Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-fbnjt Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-16T19:19:01.706Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 8 - Management of Upper Limb Impairment in Neurorehabilitation

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  13 October 2018

By
Preeti Raghavan  and
Manuel Wilfred
Edited by
Krishnan Padmakumari Sivaraman Nair ,
Marlís González-Fernández  and
Jalesh N. Panicker
Krishnan Padmakumari Sivaraman Nair
Affiliation:
Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield
Marlís González-Fernández
Affiliation:
Johns Hopkins University Hospital, Baltimore, MD
Jalesh N. Panicker
Affiliation:
National Hospital for Neurology & Neurosurgery, London
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Neurorehabilitation Therapy and Therapeutics , pp. 74 - 89
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2018

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Kwakkel, G, Kollen, BJ, Van der Grond, J, Prevo, AJ Probability of regaining dexterity in the flaccid upper limb: Impact of severity of paresis and time since onset in acute stroke. Stroke 2003; 34(9): 2181–6.Google Scholar
Anderson, CS, Linto, J, Stewart-Wynne, EG A population-based assessment of the impact and burden of caregiving for long-term stroke survivors. Stroke 1995; 26(5): 843–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, EL, Murray, L, Richards, L, Zorowitz, RD, Bakas, T, Clark, P, et al. Comprehensive overview of nursing and interdisciplinary rehabilitation care of the stroke patient: A scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Stroke 2010; 41(10): 2402–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewald, JP, Pope, PS, Given, JD, Buchanan, TS, Rymer, WZ Abnormal muscle coactivation patterns during isometric torque generation at the elbow and shoulder in hemiparetic subjects. Brain 1995; 118(Pt. 2): 495–510.Google Scholar
Beebe, JA, Lang, CE Absence of a proximal to distal gradient of motor deficits in the upper extremity early after stroke. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2008; 119(9): 2074–85.Google Scholar
Schieber, MH, Lang, CE, Reilly, KT, McNulty, P, Sirigu, A. Selective activation of human finger muscles after stroke or amputation. Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2009; 629: 559–75.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P, Petra, E, Krakauer, JW, Gordon, AM Patterns of impairment in digit independence after subcortical stroke. J. Neurophysiol. 2006; 95(1): 369–78.Google Scholar
Beebe, JA, Lang, CE Active range of motion predicts upper extremity function 3 months after stroke. Stroke 2009; 40(5): 1772–9.Google Scholar
Nijland, RH, Van Wegen, EE, Harmeling-Van der Wel, BC, Kwakkel, G. Presence of finger extension and shoulder abduction within 72 hours after stroke predicts functional recovery: Early prediction of functional outcome after stroke: The EPOS cohort study. Stroke 2010; 41(4): 745–50.Google Scholar
Lang, CE, Bland, MD, Bailey, RR, Schaefer, SY, Birkenmeier, RL Assessment of upper extremity impairment, function, and activity after stroke: Foundations for clinical decision making. J. Hand Ther. 2013; 26(2): 104–14, quiz 15.Google Scholar
Kong, KH, Chua, KS, Lee, J. Symptomatic upper limb spasticity in patients with chronic stroke attending a rehabilitation clinic: Frequency, clinical correlates and predictors. J. Rehabil. Med. 2010; 42(5): 453–7.Google Scholar
Ward, AB A literature review of the pathophysiology and onset of post-stroke spasticity. Eur. J. Neurol. 2012; 19(1): 21–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burke, D, Wissel, J, Donnan, GA Pathophysiology of spasticity in stroke. Neurology 2013; 80(3 Suppl. 2): S20–6.Google Scholar
Kenzie, JM, Semrau, JA, Findlater, SE, Yu, AY, Desai, JA, Herter, TM, et al. Localization of impaired kinesthetic processing post-stroke. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2016; 10: 505.Google Scholar
Dos Santos, GL, Salazar, LF, Lazarin, AC, de Russo, TL Joint position sense is bilaterally reduced for shoulder abduction and flexion in chronic hemiparetic individuals. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2015; 22(4): 271–80.Google Scholar
Meyer, S, Karttunen, AH, Thijs, V, Feys, H, Verheyden, G. How do somatosensory deficits in the arm and hand relate to upper limb impairment, activity, and participation problems after stroke? A systematic review. Phys. Ther. 2014; 94(9): 1220–31.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P. Upper limb motor impairment after stroke. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N. Am. 2015; 26(4): 599–610.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P. The nature of hand motor impairment after stroke and its treatment. Curr. Treat. Options Cardiovasc. Med. 2007; 9(3): 221–8.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P, Krakauer, JW, Gordon, AM Impaired anticipatory control of fingertip forces in patients with a pure motor or sensorimotor lacunar syndrome. Brain. 2006; 129(Pt. 6): 1415–25.Google Scholar
