Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-dk4vv Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-18T01:02:45.288Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 April 2016

David Weisburd
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
John E. Eck
Affiliation:
University of Cincinnati
Anthony A. Braga
Affiliation:
John F. Kennedy School of Government, Massachusetts
Cody W. Telep
Affiliation:
Arizona State University
Breanne Cave
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Kate Bowers
Affiliation:
University College London
Gerben Bruinsma
Affiliation:
VU University Amsterdam
Charlotte Gill
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Elizabeth R. Groff
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Julie Hibdon
Affiliation:
Southern Illinois University, Carbondale
Joshua C. Hinkle
Affiliation:
Georgia State University
Shane D. Johnson
Affiliation:
University College London
Brian Lawton
Affiliation:
John Jay College of Criminal Justice, City University of New York
Cynthia Lum
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Jerry H. Ratcliffe
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
George Rengert
Affiliation:
Temple University, Philadelphia
Travis Taniguchi
Affiliation:
RTI International, North Carolina
Sue-Ming Yang
Affiliation:
George Mason University, Virginia
Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Place Matters
Criminology for the Twenty-First Century
, pp. 163 - 196
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abelson, E.S. (1992). When ladies go a-thieving: Middle-class shoplifters in the Victorian department store. New York: Oxford University Press.
Abler, R., Adams, J.S., and Gould, P. (1971). Spatial organization: The geographer's view of the world. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Adler, P.A., and Adler, P. (2009). Constructions of deviance: Social power, context, and interaction. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth Publishing.
Agnew, R. (2006). Pressured into crime: An overview of general strain theory. Los Angeles: Roxbury.
Agnew, R. (2013). “When criminal coping is likely: An extension of general strain theory.” Deviant Behavior, 34(8), 653–670.Google Scholar
Akers, R.L. (1992). “Linking sociology and its specialties: The case of criminology.” Social Forces, 71(1), 1–16.Google Scholar
Akers, T.A., and Lanier, M.M. (2009). “‘Epidemiological criminology’: Coming full circle.” American Journal of Public Health, 99(3), 397–402.Google Scholar
Albrecht, J. (2007). Key concepts and techniques in GIS. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Allport, F.H. (1934) “The J curve hypothesis of conforming behavior.” Journal of Social Psychology, 5(2), 141–182.Google Scholar
Altman, I., and Chemers, M. (1980). Culture and environment. Monterey, CA: Brooks/Cole.
Anderson, E. (1999). The code of the street: Decency, violence and the moral life of the inner city. New York: W.W. Norton.
Andresen, M.A., and Malleson, N. (2011). “Testing the stability of crime patterns: Implications for theory and policy.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 58–82.Google Scholar
Anselin, L., Cohen, J., Cook, D., Gorr, W., and Tita, G. (2000). “Spatial analyses of crime.” In Duffee, D. (ed.), Criminal Justice 2000, Measurement and analysis of crime and justice, vol. 4 (pp. 213–262). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
Appleyard, D. (1981). Livable streets. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Archibald, M.E. (2008). “Exploring the reciprocal effects of substance abuse treatment provision and area substance abuse.” In Richardson, D. and Thomas, Y. (eds.), Geography and drug addiction (pp. 263–278). New York: Springer.
Ashby, D.I., Irving, B.L., and Longley, P.A. (2007). “Police reform and the new public management paradigm: matching technology to the rhetoric.” Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy, 25(2), 159–175.Google Scholar
Audit Commission (1993). Helping with enquiries: Tackling crime effectively. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office.
Audretsch, D.B., and Feldman, M. (1996). “R&D spillovers and the geography of innovation and production.” American Economic Review, 86(3), 630–640.Google Scholar
Audretsch, D.B., and Keilbach, M. (2008). “Resolving the knowledge paradox: Knowledge-spillover entrepreneurship and economic growth.” Research Policy, 37(10), 1697–1705.Google Scholar
Axtell, R.L. (2001). “Zipf distribution of U.S. firm sizes.” Science, 293(5536), 1818–1820.Google Scholar
Axtell, R., and Epstein, J.M. (1996). Growing artificial societies: Social science from the bottom up. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution.
