Abū Zurʿa, see Dimashqī.

ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, Rafʿ al-Iṣr ʿan Quḍāt Miṣr, ed. Ḥāmid ʿAbd al-Majīd, 2 vols. (Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-ʿĀmma li-Shuʾūn al-Maṭābiʿ al-Amīriyya, 1966).

ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, Rafʿ al-Iṣr ʿan Quḍāt Miṣr, printed with Kindī, Akhbār.

Baghdādī, al-Khaṭīb, Tārīkh Baghdād, 14 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, 1931).

Bājī, Abū al-Walīd, Iḥkām al-Fuṣūl fī Aḥkām al-Uṣūl, ed. ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1986).

Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn, Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, ed. B. Maʿrūf and M. H. Sarḥān, 23 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1986).

Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn,Tārīkh al-Islām, ed. ʿUmar Tadmurī, 52 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1987–2000).

Dimashqī, Abū Zurʿa, Tārīkh, ed. Shukr Allāh al-Qawjānī, 2 vols. (n.p., n.p., 1970).

Hāshimī, Sayyid Aḥmad, Jawāhir al-Adab fī Adabiyyāt wa-Inshāʾ Lughat al-ʿArab, 2 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, n.d.).

Ḥaṭṭāb, Muḥammad, Mawāhib al-Jalīl li-Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, 6 vols. (Ṭarāblus, Libya: Maktabat al-Najāḥ, 1969).

Ḥusām al-Shahīd, Ibn Māza, Sharḥ Adab al-Qāḍī lil-Khaṣṣāf (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994).

Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar Yūsuf, Jāmiʿ Bayān al-ʿIlm wa-Faḍlihi, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, n.d.).

Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al-ʿIqd al-Farīd, ed. Muḥammad al-ʿAryān, 8 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Istiqāma, 1953).

Ibn A‘tham, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad, al-Futūḥ, 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986).

Ibn al-Farrāʾ, Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿlā, Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila, ed. Muḥammad al-Fiqī, 2 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Sunna al-Muḥammadiyya, 1952).

Ibn Ḥazm, Muḥammad, Muʿjam al-Fiqh, 2 vols. (Damascus: Maṭbaʿat Jāmiʿat Dimashq, 1966).

Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad, Kitāb Mashāhīr ʿUlamāʾ al-Amṣār, ed. M. Fleischhammer (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Lajnat al-Taʾlīf wal-Tarjama wal-Nashr, 1379/1959).

Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad,Kitāb al-Thiqāt (Hyderabad: ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Afghānī, 1388/1968).

Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1985–88).

Ibn Khallikān, Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad, Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1417/1997).

Ibn Māza, see al-Ḥusām al-Shahīd.

Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist (Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa lil-Ṭibāʿa wal-Nashr, 1398/1978); trans. B. Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).

Ibn al-Najjār, Taqī al-Dīn, Muntahā al-Irādāt, ed. ʿAbd al-Mughnī ʿAbd al-Khāliq, 2 vols. (Cairo: Maktabat Dār al-ʿUrūba, 1381/1962).

Ibn Naqīb al-Miṣrī, ʿUmdat al-Sālik, trans. N. H. M. Keller, The Reliance of the Traveller (Evanston: Sunna Books, 1993).

Ibn Qāḍī Shubha, Taqī al-Dīn, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya, 4 vols. (Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1398/1978).

Ibn al-Qāṣṣ, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Adab al-Qāḍī, ed. Ḥusayn Jabbūrī, 2 vols. (Ṭāʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddīq, 1409/1989).

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn, Mughnī, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1973).

Ibn Quṭlūbughā, Zayn al-Dīn, Tāj al-Tarājim (Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthannā, 1962).

Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār Bayrūt lil-Ṭibāʿa wal-Nashr, 1958).

Jammāʿīlī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, al-ʿUmda fī al-Aḥkām, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAṭāʾ (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986).

Jaṣṣāṣ, Sharḥ Adab al-Qāḍī, see Ḥusām al-Shahīd.

Kindī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf, Akhbār Quḍāt Miṣr, ed. R. Guest (Cairo: Muʾassasat Qurṭuba, n.d.).

Laknawī, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy, al-Fawāʾid al-Bahiyya fī Tarājim al-Ḥanafiyya (Benares: Maktabat Nadwat al-Maʿārif, 1967).

Mālik b. Anas, al-Muwaṭṭaʾ (Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1414/1993).

Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Sharaf al-Dīn, Tahdhīb al-Asmāʾ wal-Lughāt, 2 vols. (Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿa al-Munīriyya, n.d.).

Niżām, al-Shaykh, et al., al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya, 6 vols. (repr.; Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1400/1980).

Qalqashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshā fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshā, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1987).

al-Qurʾān al-Karīm (Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf, 1981), trans. M. M. Pickthall, The Meanings of the Glorious Koran (New York: Mentor, n.d.).

Saḥnūn b. Saʿīd al-Tanūkhī, al-Mudawwana al-Kubrā, ed. Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Salām, 5 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415/1994).

Samarqandī, Abū Naṣr, Rusūm al-Quḍāt, ed. M. Jāsim al-Ḥadīthī (Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyya lil-Ṭibāʿa, 1985).

Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, al-Risāla, ed. M. Kīlānī (Cairo: Muṣṭafā Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1969), trans. M. Khadduri, Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafiʿi's Risala (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961).

Shāshī, Abū ʿAlī, Uṣūl (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402/1982).

Shaybānī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, al-Aṣl, 5 vols. (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1990).

Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm, Sharḥ al-Lumaʿ, ed. ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988).

Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm,Ṭabaqāt al-Fuqahāʾ, ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās (Beirut: Dār al-Rāʾid al-ʿArabī, 1970).

Simnānī, Abū al-Qāsim, Rawḍat al-Quḍāt, ed. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Nāhī, 4 vols. (Beirut and Amman: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1404/1984).

Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn b. Taqī al-Dīn, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-Kubrā, 6 vols. (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Ḥusayniyya, 1906).

Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, al-Radd ʿalā man Akhlada ilā al-Arḍ wa-Jahila anna al-Ijtihāda fī Kulli ʿAṣrin Farḍ, ed. Khalīl al-Mays (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1983).

Tanūkhī, ʿAlī b. al-Muḥassin, Nishwār al-Muḥāḍara, 8 vols. (n.p., n.p., 1971–).

Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn Sulaymān, Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Rawḍa, ed. ʿAbd Allāh al-Turkī, 3 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1407/1987).

Wakīʿ, Muḥammad b. Khalaf, Akhbār al-Quḍāt, 3 vols. (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, n.d.).

Abbott, Nabia, Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, vol. II: Qurʾānic Commentary and Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

Abu-Lughod, Janet L., Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971).

ʿAlī, Jawād, al-Mufaṣṣal fī Tārīkh al-ʿArab Qabl al-Islām, 10 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 1970–76).

Ansari, Zafar I., “The Authenticity of Traditions: A Critique of Joseph Schacht's Argument e silentio,” Hamdard Islamicus, 7 (1984): 51–61.Google Scholar

Ansari, Zafar I., “Islamic Juristic Terminology before Šāfiʿī: A Semantic Analysis with Special Reference to Kūfa,” Arabica, 19 (1972): 255–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ʿAthamina, K., “Al-Qasas: Its Emergence, Religious Origin and its Socio-Political Impact on Early Muslim Society,” Studia Islamica, 76 (1992): 53–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ʿAthamina, K., “The ʿUlama in the Opposition: The ‘Stick and the Carrot’ Policy in Early Islam,” Islamic Quarterly, 36, 3 (1992): 153–78.Google Scholar

Azami, M. M., On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (New York: John Wiley, 1985).

Azami, M. M.,Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1968).

Bakar, Mohd D., “A Note on Muslim Judges and the Professional Certificate,” al-Qanṭara, 20, 2 (1999): 467–85.Google Scholar

Ball, Warwick, Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (London and New York: Routledge, 2000).

Beeston, A. F. L., “Judaism and Christianity in Pre-Islamic Yemen,” L'Arabie du sud, vol. I (Paris: Editions G. -P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984), 271–78.

Beeston, A. F. L.,“The Religions of Pre-Islamic Yemen,” L'Arabie du sud, vol. I (Paris: Editions G. -P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984), 259–69.

Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St Paul: West Publishing Co. 1979).

Bligh-Abramsky, Irit, “The Judiciary (Qāḍīs) as a Governmental-Administrative Tool in Early Islam,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 35 (1992): 40–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bravmann, M. M., The Spiritual Background of Early Islam (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972).

Brock, S. P., “Syriac Views of Emergent Islam,” in G. H. A. Juynboll, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 9–21.

Brockopp, J., Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam and his Major Compendium of Jurisprudence (Leiden: Brill, 2000).

Burton, J., The Collection of the Qurʾān (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

Caspers, E. C. L. During, “Further Evidence for ‘Central Asian’ Materials from the Arabian Gulf,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 37 (1994): 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Hayyim, “The Economic Background and the Secular Occupations of Muslim Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam (Until the Middle of the Eleventh Century),” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 13 (1970): 16–61.Google Scholar

Coulson, N. J., A History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964).

Crone, Patricia, “Two Legal Problems Bearing on the Early History of the Qurʾān,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 18 (1994): 1–37.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia and M. Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Muslim World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

Crone, Patricia, and M. Hinds, God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

Donner, Fred, “The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400–800 C.E.),” in F. M. Clover and R. S. Humphreys, eds., Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 73–88.

Dussaud, René, La Pénétration des arabes en Syrie avant l'Islam (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1955).

Dutton, Yasin, “ʿAmal v. Ḥadīth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl al-Yadayn (Holding One's Hands by One's Sides) When Doing Prayer,” Islamic Law and Society, 3, 1 (1996): 13–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dutton, Yasin,The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʾan, the Muwaṭṭaʾ and Medinan ʿAmal (Richmond: Curzon, 1999).

Edens, C. and Garth, Bawden, “History of Taymāʾ and Hejazi Trade During the First Millennium B.C.,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 32 (1989): 48–97.Google Scholar

Goitein, S. D., “The Birth-Hour of Muslim Law,” Muslim World, 50, 1 (1960): 23–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goitein, S. D.,Studies in Islamic History and Institutions (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966).

Goitein, S. D., “A Turning Point in the History of the Islamic State,” Islamic Culture, 23 (1949): 120–35.Google Scholar

Goldziher, I., The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine and their History, trans. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971).

Hallaq, Wael, “The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadīth: A Pseudo-Problem,” Studia Islamica, 89 (1999): 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,Authority, Continuity and Change in Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Hallaq, Wael,ed., The Formation of Islamic Law, The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, edited by L. Conrad, no. 27 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004).