Chollet, F, Tardy, J, Albucher, JF, Thalamas, C, Berard, E, Lamy, C, et al. Fluoxetine for motor recovery after acute ischaemic stroke (FLAME): A randomised placebo-controlled trial. Lancet Neurol. 2011; 10(2): 123–30.Google Scholar
Mullick, AA, Subramanian, SK, Levin, MF Emerging evidence of the association between cognitive deficits and arm motor recovery after stroke: A meta-analysis. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2015; 33(3): 389–403.Google ScholarPubMed
Bolognini, N, Russo, C, Edwards, DJ The sensory side of post-stroke motor rehabilitation. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2016; 34(4): 571–86.Google Scholar
Prabhakaran, S, Zarahn, E, Riley, C, Speizer, A, Chong, JY, Lazar, RM, et al. Inter-individual variability in the capacity for motor recovery after ischemic stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural. Repair. 2008; 22(1): 64–71.Google Scholar
Byblow, WD, Stinear, CM, Barber, PA, Petoe, MA, Ackerley, SJ Proportional recovery after stroke depends on corticomotor integrity. Ann. Neurol. 2015; 78(6): 848–59.Google Scholar
Winters, C, Van Wegen, EE, Daffertshofer, A, Kwakkel, G. Generalizability of the proportional recovery model for the upper extremity after an ischemic stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2015; 29(7): 614–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winters, C, Van Wegen, EE, Daffertshofer, A, Kwakkel, G. Generalizability of the maximum proportional recovery rule to visuospatial neglect early poststroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2017; 31(4): 334–42.Google Scholar
Pollock, A, Baer, G, Campbell, P, Choo, PL, Forster, A, Morris, J, et al. Physical rehabilitation approaches for the recovery of function and mobility following stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2014; 22(4): CD001920.Google Scholar
Winstein, CJ, Wolf, SL, Dromerick, AW, Lane, CJ, Nelsen, MA, Lewthwaite, R, et al. Effect of a task-oriented rehabilitation program on upper extremity recovery following motor stroke: The ICARE randomized clinical trial. JAMA. 2016; 315(6): 571–81.Google Scholar
Prvu Bettger, JA, Kaltenbach, L, Reeves, MJ, Smith, EE, Fonarow, GC, Schwamm, LH, et al. Assessing stroke patients for rehabilitation during the acute hospitalization: Findings from the get with the guidelines stroke program. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2013; 94(1): 38–45.Google Scholar
Winstein, CJ, Stein, J, Arena, R, Bates, B, Cherney, LR, Cramer, SC, et al. Guidelines for adult stroke rehabilitation and recovery: A guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke 2016; 47(6): e98–e169.Google Scholar
Dobkin, BH Clinical practice: Rehabilitation after stroke. N. Engl. J. Med. 2005; 352(16): 1677–84.Google Scholar
Gassaway, J, Horn, SD, DeJong, G, Smout, RJ, Clark, C, James, R. Applying the clinical practice improvement approach to stroke rehabilitation: Methods used and baseline results. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005; 86(12 Suppl. 2): S16–S33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Brien, SR, Xue, Y, Ingersoll, G, Kelly, A. Shorter length of stay is associated with worse functional outcomes for Medicare beneficiaries with stroke. Phys. Ther. 2013; 93(12): 1592–1602.Google Scholar
West, T, Bernhardt, J. Physical activity in hospitalised stroke patients. Stroke Res. Treat. 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/81376535Google Scholar
Bernhardt, J, English, C, Johnson, L, Cumming, TB Early mobilization after stroke: Early adoption but limited evidence. Stroke 2015; 46(4): 1141–6.Google Scholar
English, C, Bernhardt, J, Crotty, M, Esterman, A, Segal, L, Hillier, S. Circuit class therapy or seven-day week therapy for increasing rehabilitation intensity of therapy after stroke (CIRCIT): A randomized controlled trial. Int. J. Stroke. 2015; 10(4): 594–602.Google Scholar
Bernhardt, J, Langhorne, P, Lindley, RI, Thrift, AG, Ellery, F, Collier, J, et al. Efficacy and safety of very early mobilisation within 24 h of stroke onset (AVERT): A randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2015; 386(9988): 46–55.Google Scholar
Maclean, N, Pound, P, Wolfe, C, Rudd, A. Qualitative analysis of stroke patients’ motivation for rehabilitation. BMJ 2000; 321(7268): 1051–4.Google Scholar
Chang, LH, Hasselkus, BR Occupational therapists’ expectations in rehabilitation following stroke: Sources of satisfaction and dissatisfaction. Am. J. Occup. Ther. 1998; 52(8): 629–37.Google Scholar
