The chapters in this part show how the Deobandi tradition, which continues to have a strong following both within South Asian Muslims at home and in the diaspora, is proving to be even more intellectually resistant to change than is Saudi Salafism. Chapter 7 shows how this rigidity reflects the historically distinct nature of its relationship with political authority: unlike the other three institutions, it faces no direct pressure from the state to be pragmatic. It also shows that low levels of socio-economic development in the region, and the nature of the South Asian diaspora in the U.K.—where many choose to live in isolated communities—help to sustain the appeal of this unchanging tradition for many Muslims. Chapter 8 outlines the historical conditions that led to the preservation of a specific kind of Ḥanafī taqlīd within the Deobandi tradition. Chapter 9 examines the current fatwās issued by the Dār al-Iftā’, which is associated with the parent Darul Uloom Deoband in India. It also looks at the scholarship of Muhammad Taqi Usmani, one of the most influential contemporary scholars in the Deobandi tradition from Pakistan, and shows its high level of rigidity. Unlike his counterparts in al-Azhar or Diyanet, Usmani sees no need for reform in Islamic law, and believes that the laws of Islam already lay out a basic blueprint for society. Muslims should simply follow God's plan and ijtihād should be reserved strictly for new issues that do not have a precedent in Islamic law.