Hallaq, Wael, “From Fatwās to Furūʿ: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law,” Islamic Law and Society, 1 (1994): 17–56.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Hallaq, Wael, “‘Muslim Rage’ and Islamic Law,” Hastings Law Journal, 54 (August 2003): 1–17.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18 (1986): 427–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “On Dating Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ,” UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 1, 1 (2002): 47–65.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,“On Inductive Corroboration, Probability and Certainty in Sunnī Legal Thought,” in N. Heer, ed., Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), 3–31.

Hallaq, Wael, “Qāḍīs Communicating: Legal Change and the Law of Documentary Evidence,” al-Qanṭara, 20, 2 (1999): 437–66.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “The Qāḍī's Dīwān (sijill) before the Ottomans,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 61, 3 (1998): 415–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse,” UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 2, 1 (2002–03): 1–31.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “A Tenth–Eleventh Century Treatise on Juridical Dialect,” The Muslim World, 77, 2–3 (1987): 189–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,“Use and Abuse of Evidence: The Question of Roman and Provincial Influences on Early Islamic Law,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110 (1989): 79–91; reproduced in W. Hallaq, Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam (Aldershot: Variorum, 1994), article IX, 1–36.

Hallaq, Wael, “Was al-Shafiʿi the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25 (1993): 587–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halm, Heinz, Die Ausbreitung der šāfiʿitischen Rechtsschule von den Anfängen bis zum 8./14. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1974).

Hennigan, P., “The Birth of a Legal Institution: The Formation of the Waqf in Third Century ah Ḥanafī Legal Discourse” (Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1999).

Hodgson, M., The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).CrossRef

Hoyland, R. G., Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1997).

Juynboll, G. H. A., Muslim Tradition: Studies in Chronology, Provenance and Authorship of early Ḥadīth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

Juynboll, G. H. A.,ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982).

King, G. R. D., “Settlement in Western and Central Arabia and the Gulf in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries ad,” in G. R. D. King and A. Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1994), 181–212.

Kister, M. J., “al-Ḥīra: Some Notes on its Relations with Arabia,” Arabica, 15 (1968): 143–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kister, M. J., “…lā taqraʾū l-qurʾāna ʿalā l-muṣḥafiyyīn wa-lā taḥmilū l-ʿilma ʿani l-ṣaḥafiyyīn …: Some Notes of the Transmission of Ḥadīth,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 22 (1998): 127–62.Google Scholar

Kister, M. J., “The Market of the Prophet,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 8 (1965): 272–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landau-Tasseron, Ella, “The Cyclical Reform: A Study of the Mujaddid Tradition,” Studia Islamica, 70 (1989): 79–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lapidus, Ira M., “The Arab Conquests and the Formation of Islamic Society,” in Juynboll, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society, 49–72.

Lecker, Michael, “On the Markets of Medina (Yathrib) in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times,” in M. Lecker, Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia (Aldershot: Variorum, 1998), 133–46.

Levenson, J., European Expansion and the Counter-Example of Asia, 1300–1600 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1967).

Lowry, Joseph, “The Legal–Theoretical Content of the Risāla of Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1999).

Madelung, Wilferd, “The Early Murjiʾa in Khurāsān and Transoxania and the Spread of Ḥanafism,” Der Islam, 59, 1 (1982): 32–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maghen, Z., “Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of ‘Popular Practice’,” Islamic Law and Society, 10, 3 (2003): 276–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, George, “The Significance of the Schools of Law in Islamic Religious History,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10 (1979): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Melchert, Christopher, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).

Mohammed, Khaleelul Iqbal, “Development of an Archetype: Studies in the Shurayḥ Traditions” (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 2001).

Motzki, Harald, Die Anfänge der islamischen Jurisprudenz: Ihr Entwicklung in Mekka bis zur Mitte des 2./8. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1991); trans. Marion H. Katz, The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Motzki, Harald, “Der Fiqh des–Zuhrī: die Quellenproblematik,” Der Islam, 68, 1 (1991): 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Motzki, Harald, “The Role of Non-Arab Converts in the Development of Early Islamic Law,” Islamic Law and Society, 6, 3 (1999): 293–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piotrovsky, Mikhail B., “Late Ancient and Early Medieval Yemen: Settlement, Traditions and Innovations,” in G. R. D. King and Avril Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1994), 213–20.

Potts, D. T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).

Powers, David, “The Exegetical Genre Nāsikh al-Qurʾān wa-Mansūkhuh,” in Andrew Rippin, ed., Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qurʾān (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 117–38.

Powers, David, “On Judicial Review in Islamic Law,” Law and Society Review, 26 (1992): 315–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powers, David,Organizing Justice in the Muslim World 1250–1750, Themes in Islamic Law, edited by Wael B. Hallaq, no. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in progress).

Rashid, Saad, Darb Zubayda: The Pilgrim Road from Kufa to Mecca (Riyadh: Riyadh University Libraries, 1980).

Rippin, Andrew, “al-Zuhrī, Naskh al-Qurʾān and the Early Tafsīr Texts,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 47 (1984): 22–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, Uri, “Ḥanīfiyya and Kaʿba: An Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic Background of Dīn Ibrāhīm,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 13 (1990): 85–112.Google Scholar

Sālim, Sayyid, Tārīkh al-ʿArab fī ʿAṣr al-Jāhiliyya (Alexandria: Muʾassasat Shabāb al-Jāmiʿa, 1990).

Sartre, Maurice, L'Orient romain (Paris: Seuil, 1991).

Schacht, Joseph, “From Babylonian to Islamic Law,” in Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (London and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1995), 29–33.

Schacht, Joseph,An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964).

Schacht, Joseph,The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).

Schoeler, Gregor, Charakter und Authentie der muslimischen Überlieferung über das Leben Mohammeds (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1996).