Maclean, N, Pound, P, Wolfe, C, Rudd, A. The concept of patient motivation: A qualitative analysis of stroke professionals’ attitudes. Stroke 2002; 33(2): 444–8.Google Scholar
Boden-Albala, B, Litwak, E, Elkind, MS, Rundek, T, Sacco, RL Social isolation and outcomes post stroke. Neurology 2005; 64(11): 1888–92.Google Scholar
Willey, JZ, Disla, N, Moon, YP, Paik, MC, Sacco, RL, Boden-Albala, B, et al. Early depressed mood after stroke predicts long-term disability: The Northern Manhattan Stroke Study (NOMASS). Stroke 2010; 41(9): 1896–900.Google Scholar
Wyller, TB, Sveen, U, Sodring, KM, Pettersen, AM, Bautz-Holter, E. Subjective well-being one year after stroke. Clinical Rehabilitation. [Research Support, Non-US Gov’t]. 1997; 11(2): 139–45.Google Scholar
Wiltink, J, Beutel, ME, Till, Y, Ojeda, FM, Wild, PS, Munzel, T, et al. Prevalence of distress, comorbid conditions and well being in the general population. J. Affect Disord. 2011; 130(3): 429–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ostir, GV, Markides, KS, Peek, MK, Goodwin, JS The association between emotional well-being and the incidence of stroke in older adults. Psychosom. Med. [Research Support, US Gov’t, PHS]. 2001; 63(2): 210–15.Google Scholar
Araki, A, Murotani, Y, Kamimiya, F, Ito, H. Low well-being is an independent predictor for stroke in elderly patients with diabetes mellitus. J. American Geriatr. Soc. 2004; 52(2): 205–10.Google Scholar
Hackett, M, Yapa, C, Parag, V, Anderson, C. Frequency of depression after stroke: A systematic review of observational studies. Stroke 2005; 36: 1330–40.Google Scholar
Ostir, GV, Berges, IM, Ottenbacher, ME, Clow, A, Ottenbacher, KJ Associations between positive emotion and recovery of functional status following stroke. Psychosomatic Medicine. [Research Support, NIH, Extramural]. 2008; 70(4): 404–9.Google Scholar
Clarke, P, Marshall, V, Black, SE, Colantonio, A. Well-being after stroke in Canadian seniors: Findings from the Canadian Study of Health and Aging. Stroke 2002; 33(4): 1016–21.Google Scholar
Whitson, HE, Thielke, S, Diehr, P, O’Hare, AM, Chaves, PH, Zakai, NA, et al. Patterns and predictors of recovery from exhaustion in older adults: The Cardiovascular Health Study. J. Am. Geriatr. Soc. 2011; 59(2): 207–13.Google Scholar
Hall, NC, Chipperfield, JG, Heckhausen, J, Perry, RP Control striving in older adults with serious health problems: A 9-year longitudinal study of survival, health, and well-being. Psychol. Aging 2010; 25(2): 432–45.Google Scholar
Carod-Artal, FJ, Egido, JA Quality of life after stroke: The importance of a good recovery. Cerebrovasc. Dis. 2009; 27 Suppl. 1: 204–14.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maclellan, CL, Keough, MB, Granter-Button, S, Chernenko, GA, Butt, S, Corbett, D. A critical threshold of rehabilitation involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for poststroke recovery. Neurorehabil Neural Repair. 2011; 25(8): 740–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Shono, Y, Yokota, C, Kuge, Y, Kido, S, Harada, A, Kokame, K, et al. Gene expression associated with an enriched environment after transient focal ischemia. Brain Res. 2011; 28(1376): 60–5.Google Scholar
Johansson, BB Functional and cellular effects of environmental enrichment after experimental brain infarcts. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2004; 22(3–5): 163–74.Google ScholarPubMed
Madronal, N, Lopez-Aracil, C, Rangel, A, del Rio, JA, Delgado-Garcia, JM, Gruart, A. Effects of enriched physical and social environments on motor performance, associative learning, and hippocampal neurogenesis in mice. PloS One. 2010; 5(6): e11130.Google Scholar
Curlik, DM, 2nd, Shors, TJ Training your brain: Do mental and physical (MAP) training enhance cognition through the process of neurogenesis in the hippocampus? Neuropharmacology 2013; 64: 506–14.Google Scholar
Olson, AK, Eadie, BD, Ernst, C, Christie, BR Environmental enrichment and voluntary exercise massively increase neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus via dissociable pathways. Hippocampus 2006; 16(3): 250–60.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Clark, PJ, Bhattacharya, TK, Miller, DS, Kohman, RA, DeYoung, EK, Rhodes, JS New neurons generated from running are broadly recruited into neuronal activation associated with three different hippocampus-involved tasks. Hippocampus 2012; 22(9): 1860–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ploughman, M. Exercise is brain food: The effects of physical activity on cognitive function. Dev. Neurorehabil. 2008; 11(3): 236–40.Google Scholar
Churchill, JD, Galvez, R, Colcombe, S, Swain, RA, Kramer, AF, Greenough, WT Exercise, experience and the aging brain. Neurobiol. Aging. 2002; 23(5): 941–55.Google Scholar
