for, 36–39

informal agreements as threat to, 149

in national case studies, 41–42, 44

Poland and absence of, 256–258

populist onslaught and, 33–34

potentials and limitations of, 27–41

scholarly approaches to, 34–41

sources of, 36–39

Swedish constitutional framework and, 344–353

TEU Article 7 and infringement actions, 176–179

theoretical and critical perspectives on, 41

legal theory

institutional facts in, 72–73

Scandinavian legal realism and, 73–76

legislative branch of government

Belgian Constitutional Court and challenges to, 315–322

Belgium and power of, 309–310

deteriorating quality in Belgium of, 314–315

legal resilience and, 36–39

transparency in Sweden of, 348–349

legislative process, migrant rights and, 73

LePen, Marine, 305–307

Leveller movement, 89–92

Lex CEU (Hungary), 169–170

liberal accumulation logic, EU migration law and, 99

liberal democracy

constitutional law and, 16–18

inclusion and exclusion, 54–58

inherent tensions in, 50–53

populism as threat to, 15–16

resilience of, 28–29

Libya, Italian Memorandum of Understanding with, 263–265, 276–277

liminal legality, spaces of, 36

Lind, Anna-Sara, 10–12, 22, 24–25, 37, 45–46, 330–354

local migration requirements, EU deference to, 127–133

Spanish enclaves case, 130–133

Löfven, Stefan, 339–343

Loughlin, Martin, 335–336

Loxa, Alezini, 21–22, 35–36, 38–39, 43, 139–164

Lucia decision (1989), 338–339

Maestas, N., 101–103, 106–107

Mahdi, Sammy, 326

Malta

asylum relocation policies, 276n.47

noncompliance proceedings against, 143–147

Marchant, Gary, 31

Mare Ionio case, 274–275n.43

Mare Nostrum operation, 265–267

Marshall, T. H., 88n.36

Martinico, Giuseppe, 37, 259–279

McCrea, Ronan, 159

media

Belgian populist campaigns in, 312–313

democratic decay and role of, 13–14

Hungarian silencing of, 230–234

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) attacks on, 292

Polish state control of, 236–237, 240, 247–248

populist attacks on, 6, 9–10

state silencing of, 1–2

Member States

ageing populations in, 42, 94–96

convergence of migrant policies in, 139–162

enforcement deficit against noncompliance by, 145–147

EU constitutional crisis and, 43, 140–142

EU political transformation and, 165–166

European Commission rule of law review, 174–176

flexible solidarity concept and, 154–155

governance challenges for migration and asylum and nationalism in, 142–149

infringement proceedings against, 176–179

interstate disputes, 170–171, 232–233

limits on migrant rights sought by, 151–154

New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum and, 150–154

noncompliance with EU migrant law, 143–145, 167–176

populism and migrant law in, 158–164

remedial procedures against noncompliance and, 172–174

rule of law crisis in, 187–191

withholding of funding for noncompliant states, 182–185

Merkel, Angela, 281–283

Michalak, Marek, 241–242

Michel, Charles, 312–313

MIDEM study, 110

migrants’ rights

administrative law and curtailment of, 39–41

admission to territory, 58–61

Belgian erosion of, 312–328

democratic decay separated from, 5–27

detention and, 61–62

EU failure to uphold, 140–142

EU governance challenges concerning, 142–149

EU migration law and, 112