Serjeant, R. B., “The Constitution of Medina,” Islamic Quarterly, 8 (1964): 3–16.Google Scholar

Shahid, Irfan, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989).

Shahid, Irfan,Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection, 1995).

Shahid, Irfan,“Pre-Islamic Arabia,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P. M. Holt et al., vol. I A (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 3–29.

Spectorsky, Susan, “Sunnah in the Responses of Isḥāq B. Rāhawayh,” in Weiss, ed., Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, 51–74.

Stol, M., “Women in Mesopotamia,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 32, 2 (1995): 123–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sudairī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, The Desert Frontier of Arabia: al-Jawf through the Ages (London: Stacey International, 1995).

Thung, Michael, “Written Obligations from the 2nd/8th to the 4th Century,” Islamic Law and Society, 3, 1 (1996): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsafrir, N., “The Beginnings of the Ḥanafī School in Iṣfahān,” Islamic Law and Society, 5, 1 (1998): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsafrir, N.,“The Spread of the Ḥanafī School in the Western Regions of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate up to the End of the Third Century ah.” (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1993).

Tyan, E., Histoire de l'organisation judiciare en pays d'Islam, 2 vols. 2nd ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960).

Tyan, E.,“Judicial Organization,” in M. Khadduri and H. Liebesny, eds., Law in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: The Middle East Institute, 1955), 236–78.

VerSteeg, Russ, Early Mesopotamian Law (Durham, N. C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2000).

Wansbrough, J., Qurʾānic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).

Wansbrough, J.,The Sectarian Milieu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).

Watt, Montgomery, “The Arabian Background of the Qurʾān,” Studies in the History of Arabia, vol. I (Riyadh: University of Riyadh Press, 1399/1979), 3–13.

Watt, Montgomery,The Formative Period of Islamic Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973).

Weiss, Bernard, “Knowledge of the Past: The Theory of Tawātur According to Ghazālī,” Studia Islamica, 61 (1985): 81–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weiss, Bernard,ed., Studies in Islamic Legal Theory (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Young, Walter, “Zinā, Qadhf and Sariqa: Exploring the Origins of Islamic Penal Law and its Evolution in Relation to Qurʾānic Rulings” (MA thesis, McGill University, in progress).

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, Religion and Politics under the Early ʿAbbāsids (Leiden: Brill, 1997).

Abū Zurʿa, see Dimashqī.

ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, Rafʿ al-Iṣr ʿan Quḍāt Miṣr, ed. Ḥāmid ʿAbd al-Majīd, 2 vols. (Cairo: al-Hayʾa al-ʿĀmma li-Shuʾūn al-Maṭābiʿ al-Amīriyya, 1966).

ʿAsqalānī, Ibn Ḥajar, Rafʿ al-Iṣr ʿan Quḍāt Miṣr, printed with Kindī, Akhbār.

Baghdādī, al-Khaṭīb, Tārīkh Baghdād, 14 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Saʿāda, 1931).

Bājī, Abū al-Walīd, Iḥkām al-Fuṣūl fī Aḥkām al-Uṣūl, ed. ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1986).

Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn, Siyar Aʿlām al-Nubalāʾ, ed. B. Maʿrūf and M. H. Sarḥān, 23 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1986).

Dhahabī, Shams al-Dīn,Tārīkh al-Islām, ed. ʿUmar Tadmurī, 52 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1987–2000).

Dimashqī, Abū Zurʿa, Tārīkh, ed. Shukr Allāh al-Qawjānī, 2 vols. (n.p., n.p., 1970).

Hāshimī, Sayyid Aḥmad, Jawāhir al-Adab fī Adabiyyāt wa-Inshāʾ Lughat al-ʿArab, 2 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, n.d.).

Ḥaṭṭāb, Muḥammad, Mawāhib al-Jalīl li-Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar Khalīl, 6 vols. (Ṭarāblus, Libya: Maktabat al-Najāḥ, 1969).

Ḥusām al-Shahīd, Ibn Māza, Sharḥ Adab al-Qāḍī lil-Khaṣṣāf (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1994).

Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, Abū ʿUmar Yūsuf, Jāmiʿ Bayān al-ʿIlm wa-Faḍlihi, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dar al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, n.d.).

Ibn ʿAbd Rabbih, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, al-ʿIqd al-Farīd, ed. Muḥammad al-ʿAryān, 8 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Istiqāma, 1953).

Ibn A‘tham, Abū Muḥammad Aḥmad, al-Futūḥ, 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986).

Ibn al-Farrāʾ, Muḥammad b. Abī Yaʿlā, Ṭabaqāt al-Ḥanābila, ed. Muḥammad al-Fiqī, 2 vols. (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat al-Sunna al-Muḥammadiyya, 1952).

Ibn Ḥazm, Muḥammad, Muʿjam al-Fiqh, 2 vols. (Damascus: Maṭbaʿat Jāmiʿat Dimashq, 1966).

Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad, Kitāb Mashāhīr ʿUlamāʾ al-Amṣār, ed. M. Fleischhammer (Cairo: Maṭbaʿat Lajnat al-Taʾlīf wal-Tarjama wal-Nashr, 1379/1959).

Ibn Ḥibbān, Muḥammad,Kitāb al-Thiqāt (Hyderabad: ʿAbd al-Khāliq al-Afghānī, 1388/1968).

Ibn Kathīr, Ismāʿīl b. ʿUmar, al-Bidāya wal-Nihāya, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1985–88).