Israel, S, Lerer, E, Shalev, I, Uzefovsky, F, Reibold, M, Bachner-Melman, R, et al. Molecular genetic studies of the arginine vasopressin 1a receptor (AVPR1a) and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) in human behaviour: From autism to altruism with some notes in between. Prog. Brain Res. 2008; 170: 435–49.Google Scholar
Karelina, K, Stuller, KA, Jarrett, B, Zhang, N, Wells, J, Norman, GJ, et al. Oxytocin mediates social neuroprotection after cerebral ischemia. Stroke [Research Support, NIH, Extramural Research Support, Non-US Gov’t]. 2011; 42(12): 3606–11.Google Scholar
MacLellan, CL, Keough, MB, Granter-Button, S, Chernenko, GA, Butt, S, Corbett, D. A critical threshold of rehabilitation involving brain-derived neurotrophic factor is required for poststroke recovery. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2011; 25(8): 740–8.Google Scholar
Belanger, L, Bolduc, M, Noel, M. Relative importance of after-effects, environment and socio-economic factors on the social integration of stroke victims. Int. J. Rehabil. Res. 1988; 11(3): 251–60.Google Scholar
Bronstein, KS Psychosocial components in stroke: Implications for adaptation. Nurs. Clin. North Am. 1991; 26(4): 1007–17.Google Scholar
Fuhrer, MJ Subjective well-being: Implications for medical rehabilitation outcomes and models of disablement. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 1994; 73(5): 358–64.Google Scholar
White, MA, Johnstone, AS Recovery from stroke: Does rehabilitation counselling have a role to play? Disabil. Rehabil. 2000; 22(3): 140–3.Google Scholar
Blair, C, Diamond, A. Biological processes in prevention and intervention: The promotion of self-regulation as a means of preventing school failure. Dev. Psychopathol. 2008; 20(3): 899–911.Google Scholar
Diamond, A, Lee, K. Interventions shown to aid executive function development in children 4 to 12 years old. Science 2011; 333(6045): 959–64.Google Scholar
Glass, TA, Berkman, LF, Hiltunen, EF, Furie, K, Glymour, MM, Fay, ME, et al. The Families In Recovery from Stroke Trial (FIRST): Primary study results. Psychosom. Med. 2004; 66(6): 889–97.Google Scholar
Stuart, M, Benvenuti, F, Macko, R, Taviani, A, Segenni, L, Mayer, F, et al. Community-based adaptive physical activity program for chronic stroke: Feasibility, safety, and efficacy of the Empoli model. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2009; 23(7): 726–34.Google Scholar
Ploughman, M, Attwood, Z, White, N, Dore, JJ, Corbett, D. Endurance exercise facilitates relearning of forelimb motor skill after focal ischemia. Eur. J. Neurosci. 2007; 25(11): 3453–60.Google Scholar
Krakauer, JW, Carmichael, ST, Corbett, D, Wittenberg, GF Getting neurorehabilitation right: What can be learned from animal models? Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2012; 26(8): 923–31.Google Scholar
Birkenmeier, RL, Prager, EM, Lang, CE Translating animal doses of task-specific training to people with chronic stroke in 1-hour therapy sessions: A proof-of-concept study. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2010; 24(7): 620–35.Google Scholar
Graven, C, Brock, K, Hill, K, Joubert, L. Are rehabilitation and/or care co-ordination interventions delivered in the community effective in reducing depression, facilitating participation and improving quality of life after stroke? Disabil. Rehabil. 2011; 33(17–18): 1501–20.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P, Geller, D, Guerrero, N, Aluru, V, Eimicke, JP, Teresi, JA, et al. Music Upper Limb Therapy-Integrated: An enriched collaborative approach for stroke rehabilitation. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2016; 10: 498.Google Scholar
Woodford, H, Price, C. EMG biofeedback for the recovery of motor function after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007; 18(2): CD004585.Google Scholar
Molier, BI, Van Asseldonk, EH, Hermens, HJ, Jannink, MJ Nature, timing, frequency and type of augmented feedback: Does it influence motor relearning of the hemiparetic arm after stroke? A systematic review. Disabil. Rehabil. 2010; 32(22): 1799–1809.Google Scholar
Kollen, BJ, Lennon, S, Lyons, B, Wheatley-Smith, L, Scheper, M, Buurke, JH, et al. The effectiveness of the Bobath concept in stroke rehabilitation: What is the evidence? Stroke 2009; 40(4): e89–97.Google Scholar
Hatem, SM, Saussez, G, Della Faille, M, Prist, V, Zhang, X, Dispa, D, et al. Rehabilitation of motor function after stroke: A multiple systematic review focused on techniques to stimulate upper extremity recovery. Front. Hum. Neurosci. 2016; 10: 442.Google Scholar
Hesse, S, Waldner, A, Mehrholz, J, Tomelleri, C, Pohl, M, Werner, C. Combined transcranial direct current stimulation and robot-assisted arm training in subacute stroke patients: An exploratory, randomized multicenter trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2011; 25(9): 838–46.Google Scholar