European case law on, 42–43

family life, 63–64

historical origins of restrictions on, 22–43

Hungarian anti-migration policies and, 3

inclusion and exclusion boundaries in, 42, 49–50, 54–58

Italian illegitimate deprivation of personal liberty aboard ships as, 270–271

law and curtailment of, 78–80

legal resilience as protection for, 36–39

legal undermining of, 34–41

from migration to takeover, 64–65

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) and, 280–300

Polish abrogation of, 240–243

populism’s impact on, 1–2, 5–27

restrictions on, 20–21

sights of contestation, 58–65

supranational analysis of, 21–22

Swedish policy and erosion of, 330–354

transfer decision challenges, 151–154

migration. See also immigration

autocratisation in context of, 224–230

economic growth linked to, 94–96

as EU constitutional crisis, 43, 139–164

impact on EU democratic values and rule of law, 167–176

as institutional fact, 92–93

Italian populism and, 259–263

legal meaning of, 78

mobility and, 76–78

Polish elections and issue of, 237–238

Swedish pre-2015 migration policies, 338–339

transnationalism and, 53

Migration Court of Appeal (Swedish), 350–353

migration crisis

cross-national comparisons of populism and, 14–19

emergency framing of rhetoric on, 35–36, 42–43

EU rule of law resilience and, 203–208

as policy or fabrication, 80

migration exceptionalism, 15n.61

migration law

administrative law and, 361–365

ageing and, 101–103, 111–113

border detention and, 124–127

colonialism and, 97

convergence of migrant policies and, 139–162

criminalisation of asylum assistance under, 195–197, 201–203, 228–230

democratic decay and, 15–16

emergency powers and, 134–138

enforcement deficit in, 38–39, 43, 145–147

EU foundational norms in, 96–101

EU Member States’ noncompliance with, 143–145

Europeanization of, 162–164

EU-Turkey agreement and, 205–206

Hungarian regular migration policy, 220–222

informal cooperation as paradigm in, 147–149

Italian populism and, 263–265

local requirements deference in, 127–133

Member States’ noncompliance with, 143–145

non-application in EU of, 120–127

in Poland, 244–256

population design, 80–85

populism and, 158–164

populism research and, 14–19

repoliticization of, 160–161

restrictive migration policies and, 25–27, 68–69

scholarship on, 4–5

violations of primary and secondary law, 176–179

wave-through policy and, 135–137

Migration Partnership Framework, 148–149

migratory pressure, regulation in response to, 154–155

Mikołajczyk , Barbara, 44–45, 236–258

Mindus, Pat, 9–11, 20, 39–42

MK and others v. Poland, 224–225

M.K. and others v. Poland, 253–254

M.N. and Others v. Belgium, 123–124, 133

mobility

migration and, 76–78

of Western nationals, 99

Moffitt, Benjamin, 333–334

money, Scandinavian legal realist metaphor of, 77–78

most exceptional circumstances test, family life claims and, 63–64

MoVimento 5 stelle (Italy), 259–263, 276–277

MSS v. Belgium and Greece, 143–145

Mudde, Cas, 8, 301–302, 333–334

Mueller, Jan-Werner, 333–336

Mullen, K., 101–103, 106–107

Müller, Jan-Werner, 10, 86–87, 292

multiannual financial framework (MFF), compliance with migrant law tied to, 182–185