Ibn Khallikān, Shams al-Dīn Aḥmad, Wafayāt al-Aʿyān, 4 vols. (Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1417/1997).

Ibn Māza, see al-Ḥusām al-Shahīd.

Ibn al-Nadīm, al-Fihrist (Beirut: Dār al-Maʿrifa lil-Ṭibāʿa wal-Nashr, 1398/1978); trans. B. Dodge, The Fihrist of al-Nadim: A Tenth-Century Survey of Muslim Culture (New York: Columbia University Press, 1970).

Ibn al-Najjār, Taqī al-Dīn, Muntahā al-Irādāt, ed. ʿAbd al-Mughnī ʿAbd al-Khāliq, 2 vols. (Cairo: Maktabat Dār al-ʿUrūba, 1381/1962).

Ibn Naqīb al-Miṣrī, ʿUmdat al-Sālik, trans. N. H. M. Keller, The Reliance of the Traveller (Evanston: Sunna Books, 1993).

Ibn Qāḍī Shubha, Taqī al-Dīn, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya, 4 vols. (Hyderabad: Maṭbaʿat Majlis Dāʾirat al-Maʿārif al-ʿUthmāniyya, 1398/1978).

Ibn al-Qāṣṣ, Aḥmad b. Muḥammad, Adab al-Qāḍī, ed. Ḥusayn Jabbūrī, 2 vols. (Ṭāʾif: Maktabat al-Ṣiddīq, 1409/1989).

Ibn Qudāma, Muwaffaq al-Dīn, Mughnī, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1973).

Ibn Quṭlūbughā, Zayn al-Dīn, Tāj al-Tarājim (Baghdad: Maktabat al-Muthannā, 1962).

Ibn Saʿd, Muḥammad, al-Ṭabaqāt al-Kubrā, 8 vols. (Beirut: Dār Bayrūt lil-Ṭibāʿa wal-Nashr, 1958).

Jammāʿīlī, ʿAbd al-Ghanī b. ʿAbd al-Wāḥid, al-ʿUmda fī al-Aḥkām, ed. Muṣṭafā ʿAṭāʾ (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1986).

Jaṣṣāṣ, Sharḥ Adab al-Qāḍī, see Ḥusām al-Shahīd.

Kindī, Muḥammad b. Yūsuf, Akhbār Quḍāt Miṣr, ed. R. Guest (Cairo: Muʾassasat Qurṭuba, n.d.).

Laknawī, ʿAbd al-Ḥayy, al-Fawāʾid al-Bahiyya fī Tarājim al-Ḥanafiyya (Benares: Maktabat Nadwat al-Maʿārif, 1967).

Mālik b. Anas, al-Muwaṭṭaʾ (Beirut: Dār al-Jīl, 1414/1993).

Nawawī, Muḥyī al-Dīn Sharaf al-Dīn, Tahdhīb al-Asmāʾ wal-Lughāt, 2 vols. (Cairo: Idārat al-Ṭibāʿa al-Munīriyya, n.d.).

Niżām, al-Shaykh, et al., al-Fatāwā al-Hindiyya, 6 vols. (repr.; Beirut: Dār Iḥyāʾ al-Turāth al-ʿArabī, 1400/1980).

Qalqashandī, Aḥmad b. ʿAlī, Ṣubḥ al-Aʿshā fī Ṣināʿat al-Inshā, 14 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1987).

al-Qurʾān al-Karīm (Kuwait: Wizārat al-Awqāf, 1981), trans. M. M. Pickthall, The Meanings of the Glorious Koran (New York: Mentor, n.d.).

Saḥnūn b. Saʿīd al-Tanūkhī, al-Mudawwana al-Kubrā, ed. Aḥmad ʿAbd al-Salām, 5 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1415/1994).

Samarqandī, Abū Naṣr, Rusūm al-Quḍāt, ed. M. Jāsim al-Ḥadīthī (Baghdad: Dār al-Ḥurriyya lil-Ṭibāʿa, 1985).

Shāfiʿī, Muḥammad b. Idrīs, al-Risāla, ed. M. Kīlānī (Cairo: Muṣṭafā Bābī al-Ḥalabī, 1969), trans. M. Khadduri, Islamic Jurisprudence: Shafiʿi's Risala (Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1961).

Shāshī, Abū ʿAlī, Uṣūl (Beirut: Dār al-Kitāb al-ʿArabī, 1402/1982).

Shaybānī, Muḥammad b. al-Ḥasan, al-Aṣl, 5 vols. (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, 1990).

Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm, Sharḥ al-Lumaʿ, ed. ʿAbd al-Majīd Turkī, 2 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-Gharb al-Islāmī, 1988).

Shīrāzī, Abū Isḥāq Ibrāhīm,Ṭabaqāt al-Fuqahāʾ, ed. Iḥsān ʿAbbās (Beirut: Dār al-Rāʾid al-ʿArabī, 1970).

Simnānī, Abū al-Qāsim, Rawḍat al-Quḍāt, ed. Ṣalāḥ al-Dīn Nāhī, 4 vols. (Beirut and Amman: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1404/1984).

Subkī, Tāj al-Dīn b. Taqī al-Dīn, Ṭabaqāt al-Shāfiʿiyya al-Kubrā, 6 vols. (Cairo: al-Maktaba al-Ḥusayniyya, 1906).

Suyūṭī, Jalāl al-Dīn ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, al-Radd ʿalā man Akhlada ilā al-Arḍ wa-Jahila anna al-Ijtihāda fī Kulli ʿAṣrin Farḍ, ed. Khalīl al-Mays (Beirut: Dār al-Kutub al-ʿIlmiyya, 1983).