Khedr, EM, Shawky, OA, El-Hammady, DH, Rothwell, JC, Darwish, ES, Mostafa, OM, et al. Effect of anodal versus cathodal transcranial direct current stimulation on stroke rehabilitation: A pilot randomized controlled trial. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2013; 27(7): 592–601.Google Scholar
Yang, A, Wu, HM, Tang, JL, Xu, L, Yang, M, Liu, GJ Acupuncture for stroke rehabilitation. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 26(8): CD004131.Google Scholar
Janssen, H, Speare, S, Spratt, NJ, Sena, ES, Ada, L, Hannan, AJ, et al. Exploring the efficacy of constraint in animal models of stroke: Meta-analysis and systematic review of the current evidence. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2013; 27(1): 3–12.Google Scholar
Gu, P, Ran, JJ Electrical stimulation for hemiplegic shoulder function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of 15 randomized controlled trials. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2016; 97(9): 1588–94.Google Scholar
Eraifej, J, Clark, W, France, B, Desando, S, Moore, D. Effectiveness of upper limb functional electrical stimulation after stroke for the improvement of activities of daily living and motor function: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Syst. Rev. 2017; 6(1): 40.Google Scholar
Machado, S, Lattari, E, de Sa, AS, Rocha, NB, Yuan, TF, Paes, F, et al. Is mental practice an effective adjunct therapeutic strategy for upper limb motor restoration after stroke? A systematic review and meta-analysis. CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets. 2015; 14(5): 567–75.Google Scholar
Deconinck, FJ, Smorenburg, AR, Benham, A, Ledebt, A, Feltham, MG, Savelsbergh, GJ Reflections on mirror therapy: A systematic review of the effect of mirror visual feedback on the brain. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair. 2015; 29(4): 349–61.Google Scholar
Magee, WL, Clark, I, Tamplin, J, Bradt, J. Music interventions for acquired brain injury. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2017; 1: CD006787.Google Scholar
French, B, Thomas, LH, Coupe, J, McMahon, NE, Connell, L, Harrison, J, et al. Repetitive task training for improving functional ability after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2016; 11: CD006073.Google Scholar
Veerbeek, JM, Langbroek-Amersfoort, AC, Van Wegen, EE, Meskers, CG, Kwakkel, G. Effects of robot-assisted therapy for the upper limb after stroke. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2017; 31(2): 107–21.Google Scholar
Doyle, S, Bennett, S, Fasoli, SE, McKenna, KT Interventions for sensory impairment in the upper limb after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2010; 16(6): CD006331.Google Scholar
Haaland, KY, Mutha, PK, Rinehart, JK, Daniels, M, Cushnyr, B, Adair, JC Relationship between arm usage and instrumental activities of daily living after unilateral stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012; 93(11): 1957–62.Google Scholar
Harris-Love, ML, McCombe Waller, S, Whitall, J. Exploiting interlimb coupling to improve paretic arm reaching performance in people with chronic stroke. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2005; 86(11): 2131–7.Google Scholar
Rose, DK, Winstein, CJ The co-ordination of bimanual rapid aiming movements following stroke. Clin. Rehabil. 2005; 19(4): 452–62.Google Scholar
McCombe Waller, S, Whitall, J. Bilateral arm training: Why and who benefits? NeuroRehabilitation 2008; 23(1): 29–41.Google Scholar
Michielsen, ME, Selles, RW, Stam, HJ, Ribbers, GM, Bussmann, JB Quantifying nonuse in chronic stroke patients: A study into paretic, nonparetic, and bimanual upper-limb use in daily life. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2012; 93(11): 1975–81.Google Scholar
Kantak, S, McGrath, R, Zahedi, N. Goal conceptualization and symmetry of arm movements affect bimanual coordination in individuals after stroke. Neurosci. Lett. 2016; 626: 86–93.Google Scholar
Sainburg, R, Good, D, Przybyla, A. Bilateral synergy: A framework for post-stroke rehabilitation. J. Neurol. Transl. Neurosci. 2013; 1(3): 1025.Google Scholar
Kilbreath, SL, Heard, RC Frequency of hand use in healthy older persons. Aust. J. Physiother. 2005; 51(2): 119–22.Google Scholar
Stone, KD, Bryant, DC, Gonzalez, CL Hand use for grasping in a bimanual task: Evidence for different roles? Exp. Brain Res. 2013; 224(3): 455–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Raghavan, P, Santello, M, Gordon, AM, Krakauer, JW Compensatory motor control after stroke: An alternative joint strategy for object-dependent shaping of hand posture. J. Neurophysiol. 2010; 103(6): 3034–43.Google Scholar