Multiannual Financial Framework for 2021-2027 183–186

Muslim refugees, Polish anti-migrant campaigns against, 247–248

Nagy, Boldizsár, 9–12, 22–23, 44, 211–235

National Action Programme for Equal Treatment, 240–241

national case studies, legal resilience in, 41–42, 44

National Council of Radio Broadcasting and Television (Poland), 240

nationalism

governance challenges for migration and asylum and, 142–149

in Hungarian migration policy, 220–222

populism and, 9–10

restrictive migration policy and, 44

nativist populism, 9–10

ageing and, 108–109

cross-national comparisons of, 14–19

N.D. and N.T. v. Spain, 130–133, 224–225

New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum

development of, 149–158

flexible solidarity in, 154–155

normalization of noncompliance and, 160–161

solidification of asylum, border control and return procedures in, 150–154

third state cooperation in, 155–158

Next Generation EU recovery fund, 183–186

NGOs

criminalisation of asylum assistance by, 195–197, 201–203, 228–230

Italian ban on assistance vessels of, 265–267

Polish government attacks on, 242–243

resistance to anti-asylum repression, 231–234

Nieuw-Vlaamse Alliantie (N-VA-New Flemish Alliance), 304–307, 309n.43

attacks on judicial authority by, 326–328

criticism of Global Compact by, 312–313

Nilsson, Tom, 336–338

Nishimura Ekiu case (US Supreme Court), 97n.2

Noll, Gregor, 20–21, 35–36, 42, 54–56n.29, 55–58, 94–114, 160–161

noncompliance with migrant law

benefits of, for noncompliant states, 179–180

CEAS collapse and, 139–140

funding sanctions for, 182–185

by Member States, 143–147

normalization of, 160–161

preventive procedures against, 257

remedial procedures against, 172–174

systematic noncompliance, 226

non-refoulement principle, 55n.37, 253–254

admission to territory and, 58–61

Italian closed ports policy, 265–267

Swedish administrative independence and, 344–353

Swedish migrant rights policy and, 330

Norway

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with migrant law and, 144–145

N.S. and others case, 143–145

nuclear option (TEU Article 7), 171–174, 176–179, 232–233

objectivity, principle of, Swedish constitutional framework and, 344–353

old-age dependency ratio, net migration demands and, 107–108

Ombudsman on the Rights of Persons Deprived of Personal Liberty (Italy), 270–271

onset resilience, 27–28

Open Arms litigation, Italian closed ports policy and, 269–271, 274–275n.43

Orbán, Victor

anti-migrant propaganda machine of, 197–199

authoritarian regime of, 2–3, 211–213

as authoritarian role model, 259–263

criminalisation of asylum assistance under, 195–197

crisis of migration framework used by, 44, 213, 216–218

infringement proceedings against Hungary and, 169–170

othering of migrants

Austrian asylum law and, 299–300

Hungarian restrictive migration policy and, 195–197, 211–213

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria), 23–24, 45, 280–300

asylum abuse prevention rhetoric of, 286–288

political legacy of, 299–300

populism and, 292

restriction of migrant rights by, 281–290

restrictions on international protections for refugees, 290–291

zero asylum seekers proposals and, 286

ÖVP-Green Party coalition (Austria), 288–290, 294–296, 299–300

Partito democratico (Italy), 261, 276–277

Pawlak, Mikołaj, 241–242

Pazé, Valentina, 86–87, 91–92

Pech, Laurent, 191–193

People-as-a-part, 70–72, 85–92

People-as-a-whole, 70–72, 85–92

peoplehood

political concepts of, 85

populism’s view of, 70–72

personal freedom, right to, Italian violation of, 270–271

peuple constitué, democratic decay and concept of, 89–92

PG case, 222–224

Platjouwe, Froukje, 32–34

pluralism

democratic decay and criticism of, 91–92

populism and, 8n.34

plurality vs. unity dichotomy, liberal democracy and stress of, 52–53

Poland

accession to EU, 238–240

access to territory in, 252–254

asylum and migration law in, 244–256

authoritarian populism in, 1–3

constitutional principles in, 238–240

current political and social situation in, 256–258

democratic decay in, 13–14, 20–23, 28–29, 237–240, 243–244

detention in, 254–256

EU relocation programme challenged by, 198–201

governance restructuring in, 240–241

human rights issues in, 241–242, 251–256

infringement proceedings against, 169–170, 176–179

judicial independence threatened in, 174

lack of EU solidarity and international cooperation in, 248–251

migrant rights in, 13–14, 18–23, 44–45, 237–238

noncompliance proceedings against, 146–147

political narrative of migration in, 245–248

populist government in, 237–238, 243–244

post-Cold War migrant law in, 238–240

rule of law problems in, 146–147

supranational remedies for authoritarianism in, 39

Ukrainian migrants in, 244–245

xenophobia in, 247, 251–252

policy incoherence, in EU migrant law, 159

poliicy responsiveness of mainstream parties, Belgian resistance to populism and, 311–312