Tanūkhī, ʿAlī b. al-Muḥassin, Nishwār al-Muḥāḍara, 8 vols. (n.p., n.p., 1971–).

Ṭūfī, Najm al-Dīn Sulaymān, Sharḥ Mukhtaṣar al-Rawḍa, ed. ʿAbd Allāh al-Turkī, 3 vols. (Beirut: Muʾassasat al-Risāla, 1407/1987).

Wakīʿ, Muḥammad b. Khalaf, Akhbār al-Quḍāt, 3 vols. (Beirut: ʿĀlam al-Kutub, n.d.).

Abbott, Nabia, Studies in Arabic Literary Papyri, vol. II: Qurʾānic Commentary and Tradition (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967).

Abu-Lughod, Janet L., Cairo: 1001 Years of the City Victorious (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1971).

ʿAlī, Jawād, al-Mufaṣṣal fī Tārīkh al-ʿArab Qabl al-Islām, 10 vols. (Beirut: Dār al-ʿIlm lil-Malāyīn, 1970–76).

Ansari, Zafar I., “The Authenticity of Traditions: A Critique of Joseph Schacht's Argument e silentio,” Hamdard Islamicus, 7 (1984): 51–61.Google Scholar

Ansari, Zafar I., “Islamic Juristic Terminology before Šāfiʿī: A Semantic Analysis with Special Reference to Kūfa,” Arabica, 19 (1972): 255–300.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ʿAthamina, K., “Al-Qasas: Its Emergence, Religious Origin and its Socio-Political Impact on Early Muslim Society,” Studia Islamica, 76 (1992): 53–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

ʿAthamina, K., “The ʿUlama in the Opposition: The ‘Stick and the Carrot’ Policy in Early Islam,” Islamic Quarterly, 36, 3 (1992): 153–78.Google Scholar

Azami, M. M., On Schacht's Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (New York: John Wiley, 1985).

Azami, M. M.,Studies in Early Ḥadīth Literature (Beirut: al-Maktab al-Islami, 1968).

Bakar, Mohd D., “A Note on Muslim Judges and the Professional Certificate,” al-Qanṭara, 20, 2 (1999): 467–85.Google Scholar

Ball, Warwick, Rome in the East: The Transformation of an Empire (London and New York: Routledge, 2000).

Beeston, A. F. L., “Judaism and Christianity in Pre-Islamic Yemen,” L'Arabie du sud, vol. I (Paris: Editions G. -P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984), 271–78.

Beeston, A. F. L.,“The Religions of Pre-Islamic Yemen,” L'Arabie du sud, vol. I (Paris: Editions G. -P. Maisonneuve et Larose, 1984), 259–69.

Black's Law Dictionary, 5th ed. (St Paul: West Publishing Co. 1979).

Bligh-Abramsky, Irit, “The Judiciary (Qāḍīs) as a Governmental-Administrative Tool in Early Islam,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 35 (1992): 40–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bravmann, M. M., The Spiritual Background of Early Islam (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1972).

Brock, S. P., “Syriac Views of Emergent Islam,” in G. H. A. Juynboll, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982), 9–21.

Brockopp, J., Early Mālikī Law: Ibn ʿAbd al-Ḥakam and his Major Compendium of Jurisprudence (Leiden: Brill, 2000).

Burton, J., The Collection of the Qurʾān (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

Caspers, E. C. L. During, “Further Evidence for ‘Central Asian’ Materials from the Arabian Gulf,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 37 (1994): 33–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cohen, Hayyim, “The Economic Background and the Secular Occupations of Muslim Jurisprudents and Traditionists in the Classical Period of Islam (Until the Middle of the Eleventh Century),” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 13 (1970): 16–61.Google Scholar

Coulson, N. J., A History of Islamic Law (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1964).

Crone, Patricia, “Two Legal Problems Bearing on the Early History of the Qurʾān,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 18 (1994): 1–37.Google Scholar

Crone, Patricia and M. Cook, Hagarism: The Making of the Muslim World (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977).

Crone, Patricia, and M. Hinds, God's Caliph: Religious Authority in the First Centuries of Islam (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986).

Donner, Fred, “The Role of Nomads in the Near East in Late Antiquity (400–800 C.E.),” in F. M. Clover and R. S. Humphreys, eds., Tradition and Innovation in Late Antiquity (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1989), 73–88.

Dussaud, René, La Pénétration des arabes en Syrie avant l'Islam (Paris: Paul Geuthner, 1955).

Dutton, Yasin, “ʿAmal v. Ḥadīth in Islamic Law: The Case of Sadl al-Yadayn (Holding One's Hands by One's Sides) When Doing Prayer,” Islamic Law and Society, 3, 1 (1996): 13–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dutton, Yasin,The Origins of Islamic Law: The Qurʾan, the Muwaṭṭaʾ and Medinan ʿAmal (Richmond: Curzon, 1999).

Edens, C. and Garth, Bawden, “History of Taymāʾ and Hejazi Trade During the First Millennium B.C.,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 32 (1989): 48–97.Google Scholar

Goitein, S. D., “The Birth-Hour of Muslim Law,” Muslim World, 50, 1 (1960): 23–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goitein, S. D.,Studies in Islamic History and Institutions (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1966).

Goitein, S. D., “A Turning Point in the History of the Islamic State,” Islamic Culture, 23 (1949): 120–35.Google Scholar

Goldziher, I., The Ẓāhirīs: Their Doctrine and their History, trans. Wolfgang Behn (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1971).