Schaefer, SY, Mutha, PK, Haaland, KY, Sainburg, RL Hemispheric specialization for movement control produces dissociable differences in online corrections after stroke. Cereb. Cortex 2012; 22(6): 1407–19.Google Scholar
Aluru, V, Lu, Y, Leung, A, Verghese, J, Raghavan, P. Effect of auditory constraints on motor performance depends on stage of recovery post-stroke. Front Neurol. 2014; 5: 106.Google Scholar
Howlett, OA, Lannin, NA, Ada, L, McKinstry, C. Functional electrical stimulation improves activity after stroke: A systematic review with meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2015; 96(5): 934–43.Google Scholar
Rothwell, JC Can motor recovery in stroke be improved by non-invasive brain stimulation? Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 2016; 957: 313–23.Google Scholar
Gaete, JM, Bogousslavsky, J. Post-stroke depression. Expert Rev. Neurother. 2008; 8(1): 75–92.Google Scholar
Carson, AJ Impact commentaries: Mood disorder as a specific complication of stroke. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2012; 83(9): 859.Google Scholar
Pariente, J, Loubinoux, I, Carel, C, Albucher, JF, Leger, A, Manelfe, C, et al. Fluoxetine modulates motor performance and cerebral activation of patients recovering from stroke. Ann. Neurol. 2001; 50(6): 718–29.Google Scholar
Zittel, S, Weiller, C, Liepert, J. Citalopram improves dexterity in chronic stroke patients. Neurorehabil. Neural Repair 2008; 22(3): 311–14.Google Scholar
Acler, M, Robol, E, Fiaschi, A, Manganotti, P. A double blind placebo RCT to investigate the effects of serotonergic modulation on brain excitability and motor recovery in stroke patients. J. Neurol. 2009; 256(7): 1152–8.Google Scholar
Saxena, SK, Ng, TP, Koh, G, Yong, D, Fong, NP Is improvement in impaired cognition and depressive symptoms in post-stroke patients associated with recovery in activities of daily living? Acta. Neurol. Scand. 2007; 115(5): 339–46.Google Scholar
Walker, FR A critical review of the mechanism of action for the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors: Do these drugs possess anti-inflammatory properties and how relevant is this in the treatment of depression? Neuropharmacology 2013; 67: 304–17.Google Scholar
Maes, M, Leonard, B, Fernandez, A, Kubera, M, Nowak, G, Veerhuis, R, et al. (Neuro)inflammation and neuroprogression as new pathways and drug targets in depression: From antioxidants to kinase inhibitors. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry 2011; 35(3): 659–63.Google Scholar
Duman, RS, Monteggia, LM A neurotrophic model for stress-related mood disorders. Biol. Psychiatry. 2006; 59(12): 1116–27.Google Scholar
Santarelli, L, Saxe, M, Gross, C, Surget, A, Battaglia, F, Dulawa, S, et al. Requirement of hippocampal neurogenesis for the behavioral effects of antidepressants. Science 2003; 301(5634): 805–9.Google Scholar
Gerdelat-Mas, A, Loubinoux, I, Tombari, D, Rascol, O, Chollet, F, Simonetta-Moreau, M. Chronic administration of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) paroxetine modulates human motor cortex excitability in healthy subjects. Neuroimage 2005; 27(2): 314–22.Google Scholar
Maya Vetencourt, JF, Sale, A, Viegi, A, Baroncelli, L, De Pasquale, R, O’Leary, OF, et al. The antidepressant fluoxetine restores plasticity in the adult visual cortex. Science 2008; 320(5874): 385–8.Google Scholar
Guirado, R, Perez-Rando, M, Sanchez-Matarredona, D, Castren, E, Nacher, J. Chronic fluoxetine treatment alters the structure, connectivity and plasticity of cortical interneurons. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol. 2014; 17(10): 1635–46.Google Scholar
Perrier, JF, Cotel, F. Serotonergic modulation of spinal motor control. Curr. Opin. Neurobiol. 2015; 33: 1–7.Google Scholar
Molina-Luna, K, Pekanovic, A, Rohrich, S, Hertler, B, Schubring-Giese, M, Rioult-Pedotti, MS, et al. Dopamine in motor cortex is necessary for skill learning and synaptic plasticity. PLoS One 2009; 4(9): e7082.Google Scholar
Rioult-Pedotti, MS, Pekanovic, A, Atiemo, CO, Marshall, J, Luft, AR Dopamine promotes motor cortex plasticity and motor skill learning via PLC activation. PLoS One 2015; 10(5): e0124986.Google Scholar
Hosp, JA, Pekanovic, A, Rioult-Pedotti, MS, Luft, AR Dopaminergic projections from midbrain to primary motor cortex mediate motor skill learning. J. Neurosci. 2011; 31(7): 2481–7.Google Scholar
Scheidtmann, K, Fries, W, Muller, F, Koenig, E. Effect of levodopa in combination with physiotherapy on functional motor recovery after stroke: A prospective, randomised, double-blind study. Lancet 2001; 358(9284): 787–90.Google Scholar
Acler, M, Fiaschi, A, Manganotti, P. Long-term levodopa administration in chronic stroke patients: A clinical and neurophysiologic single-blind placebo-controlled cross-over pilot study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2009; 27(4): 277–83.Google Scholar