polis, Aristotle’s concept of, 86–87

political strategy

EU migration policy and, 195–197

EU relocation programme resistance and, 198–201

populism as, 8n.34

political thought, peoplehood and populism in, 86–87

Politics (Aristotle), 87

PopSovism (populism and sovereignism), 9n.36

population design

defined, 80–81n.22

historical uses of, 82–83

migrant policy and, 80–85

populism

administrative law and, 365–374

ageing population and, 102

age of, 1–2

in Austria, 292–294

in Belgium, 301–329

contestation about, 7–12

cross-national comparisons of, 14–19

definitions of, 7–14, 50–53, 334–336

democratic decay and migration interrelationship with, 5–27

democratic ideals and static membership in, 65–67

EU migration and asylum law and, 158–164

European demographic change and, 111–113

Europeanization and, 162–164

homogeneity fictions and, 10n.39

ideational approach to, 8

inclusion and exclusion boundaries exploited in, 42, 49–50

in Italy, 259–263, 276–277

liberal democracies and, 51

nationalism and/or xenophobia and, 9–10

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria), 280–300

peoplehood as viewed by, 70–72, 85–92

in Poland, 237–238, 243–244

restrictive migration policies and, 25–27, 44, 356–361

restrictive migration policy and, 356–361

Schmitt’s influence on, 216–224

in Sweden, 330–333, 336–338

Swedish migration policy and, 339–343

populism simplicter, 9–10

pouvoir constituant, people as, 89–92

Powell, D., 101–103, 106–107

power, politics as struggle for, 91–92

pre-entry screening, introduction of, 150–154

preventive procedures against noncompliance, 172

privacy rights, Belgian asylum law and, 316–318

procedural guarantees, migrant law and role of, 154

Procedure Directive (PD) (EU), 219–220, 222–227

proportionality test

administrative law and, 369–371

family life right, 63–64

human rights and, 55n.38

proportional representation, Belgian electoral system and, 305–307

protectionism

migration law and, 97n.2

restrictive migration policy and, 44

public information, alternative spheres of, 231–234

public servant ideal

Swedish administrative independence and, 344–353

Swedish legal resilience and, 37

Rackete, Carola, 269–270, 274–277

radical-right movement, democratic decay and, 3

Radio Free Europe, 231–234

Rantos, ‘AG,’ 201–203

reception conditions

Belgian asylum laws on, 323–324

Hungarian violations involving, 225–227

Member States noncompliance with, 146–147

Reception Conditions Directive (RCD), 287n.48

Belgian detention legislation and, 316–318

Belgian reception legislation and, 323–324

Hungarian violations of, 225–227

Member States noncompliance with, 146–147

Reding, Viviane, 194–195

reform blocage, Noll’s concept of, 94–96, 113–114

refoulement, Italian migration policy and, 259–263

refugee status procedures, in Hungary, 222–224

Regulation on Asylum and Migration Management, 151, 154

flexible solidarity system in, 154–155

third state cooperation and, 155–158

Reinfeldt, Fredrik, 339–343

relative disadvantage, ageing populations and, 110

Relocation and Resettlement Programme (EU), 134–135, 198–201, 248–251

relocation programme (European Commmission), 198–201

remedial procedures against noncompliance, 172–174

resilience. See also legal resilience

ecological definition of, 30–32

Resolution on the Establishment of an EU Mechanism on Democracy, the Rule of Law and Fundamental Rights, 174–176

