Neuromodulation offers an effective alternative for managing chronic pain. The increasing popularity of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) in the management of neuropathic pain is propelled by evidence of efficacy, cost-effectiveness, low morbidity, the minimally invasive nature of the implantation procedure, and rapid technological innovation. For ischemic pain, the mechanism of SCS action differs. SCS modulates autonomic activity by rebalancing oxygen demand and supply. Intrathecal drug therapy (IDT) has emerged as a viable therapeutic option for the treatment of chronic malignant and non-malignant pain states which have proven refractory to conventional medical management (CMM). In the following decades there has been a progressive decline in the number of published studies and patients treated for pain with deep brain stimulation (DBS). This is attributable to the development of less invasive alternatives for the management of pain, for example SCS, IDT, and new pharmacological agents.