Cramer, SC, Dobkin, BH, Noser, EA, Rodriguez, RW, Enney, LA Randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study of ropinirole in chronic stroke. Stroke 2009; 40(9): 3034–8.Google Scholar
Restemeyer, C, Weiller, C, Liepert, J. No effect of a levodopa single dose on motor performance and motor excitability in chronic stroke: A double-blind placebo-controlled cross-over pilot study. Restor. Neurol. Neurosci. 2007; 25(2): 143–50.Google Scholar
Sonde, L, Lokk, J. Effects of amphetamine and/or L-dopa and physiotherapy after stroke – a blinded randomized study. Acta. Neurol. Scand. 2007; 115(1): 55–9.Google Scholar
Cramer, SC Drugs to enhance motor recovery after stroke. Stroke 2015; 46(10): 2998–3005.Google Scholar
Pearson-Fuhrhop, KM, Cramer, SC Pharmacogenetics of neural injury recovery. Pharmacogenomics 2013; 14(13): 1635–43.Google Scholar
Pearson-Fuhrhop, KM, Dunn, EC, Mortero, S, Devan, WJ, Falcone, GJ, Lee, P, et al. Dopamine genetic risk score predicts depressive symptoms in healthy adults and adults with depression. PLoS One 2014; 9(5): e93772.Google Scholar
Pearson-Fuhrhop, KM, Minton, B, Acevedo, D, Shahbaba, B, Cramer, SC Genetic variation in the human brain dopamine system influences motor learning and its modulation by L-dopa. PLoS One 2013; 8(4): e61197.Google Scholar
Crisostomo, EA, Duncan, PW, Propst, M, Dawson, DV, Davis, JN Evidence that amphetamine with physical therapy promotes recovery of motor function in stroke patients. Ann. Neurol. 1988; 23(1): 94–7.Google Scholar
Gladstone, DJ, Danells, CJ, Armesto, A, McIlroy, WE, Staines, WR, Graham, SJ, et al. Physiotherapy coupled with dextroamphetamine for rehabilitation after hemiparetic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Stroke 2006; 37(1): 179–85.Google Scholar
Martinsson, L, Wahlgren, NG Safety of dexamphetamine in acute ischemic stroke: A randomized, double-blind, controlled dose-escalation trial. Stroke 2003; 34(2): 475–81.Google Scholar
Martinsson, L, Wahlgren, NG, Hardemark, HG Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2003; 3: CD002090.Google Scholar
Martinsson, L, Hardemark, H, Eksborg, S. Amphetamines for improving recovery after stroke. Cochrane Database Syst. Rev. 2007; 1: CD002090.Google Scholar
Hong, JM, Shin, DH, Lim, TS, Lee, JS, Huh, K. Galantamine administration in chronic post-stroke aphasia. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry. 2012; 83(7): 675–80.Google Scholar
Berthier, ML, Green, C, Lara, JP, Higueras, C, Barbancho, MA, Davila, G, et al. Memantine and constraint-induced aphasia therapy in chronic poststroke aphasia. Ann. Neurol. 2009; 65(5): 577–85.Google Scholar
Barbancho, MA, Berthier, ML, Navas-Sanchez, P, Davila, G, Green-Heredia, C, Garcia-Alberca, JM, et al. Bilateral brain reorganization with memantine and constraint-induced aphasia therapy in chronic post-stroke aphasia: An ERP study. Brain Lang. 2015; 145–6: 1–10.Google Scholar
Berthier, ML, Pulvermuller, F, Davila, G, Casares, NG, Gutierrez, A. Drug therapy of post-stroke aphasia: A review of current evidence. Neuropsychol. Rev. 2011; 21(3): 302–17.Google Scholar
Bethoux, F. Spasticity management after stroke. Phys. Med. Rehabil. Clin. N Am. 2015; 26(4): 625–39.Google Scholar
National Stroke Association. Stroke Perceptions Study. 2006. http://support.stroke.org/site/DocServer/StrokePerceptions_FinalSurveyResults_2006.pdf?docID=1941.Google Scholar
Wissel, J, Manack, A, Brainin, M. Toward an epidemiology of poststroke spasticity. Neurology 2013; 80(3 Suppl. 2): S13–19.Google Scholar
Opheim, A, Danielsson, A, Alt Murphy, M, Persson, HC, Sunnerhagen, KS Upper-limb spasticity during the first year after stroke: Stroke arm longitudinal study at the University of Gothenburg. Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2014; 93(10): 884–96.Google Scholar
Wissel, J, Schelosky, LD, Scott, J, Christe, W, Faiss, JH, Mueller, J. Early development of spasticity following stroke: A prospective, observational trial. J. Neurol. 2010; 257(7): 1067–72.Google Scholar
Welmer, AK, Widen Holmqvist, L, Sommerfeld, DK Location and severity of spasticity in the first 1–2 weeks and at 3 and 18 months after stroke. Eur. J. Neurol. 2010; 17(5): 720–5.Google Scholar
Montane, E, Vallano, A, Laporte, JR Oral antispastic drugs in nonprogressive neurologic diseases: A systematic review. Neurology 2004; 63(8): 1357–63.Google Scholar
Finnerup, NB A review of central neuropathic pain states. Curr. Opin. Anaesthesiol. 2008; 21(5): 586–9.Google Scholar
Chohan, H, Greenfield, AL, Yadav, V, Graves, J. Use of cannabinoids for spasticity and pain management in MS. Curr. Treat. Options Neurol. 2016; 18(1): 1.Google Scholar