restrictive migration policy

administrative law and, 361–365

as authoritarian instrument, 211–213

in Belgium, 301–303, 313–314

bounded communities and, 54–58

cross-national comparisons of, 25–27

democratic decay, 356–361

democratic decay and, 20–21, 25–27

economic growth and impact of, 106–107

EU constitutional crisis and, 139–140

of EU Member States, 140–142

human rights law demands for justification of, 42

law scholars’ reaction to, 68–69

legal curtailment of restrictions, 34–41

legality and discretion and, 365–374

legal resilience against, 33–34

national case studies in, 44

ÖVP-FPÖ coalition (Austria) and, 281–290

political scale of values, 65–67

populism and, 356–361

resistance in Belgium to, 312–328

in Sweden, 338–339

Vlaams Belang party advocacy for, 303–305

Return Directive, noncompliance with, 146–147

return procedures, in New EU Pact on Migration and Asylum, 150–154

right-wing populism, 9–10

cross-national comparisons of, 14–19

Roma crisis, rule of law backsliding and, 194–195

Ruhl, J. B., 32

rule of law

authoritarian populism and, 356–361

Belgian constitutional order and, 311–312

crisis in Member States of, 187–191

de lege lata and de lege ferenda and, 180–186

EU constitutional crisis over migration and, 139–140

EU legal resilience and, 203–208

EU reinforcement of, 43

European Commission review cycle for, 174–176

funding conditionality tied to, 183–186

Hungarian interpretation of, 197–199

liberal democracy and, 50–53

Member States’ disrespect for, 167–176

problems in Hungary and Poland with, 146–147

Saadi v. United Kingdom, 61–62

Sadurski, Wojciech, 292

Sajó, András, 197–198

Salvini, Matteo, 259–263, 270–271, 277–279

Schengen Border Code

establishment of, 98

noncompliance with, 144–147

Schepple, Kim Lane, 169–170, 181–183, 205, 309–310

Schmitt, Carl, 211, 213

populism and influence of, 216–224

Schotel, Bas, 39–41, 46, 355–376

Schotte, S., 109

Sea Watch 3 litigation, Italian closed ports policy and, 269–270, 274–277

securitisation of migration

Austrian order and security rhetoric on asylum and, 283–284

autocratisation and, 218–220

Belgian asylum law and, 318–319

Hungarian criminalisation of asylum assistance and, 228–230

Italian closed ports policy, 267–268

restrictive migration policies and, 197–198

in Sweden, 338–339

Security Decree (2019) (Italy), 267–268

separation of powers

Belgian constitutional protections for, 307–308

Belgian disregard of judicial authority and, 326–328

democratic decay and dismantling of, 17

legal resilience in Belgium and, 20–45

Sharpston, Eleanor (Advocate General), 136–137, 151–154, 198–201, 250

termination of, 202n.95

Single European Act (1986), 98

Slovakia, EU relocation decision and, 134–135

Slovak Republic and Hungary v Council of the European Union, 134–135, 248–251

Smet, Stijn, 1–46, 301–329, 372–373

Social Assistance Act (Austria), 286–288

Social Democratic Party of Austria (Sozialdemokratische Partei Österreichs, SPÖ), 281–283

social services in EU, natives, intra- and extra-EU-migrants use of, 107

soft law

as legal resilience barrier, 35–36

migration control outsourcing and, 158

Soininen, Niko, 32–34

Soros, George, 195–197, 218–219

sovereignty

infringement proceedings and, 179–180

Italian sovranismo, 262–263

migrants’ rights as challenge to, 330

Spijkerboer, Thomas, 22–43, 97

state of exception (Ausnahmezustand)