Bailey, T.C., and Gatrell, A.C. (1995). Interactive spatial data analysis. Essex: Longman Scientific and Technical.
Bak, P. (1994). “Self-organized criticality: A holistic view of nature.” In Cowan, G., Pines, D., and Meltzer, D.E. (eds.), Complexity: Metaphors, models, and reality. (pp. 477–495). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Bak, P. (1996). How nature works: The science of self-organized criticality. New York: Springer.
Balbi, A., and Guerry, A.-M. (1829). Statistique comparée de l'état de l'instruction et du nombre des crimes dans les divers arrondissements des Académies et des Cours Royales de France. Paris: Jules Renouard.
Barker, R.G. (1968). Ecological psychology: Concepts and methods for studying the environment of human behavior. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.
Barker, R.G., and Wright, H.F. (1955). Midwest and its children. New York: Harper and Row.
Barnes, G.C. (1995). Defining and optimizing displacement. In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 95–114). Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
Barr, R., and Pease, K. (1990). “Crime placement, displacement, and deflection.” In Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 12 (pp. 277–318). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Batty, M., DeSyllas, J., and Duxbury, E. (2003). “The discrete dynamics of small-scale spatial events: Agent-based models of mobility in carnivals and street parades.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 17(7), 673–697.Google Scholar
Beardsley, K., Wish, E.D., Fitzelle, D.B., O'Grady, K., and Arria, A.M. (2003). “Distance traveled to outpatient drug treatment and client retention.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 25(4), 279–285.Google Scholar
Beavon, D.J.K., Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1994). “The influence of street networks on the patterning of property offenses.” In Clarke, R.V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 2 (pp. 115–148). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Becker, G.S. (1968). “Crime and punishment: An economic approach.” Journal of Political Economy, 76(2), 169–217.Google Scholar
Becker, G.S. (1993). “Nobel lecture: The economic way of looking at behavior.” Journal of Political Economy, 101(3), 385–409.Google Scholar
Beirne, P. (1987). “Between classicism and positivism: Crime and penality in the writings of Gabriel Tarde.” Criminology, 25(4), 785–820.Google Scholar
Beirne, P., and Messerschmidt, J. (1991). Criminology. San Diego, CA: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich.
Bell, P.A., Greene, T.C., Fisher, J.D., and Baum, A. (2001). Environmental psychology. New York: Harcourt Brace, Inc.
Bellair, P.E. (1997). “Social interaction and community crime: Examining the importance of neighbor networks.” Criminology, 35(4), 677–704.Google Scholar
Benson, M.L., Madensen, T.D., and Eck, J.E. (2009). “White-collar crime from an opportunity perspective.” In Simpson, S. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), The criminology of white-collar crime (pp. 175–193). New York: Springer.
Bernard, T.J., and Snipes, J.B. (1996). “Theoretical integration in criminology.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 20 (pp. 301–348). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Bernasco, W. (2008). “Them again? Same-offender involvement in repeat and near repeat burglaries.” European Journal of Criminology, 5(4), 411–431.Google Scholar
Bernasco, W., and Block, R. (2011). “Robberies in Chicago: A block-level analysis of the influence of crime generators, crime attractors, and offender anchor points.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 33–57.Google Scholar
Bernasco, W., Block, R., and Ruiter, S. (2013). “Go where the money is: Modeling street robbers’ location choices.” Journal of Economic Geography, 13(1), 119–143.Google Scholar
Bernasco, W, Bruinsma, G.J.N., Pauwels, L.J.R., and Weerman, F.M. (2013). “Adolescent delinquency and diversity in behavior settings.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 46(3), 357–378.Google Scholar
Bernasco, W., Ruiter, S., Bruinsma, G.J.N., Pauwels, L., and Weerman, F. (2013). “Situational causes of offending: A fixed effect analysis of the space-time-budget data.” Criminology, 51(4), 895–926.Google Scholar
Berry, B.J.L., and Kasarda, J.D. (1977). Contemporary urban ecology. New York: Macmillan.