Kocabas, H, Salli, A, Demir, AH, Ozerbil, OM Comparison of phenol and alcohol neurolysis of tibial nerve motor branches to the gastrocnemius muscle for treatment of spastic foot after stroke: A randomized controlled pilot study. Eur. J. Phys. Rehabil. Med. 2010; 46(1): 5–10.Google Scholar
Simpson, DM, Gracies, JM, Graham, HK, Miyasaki, JM, Naumann, M, Russman, B, et al. Assessment: Botulinum neurotoxin for the treatment of spasticity (an evidence-based review): Report of the Therapeutics and Technology Assessment Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2008; 70(19): 1691–8.Google Scholar
Foley, N, Pereira, S, Salter, K, Fernandez, MM, Speechley, M, Sequeira, K, et al. Treatment with botulinum toxin improves upper-extremity function post stroke: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2013; 94(5): 977–89.Google Scholar
Raghavan, P, Lu, Y, Mirchandani, M, Stecco, A. Human recombinant hyaluronidase injections for upper limb muscle stiffness in individuals with cerebral injury: A case series. EBioMedicine 2016; 9: 306–13.Google Scholar
Ivanhoe, CB, Francisco, GE, McGuire, JR, Subramanian, T, Grissom, SP Intrathecal baclofen management of poststroke spastic hypertonia: implications for function and quality of life. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2006; 87(11): 1509–15.Google Scholar
Francisco, GE, Yablon, SA, Schiess, MC, Wiggs, L, Cavalier, S, Grissom, S. Consensus panel guidelines for the use of intrathecal baclofen therapy in poststroke spastic hypertonia. Top Stroke Rehabil. 2006; 13(4): 74–85.Google Scholar
Francisco, GE, McGuire, JR Poststroke spasticity management. Stroke 2012; 43(11): 3132–6.Google Scholar
Dunn, JA, Hay-Smith, EJ, Keeling, S, Sinnott, KA Decision-making about upper limb tendon transfer surgery by people with tetraplegia for more than 10 years. Arch. Phys. Med. Rehabil. 2016; 97(6 Suppl.): S88–96.Google Scholar
Seruya, M, Dickey, RM, Fakhro, A. Surgical treatment of pediatric upper limb spasticity: The wrist and hand. Semin. Plast. Surg. 2016; 30(1): 29–38.Google Scholar
Eliasson, AC, Ekholm, C, Carlstedt, T. Hand function in children with cerebral palsy after upper-limb tendon transfer and muscle release. Dev. Med. Child. Neurol. 1998; 40(9): 612–21.Google Scholar
Bliss, T, Guzman, R, Daadi, M, Steinberg, GK Cell transplantation therapy for stroke. Stroke 2007; 38(2 Suppl.): 817–26.Google Scholar
Luo, Y. Cell-based therapy for stroke. J. Neural Transm (Vienna). 2011; 118(1): 61–74.Google Scholar
Zents, K, Copray, S. The therapeutic potential of induced pluripotent stem cells after stroke: Evidence from rodent models. Curr. Stem Cell Res. Ther. 2016; 11(2): 166–74.Google Scholar
Wang, Q, Duan, F, Wang, MX, Wang, XD, Liu, P, Ma, LZ Effect of stem cell-based therapy for ischemic stroke treatment: A meta-analysis. Clin. Neurol. Neurosurg. 2016; 146: 1–11.Google Scholar
Steinberg, GK, Kondziolka, D, Wechsler, LR, Lunsford, LD, Coburn, ML, Billigen, JB, et al. Clinical outcomes of transplanted modified bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells in stroke: A phase 1/2a study. Stroke 2016; 47(7): 1817–24.Google Scholar
Lee, B, Liu, CY, Apuzzo, ML A primer on brain–machine interfaces, concepts, and technology: A key element in the future of functional neurorestoration. World Neurosurg. 2013; 79(3–4): 457–71.Google Scholar
Ushiba, J, Soekadar, SR Brain–machine interfaces for rehabilitation of poststroke hemiplegia. Prog Brain Res. 2016; 228: 163–83.Google Scholar
Ono, T, Kimura, A, Ushiba, J. Daily training with realistic visual feedback improves reproducibility of event-related desynchronisation following hand motor imagery. Clin. Neurophysiol. 2013; 124(9): 1779–86.Google Scholar
Ang, KK, Chua, KS, Phua, KS, Wang, C, Chin, ZY, Kuah, CW, et al. A randomized controlled trial of EEG-based motor imagery brain–computer interface robotic rehabilitation for stroke. Clin. EEG Neurosci. 2015; 46(4): 310–20.Google Scholar
Ang, KK, Guan, C, Phua, KS, Wang, C, Zhou, L, Tang, KY, et al. Brain–computer interface-based robotic end effector system for wrist and hand rehabilitation: Results of a three-armed randomized controlled trial for chronic stroke. Front. Neuroeng. 2014; 7: 30.Google Scholar
Pichiorri, F, Morone, G, Petti, M, Toppi, J, Pisotta, I, Molinari, M, et al. Brain–computer interface boosts motor imagery practice during stroke recovery. Ann. Neurol. 2015; 77(5): 851–65.Google Scholar
Ramos-Murguialday, A, Broetz, D, Rea, M, Laer, L, Yilmaz, O, Brasil, FL, et al. Brain–machine interface in chronic stroke rehabilitation: A controlled study. Ann. Neurol. 2013; 74(1): 100–8.Google Scholar
Antelis, JM, Montesano, L, Ramos-Murguialday, A, Birbaumer, N, Minguez, J. Decoding upper limb movement attempt from EEG measurements of the contralesional motor cortex in chronic stroke patients. IEEE Trans. Biomed. Eng. 2017; 64(1): 99–111.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×