Until long after the destruction of virulent German nationalism in the Second World War, the sometime Prince-Primate Baron Carl Dalberg (1744–1817) presented historians in Germany with a most problematic figure. Descended from an illustrious family of Free Imperial Knights, Dalberg not only allied himself with the French, in his capacity as the last surviving ecclesiastical prince, but committed the unforgivable sin of not turning against them during the so-called “War of Liberation.” He instead gave up the throne created for him by Napoleon and retired from politics. Both contemporary and later judgments of Dalberg have mostly ranged from the condemnatory to the merely embarrassed. His life was certainly difficult to reconcile with national chauvinism, which in turn dictated both the tone and the substance of the ruling interpretation of history. The rejection of Dalberg reached a climax in the decades around 1900, when he was damned as a traitor. At best, he appeared “less than laudable in the eyes of a patriot”.