Hallaq, Wael, “The Authenticity of Prophetic Ḥadīth: A Pseudo-Problem,” Studia Islamica, 89 (1999): 75–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,Authority, Continuity and Change in Islamic Law (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001).

Hallaq, Wael,ed., The Formation of Islamic Law, The Formation of the Classical Islamic World, edited by L. Conrad, no. 27 (Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing, 2004).

Hallaq, Wael, “From Fatwās to Furūʿ: Growth and Change in Islamic Substantive Law,” Islamic Law and Society, 1 (1994): 17–56.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,A History of Islamic Legal Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).

Hallaq, Wael, “‘Muslim Rage’ and Islamic Law,” Hastings Law Journal, 54 (August 2003): 1–17.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “On the Authoritativeness of Sunni Consensus,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 18 (1986): 427–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “On Dating Mālik's Muwaṭṭaʾ,” UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 1, 1 (2002): 47–65.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,“On Inductive Corroboration, Probability and Certainty in Sunnī Legal Thought,” in N. Heer, ed., Islamic Law and Jurisprudence (Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1990), 3–31.

Hallaq, Wael, “Qāḍīs Communicating: Legal Change and the Law of Documentary Evidence,” al-Qanṭara, 20, 2 (1999): 437–66.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “The Qāḍī's Dīwān (sijill) before the Ottomans,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 61, 3 (1998): 415–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “The Quest for Origins or Doctrine? Islamic Legal Studies as Colonialist Discourse,” UCLA Journal of Islamic and Near Eastern Law, 2, 1 (2002–03): 1–31.Google Scholar

Hallaq, Wael, “A Tenth–Eleventh Century Treatise on Juridical Dialect,” The Muslim World, 77, 2–3 (1987): 189–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hallaq, Wael,“Use and Abuse of Evidence: The Question of Roman and Provincial Influences on Early Islamic Law,” Journal of the American Oriental Society, 110 (1989): 79–91; reproduced in W. Hallaq, Law and Legal Theory in Classical and Medieval Islam (Aldershot: Variorum, 1994), article IX, 1–36.

Hallaq, Wael, “Was al-Shafiʿi the Master Architect of Islamic Jurisprudence?” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 25 (1993): 587–605.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Halm, Heinz, Die Ausbreitung der šāfiʿitischen Rechtsschule von den Anfängen bis zum 8./14. Jahrhundert (Wiesbaden: Dr. Ludwig Reichert Verlag, 1974).

Hennigan, P., “The Birth of a Legal Institution: The Formation of the Waqf in Third Century ah Ḥanafī Legal Discourse” (Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell University, 1999).

Hodgson, M., The Venture of Islam: Conscience and History in a World Civilization, 3 vols. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1974).CrossRef

Hoyland, R. G., Seeing Islam as Others Saw it: A Survey and Evaluation of Christian, Jewish and Zoroastrian Writings on Early Islam (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1997).

Juynboll, G. H. A., Muslim Tradition: Studies in Chronology, Provenance and Authorship of early Ḥadīth (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983).

Juynboll, G. H. A.,ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society (Carbondale and Edwardsville: Southern Illinois University Press, 1982).

King, G. R. D., “Settlement in Western and Central Arabia and the Gulf in the Sixth-Eighth Centuries ad,” in G. R. D. King and A. Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1994), 181–212.

Kister, M. J., “al-Ḥīra: Some Notes on its Relations with Arabia,” Arabica, 15 (1968): 143–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kister, M. J., “…lā taqraʾū l-qurʾāna ʿalā l-muṣḥafiyyīn wa-lā taḥmilū l-ʿilma ʿani l-ṣaḥafiyyīn …: Some Notes of the Transmission of Ḥadīth,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 22 (1998): 127–62.Google Scholar

Kister, M. J., “The Market of the Prophet,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 8 (1965): 272–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Landau-Tasseron, Ella, “The Cyclical Reform: A Study of the Mujaddid Tradition,” Studia Islamica, 70 (1989): 79–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lapidus, Ira M., “The Arab Conquests and the Formation of Islamic Society,” in Juynboll, ed., Studies on the First Century of Islamic Society, 49–72.

Lecker, Michael, “On the Markets of Medina (Yathrib) in Pre-Islamic and Early Islamic Times,” in M. Lecker, Jews and Arabs in Pre- and Early Islamic Arabia (Aldershot: Variorum, 1998), 133–46.

Levenson, J., European Expansion and the Counter-Example of Asia, 1300–1600 (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice Hall, 1967).

Lowry, Joseph, “The Legal–Theoretical Content of the Risāla of Muḥammad b. Idrīs al-Shāfiʿī” (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania, 1999).

Madelung, Wilferd, “The Early Murjiʾa in Khurāsān and Transoxania and the Spread of Ḥanafism,” Der Islam, 59, 1 (1982): 32–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maghen, Z., “Dead Tradition: Joseph Schacht and the Origins of ‘Popular Practice’,” Islamic Law and Society, 10, 3 (2003): 276–347.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Makdisi, George, “The Significance of the Schools of Law in Islamic Religious History,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, 10 (1979): 1–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Melchert, Christopher, The Formation of the Sunni Schools of Law (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1997).

Mohammed, Khaleelul Iqbal, “Development of an Archetype: Studies in the Shurayḥ Traditions” (Ph.D. dissertation, McGill University, 2001).