Bettinger, P., and Sessions, J. (2003). “Spatial forest planning: To adopt, or not to adopt?Journal of Forestry, 101(2), 24–29.Google Scholar
Bichler, G., Malm, A., and Enriquez, J. (2014). “Magnetic facilities: Identifying the convergence settings of juvenile delinquents.” Crime and Delinquency, 60(7), 971–998.Google Scholar
Bichler, G., Schmerler, K., and Enriquez, J. (2013). “Curbing nuisance motels: An evaluation of police as place regulators.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management, 36(2), 437–462.Google Scholar
Birks, D., Townsley, M., and Stewart, A. (2012). “Generative explanations of crime: Using simulation to test criminological theory.” Criminology, 50(1), 221–254.Google Scholar
Black, D.A., and Park, K. (2012). “Some problems with place-based crime policies.” Criminology and Public Policy, 11(2), 327–334.Google Scholar
Block, R.L., and Block, C.R. (1995). “Space, place and crime: Hot spot areas and hot places of liquor-related crime.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 145–183). Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
Blokland, A.A.J., and Nieuwbeerta, P.N. (2010). “Life course criminology.” In Shohan, S.G., Knepper, P., and Kett, M. (eds.), International handbook of criminology (pp. 51–93). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Blumstein, A., and Cohen, J. (1973). “A theory of the stability of punishment.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 64(2), 198–207.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., and Moitra, S. (1979). “An analysis of the time series of the imprisonment rate in the states of the United States: A further test of the stability of punishment hypothesis.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 70(3), 376–390.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., and Wallman, J. (eds.). (2000). The crime drop in America. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., and Farrington, D.P. (1988). “Longitudinal and criminal career research: Further clarifications.” Criminology, 26(1), 57–74.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., Cohen, J., and Nagin, D. (1976). “The dynamics of a homeostatic punishment process.” The Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 67(3), 317–334.Google Scholar
Boggs, J.S., and Rantisi, N.M. (2003). “The ‘relational turn’ in economic geography.” The Journal of Economic Geography, 3(2), 109–116.Google Scholar
Bolt, G., Burgers, J., and Van Kempen, R. (1998). “On the social significance of spatial location; spatial segregation and social inclusion.” Journal of Housing and the Built Environment, 13(1), 83–95.Google Scholar
Bottoms, A. (2009). “Disorder, order and control signals.” British Journal of Sociology, 60(1), 49–55.Google Scholar
Bowers, K.J. (2014). “Risky facilities: Crime radiators or crime absorbers? A comparison of internal and external levels of theft.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 30(3), 389–414.Google Scholar
Bowers, K.J., Johnson, S.D., and Pease, K. (2004). “Prospective hot-spotting the future of crime mapping?British Journal of Criminology, 44(5), 641–658.Google Scholar
Bowers, K., Johnson, S., Guerette, R.T., Summers, L., and Poynton, S. (2011). “Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing interventions.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(3), 347–374.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A. (2001). “The effects of hot spots policing on crime.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578, 104–125.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A. (2005). “Hot spots policing and crime prevention: A systematic review of randomized controlled trials.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 1(3), 317–342.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A. (2007). “The effects of hot spots policing on crime.” Campbell Systematic Reviews, 3(1), 1–96.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., and Bond, B.J. (2008). “Policing crime and disorder hot spots: A randomized controlled trial.” Criminology, 46, 577–608.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., and Clarke, R.V. (2014). “Explaining high-risk concentrations of crime in the city: Social disorganization, crime opportunities, and important next steps.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 51(4), 480–498.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D. (2006). “Problem-oriented policing: The disconnect between principles and practice.” In Weisburd, D. and Braga, A.A. (eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 133–154). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D. (2010). Policing problem places: Crime hot spots and effective prevention. New York: Oxford University Press.