Hungary’s authoritarian regime and, 218

Schmitt’s concept of, 215–216

state power

admission to territory rights and, 58–61

anti-concentration principle and, 29–30

detention cases and, 61–62

emergency powers, 134–138

local migration requirements, 127–133

migrant rights and, 56n.43

Polish populist takeover of, 237–238, 240–243

privileging of, over human rights, 39–41, 117–118

transnationalism and, 53

statuses

as institutional facts, 73–76

population design and, 80–85

status civitatus, 83–84

Stevens, Yvonne, 31

Stipendum Hungaricum program, 221–222

Stoyanova, Vladislava, 1–46, 72–73, 139–164

Strache, Heinz-Christian, 281–290

support ratio, ageing population and, 103–104

suppression of mobility, admission to territory rights and, 58–61

supranational law

crisis in, 187–191

legal resilience and, 35–36

rule of law problems in, 207–208

Sweden

asylum law in, 353–354

constitutional framework and values in, 344–353

fundamental rights protection in, 350–353

legal resilience in, 37

migrants’ rights and democratic decay in, 22, 24–25, 330–354

noncompliance proceedings against, 145–147

noncompliance with migrant law and, 144–145

populism in, 11–12, 336–338

pre-2015 asylum law and policy, 338–339

restrictive migration policy in, 45–46

Sweden Democrats (SD) party, 330–333, 336–343

Taguieff, Pierre-André, 90–91

take back notifications, 150–154

Tampa case, 265–267

tax on immigration organizations, Hungarian imposition of, 230

Temporary Law (Sweden), 339–353

tenure security, EU rule of law crisis and, 187–191

third country national status, 82

Belgian asylum law and, 318–319

EU migration law and, 97–101

Hungarian asylum law and, 222–224

Hungarian migration policy and, 221–222

migration policy and, 155–158

Polish migration law and, 245–248

Thorburn Stern, Rebecca, 10–12, 22, 24–25, 37, 45–46, 330–354

Thym, D., 160–161

Tondl, G., 106–107

Torubarov case, 222–224, 231–232

total factor productivity, 103–104

tranfer decisions, migrant rights concerning, 151–154

transit zones

Hungarian abolition of, 227–228

Hungarian creation of, 195–197, 201–203, 225–227

introduction of, 150–154

transnationalism, liberal democracy and, 53

transparency of legislative process (Sweden), 348–349

transparency of organisations directive, Hungarian criminalisation of asylum assistance and, 228–230

Treaty of Amsterdam, 142n.17, 172–174

Treaty of Lisbon, 142n.17

Treaty of Nice, 173–174

Treaty of Rome, freedom of movement for economic workers in, 97

Treaty on European Union (TEU), 165–166

Article 2168–170, 180–181, 203–208

Article 4181–182

Article 7168–174, 176–181, 193–194, 232–233

Article 19169–170, 181–182

Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union (TFEU)

Article 258168–170

Article 259170–171, 178–179

Article 263205–206

EU relocation decision and, 134–135, 248–251

informal cooperation vs. articles of, 148–149

infringement proceedings, 168–171

Tsourdi, E., 162–164

Turkey, assaults on democracy in, 28–29

Ukraine, Russian occupation of Crimea in, 244–245

unauthorized entrants status, detention cases and, 61–62

UNCLOS convention, Italian closed ports policy and, 267–268

UN Convention on the Rights of the Child, 321–322

unemployment, immigration effects on, 106–107

UNHCR (United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights)

Austrian asylum laws and, 286–288

Belgian asylum law and, 316–318

Hungarian autocratisation and, 233–234

Italian closed ports policy and, 265–267

Polish migration restrictions and, 252–256

United Kingdom (UK), restrictive migration policies in, 105–106

United States, demographic change and economc decline in, 101–103

Universal Periodic Review, 251–252

universal vs. particular dichotomy

family life and, 63–64

liberal democracy and stress of, 52, 56–57

UN World Population Prospect 2019103–104

Vara, J. S., 148–149

Vartiainen, Juhana, 108–109

Venezuela, assaults on democracy in, 28–29

Verhellen, Jinske, 321

virtually impossible standard, family life right and, 64n.83

visa-free travel, EU migration law and, 98–99

Visa Regulation (EU), 98, 121–124, 326–328, 372–373

Visegrád group, 281–283

Vitiello, D., 149

Vlaams Belang (Flemish Interest) party (Belgium), 303–307, 309

populist media campaigns of, 312–313

Vlaams Blok party (Belgium), 303–305

voting behaviour, inequality and, 110

vox media, status and, 73–76

Walker, Neil, 51, 53, 85, 142, 335–336

wave-through policy, migrant law and, 135–137

Weale, Albert, 86

Wessel, R., 148–149

Winkler, H., 109

Wouters, Jan, 38–39, 43, 165–186

Wyrzykoowski, Mirosław, 236–237

xenophobia, in Polish migration policies and, 247, 251–252

Xero Flor, 202n.95

Yugoslavia, Swedish migration restrictions and, 338–339

Zadić, Alma, 288–290

zero asylum seekers, as Austrian policy goal, 284–286

Zirulia, Stefano, 37, 259–279

Book contents

Index

Summary

Index

Book contents

Index

Summary

Save book to Kindle

Save book to Dropbox

Save book to Google Drive