Motzki, Harald, Die Anfänge der islamischen Jurisprudenz: Ihr Entwicklung in Mekka bis zur Mitte des 2./8. Jahrhunderts (Stuttgart: Franz Steiner, 1991); trans. Marion H. Katz, The Origins of Islamic Jurisprudence: Meccan Fiqh before the Classical Schools (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Motzki, Harald, “Der Fiqh des–Zuhrī: die Quellenproblematik,” Der Islam, 68, 1 (1991): 1–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Motzki, Harald, “The Role of Non-Arab Converts in the Development of Early Islamic Law,” Islamic Law and Society, 6, 3 (1999): 293–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Piotrovsky, Mikhail B., “Late Ancient and Early Medieval Yemen: Settlement, Traditions and Innovations,” in G. R. D. King and Avril Cameron, eds., The Byzantine and Early Islamic Near East, vol. II (Princeton: The Darwin Press, 1994), 213–20.

Potts, D. T., The Arabian Gulf in Antiquity, 2 vols. (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1990).

Powers, David, “The Exegetical Genre Nāsikh al-Qurʾān wa-Mansūkhuh,” in Andrew Rippin, ed., Approaches to the History of the Interpretation of the Qurʾān (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1988), 117–38.

Powers, David, “On Judicial Review in Islamic Law,” Law and Society Review, 26 (1992): 315–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Powers, David,Organizing Justice in the Muslim World 1250–1750, Themes in Islamic Law, edited by Wael B. Hallaq, no. 2 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, in progress).

Rashid, Saad, Darb Zubayda: The Pilgrim Road from Kufa to Mecca (Riyadh: Riyadh University Libraries, 1980).

Rippin, Andrew, “al-Zuhrī, Naskh al-Qurʾān and the Early Tafsīr Texts,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies, 47 (1984): 22–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rubin, Uri, “Ḥanīfiyya and Kaʿba: An Inquiry into the Arabian Pre-Islamic Background of Dīn Ibrāhīm,” Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 13 (1990): 85–112.Google Scholar

Sālim, Sayyid, Tārīkh al-ʿArab fī ʿAṣr al-Jāhiliyya (Alexandria: Muʾassasat Shabāb al-Jāmiʿa, 1990).

Sartre, Maurice, L'Orient romain (Paris: Seuil, 1991).

Schacht, Joseph, “From Babylonian to Islamic Law,” in Yearbook of Islamic and Middle Eastern Law (London and Boston: Kluwer Law International, 1995), 29–33.

Schacht, Joseph,An Introduction to Islamic Law (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1964).

Schacht, Joseph,The Origins of Muhammadan Jurisprudence (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1950).

Schoeler, Gregor, Charakter und Authentie der muslimischen Überlieferung über das Leben Mohammeds (Berlin: W. de Gruyter, 1996).

Serjeant, R. B., “The Constitution of Medina,” Islamic Quarterly, 8 (1964): 3–16.Google Scholar

Shahid, Irfan, Byzantium and the Arabs in the Fifth Century (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection, 1989).

Shahid, Irfan,Byzantium and the Arabs in the Sixth Century (Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Library and Collection, 1995).

Shahid, Irfan,“Pre-Islamic Arabia,” in The Cambridge History of Islam, ed. P. M. Holt et al., vol. I A (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1970), 3–29.

Spectorsky, Susan, “Sunnah in the Responses of Isḥāq B. Rāhawayh,” in Weiss, ed., Studies in Islamic Legal Theory, 51–74.

Stol, M., “Women in Mesopotamia,” Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, 32, 2 (1995): 123–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sudairī, ʿAbd al-Raḥmān, The Desert Frontier of Arabia: al-Jawf through the Ages (London: Stacey International, 1995).

Thung, Michael, “Written Obligations from the 2nd/8th to the 4th Century,” Islamic Law and Society, 3, 1 (1996): 1–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsafrir, N., “The Beginnings of the Ḥanafī School in Iṣfahān,” Islamic Law and Society, 5, 1 (1998): 1–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Tsafrir, N.,“The Spread of the Ḥanafī School in the Western Regions of the ʿAbbāsid Caliphate up to the End of the Third Century ah.” (Ph.D. dissertation, Princeton University, 1993).

Tyan, E., Histoire de l'organisation judiciare en pays d'Islam, 2 vols. 2nd ed. (Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1960).

Tyan, E.,“Judicial Organization,” in M. Khadduri and H. Liebesny, eds., Law in the Middle East (Washington, D.C.: The Middle East Institute, 1955), 236–78.

VerSteeg, Russ, Early Mesopotamian Law (Durham, N. C.: Carolina Academic Press, 2000).

Wansbrough, J., Qurʾānic Studies (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1977).

Wansbrough, J.,The Sectarian Milieu (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1978).

Watt, Montgomery, “The Arabian Background of the Qurʾān,” Studies in the History of Arabia, vol. I (Riyadh: University of Riyadh Press, 1399/1979), 3–13.

Watt, Montgomery,The Formative Period of Islamic Thought (Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 1973).

Weiss, Bernard, “Knowledge of the Past: The Theory of Tawātur According to Ghazālī,” Studia Islamica, 61 (1985): 81–105.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Weiss, Bernard,ed., Studies in Islamic Legal Theory (Leiden: Brill, 2002).

Young, Walter, “Zinā, Qadhf and Sariqa: Exploring the Origins of Islamic Penal Law and its Evolution in Relation to Qurʾānic Rulings” (MA thesis, McGill University, in progress).

Zaman, Muhammad Qasim, Religion and Politics under the Early ʿAbbāsids (Leiden: Brill, 1997).