Braga, A.A., and Weisburd, D.L. (2012). “The effects of focused deterrence strategies on crime a systematic review and meta-analysis of the empirical evidence.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 49(3), 323–358.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Flynn, E.A., Kelling, G.L., and Cole, C.M. (2011). Moving the work of criminal investigators towards crime control. New Perspectives on Policing. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Braga, A.A., Hureau, D.M., and Papachristos, A.A. (2011a). “An ex-post-facto evaluation framework for place-based police interventions.” Evaluation Review, 35(6), 592–626.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Hureau, D.M., and Papachristos, A.V. (2011b). “The relevance of micro places to citywide robbery trends: A longitudinal analysis of robbery incidents at street corners and block faces in Boston.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 7–32.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Papachristos, A.V., and Hureau, D.M. (2012). “Hot spots policing effects on crime.” Campbell Systematic Reviews, 8(8).Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Papachristos, A.V., and Hureau, D.M. (2014). “The effects of hot spots policing on crime: An updated systematic review and meta-analysis.” Justice Quarterly, 31(4), 633–663.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Papachristos, A.V., and Hureau, D.M. (2010). “The concentration and stability of gun violence at microplaces in Boston, 1980–2008.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 33–53.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Weisburd, D.L., Waring, E.J., Mazerolle, L.G., Spelman, W., and Gajewski, F. (1999). “Problem-oriented policing in violent crime places: A randomized controlled experiment.” Criminology, 37(3), 541–580.Google Scholar
Braga, A.A., Welsh, B.C., and Schnell, C. (2015). “Can policing disorder reduce crime? A systematic review and meta-analysis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 52(4), 567–588.Google Scholar
Branas, C.C., Cheney, R.A., MacDonald, J.M., Tam, V.W., Jackson, T.D., and Ten Have, T.R. (2011). “A difference-in-differences analysis of health, safety, and greening vacant urban space.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 174(11), 1296–1306.Google Scholar
Branas, C.C., Culhane, D., Richmond, T.S., and Wiebe, D.J. (2008). “Novel linkage of individual and geographic data to study firearm violence.” Homicide Studies, 12(3), 298–320.Google Scholar
Branas, C.C., Elliott, M.R., Richmond, T.S., Culhane, D.P., and Wiebe, D.J. (2009). “Alcohol consumption, alcohol outlets, and the risk of being assaulted with a gun.” Alcoholism: Clinical and Experimental Research, 33(5), 906–915.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.J., and Brantingham, P.L. (1981). Environmental criminology. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Brantingham, P.J., and Brantingham, P.L. (1984). Patterns in crime. New York: Macmillan.
Brantingham, P.J., and Faust, F.L. (1976). “A conceptual model of crime prevention.” Crime and Delinquency, 22(3), 284–296.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.J., and Tita, G. (2008). “Offender mobility and crime pattern formation from first principles.” In Liu, L. and Eck, J. (eds.), Artificial crime analysis systems: Using computer simulations and geographic information systems (pp. 193–208). Hershey, PA: Idea Press.
Brantingham, P.J., Dyreson, D.A., and Brantingham, P.L. (1976). “Crime seen through a cone of resolution.” American Behavioral Scientist, 20(2), 261–273.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1975). “Residential burglary and urban form.” Urban Studies, 12(3), 104–125.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1990). “Situational crime prevention in practice.” Canadian Journal of Criminology, 32(1), 17–40.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1993a). “Environment, routine, and situation: Toward a pattern theory of crime.” In Clarke, R.V. and Felson, M. (eds.), Routine activity and rational choice. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 5 (pp. 259–294). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1993b). “Nodes, paths, and edges: Considerations on the complexity of crime and the physical environment.” Journal of Environmental Psychology, 13(1), 3–28.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1995). “Criminality of place: Crime generators and crime attractors.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 5–26.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., and Brantingham, P.J. (1999). “Theoretical model of crime hot spot generation.” Studies of Crime and Crime Prevention, 8(1), 7–26.Google Scholar
Brantingham, P.L., Brantingham, P.J., Vajihollahi, M., and Wuschke, K. (2009). “Crime analysis at multiple scales of aggregation: A topological approach.” In Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G.J.N. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology (pp. 87–122). New York: Springer.
Brody, H., Rip, M.R., Vinten-Johansen, P., Paneth, N., and Rachman, S. (2000). “Map-making and myth-making in Broad Street: The London cholera epidemic, 1854.” The Lancet, 356(9223), 64–68.Google Scholar
Brower, S. (1980). “Territory in urban settings.” In Altman, I. and Werner, C.M. (eds.), Human behavior and environment: Current theory and research, vol. 4 (pp. 179–207). New York: Plenum.
Bruinsma, G.J.N. (2014). “History of criminological theories: Causes of crime.” In Bruinsma, G.J.N. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), The encyclopedia of criminology and criminal justice (pp. 2137–2148). New York: Springer.
Bueermann, J. (2012). Advancing police practice. Presented at the Workshop on Evidence-Based Policy, Hangzhou, China.
Buerger, M., and Mazerolle, L.G. (1998). “Third-party policing: A theoretical analysis of an emerging trend.” Justice Quarterly, 15(2), 301–328.Google Scholar
Bulmer, M. (1984). The Chicago School of sociology: Institutionalization, diversity, and the rise of sociological research. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Burgess, E.W. (1925 [1967]). “The growth of the city: An introduction to a research project.” In Park, R.E. and Burgess, E.W. (eds.), The city: Suggestions for the investigation of human behavior in the urban environment (pp. 47–62). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Burgess, E.W. (1928). “Factors determining success or failure on parole.” In Bruce, A.A. (ed.), The workings of the indeterminate sentence law and parole in Illinois (pp. 205–249). Springfield, IL: Illinois State Parole Board.
Bursik, R.J. (1988). “Social disorganization and theories of crime and delinquency: Problems and prospects.” Criminology, 26(4), 519–552.Google Scholar
Bursik, R.J. (2000). “The systemic theory of neighborhood crime rates.” In Simpson, S.S. (ed.), Of crime and criminality: The use of theory in everyday life (pp. 87–103). Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press.
Bursik, R.J., and Grasmick, H.G. (1993a). “Economic deprivation and neighborhood crime rates, 1960–1980.” Law and Society Review, 27(2), 263–284.Google Scholar
Bursik, R.J. Jr., and Grasmick, H.G. (1993b). Neighborhoods and crime: The dimensions of effective community control. New York: Lexington Books.
Bursik, R.J. Jr., and Webb, J. (1982). “Community change and patterns of delinquency.” American Journal of Sociology, 88(1), 24–42.Google Scholar
Bushway, S., and Reuter, P. (2008). “Economists’ contribution to the study of crime and the criminal justice system.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 37 (pp. 389–451). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Byrne, J. (1989). “Reintegrating the concept of community into community-based corrections.” Crime and Delinquency, 35(3), 471–499.Google Scholar
Byrne, J. (2008). “The social ecology of community corrections: Understanding the link between individual and community change.” Criminology and Public Policy, 7(2), 263–274.Google Scholar
Byrne, J.M., and Sampson, R.J. (1986). “Key issues in the social ecology of crime.” In Byrne, J.M. and Sampson, R.J. (eds.), The social ecology of crime (pp. 1–22). New York: Springer.
Caeti, T. (1999). Houston's targeted beat program: A quasi-experimental test of police patrol strategies. PhD dissertation. Huntsville, TX: Sam Houston State University.
Campbell, K.M. (2006). “Local illegal immigration relief act ordinances: A legal, policy, and litigation analysis.” Denver University Law Review, 84, 1041–1060.Google Scholar
Canter, D. (1991). “Understanding, assessing, and acting in places: Is an integrative framework possible?” In Gärling, T. and Evans, G.W. (eds.), Environment, cognition, and action: An integrative approach (pp. 191–209). New York: Oxford University Press.
Caplan, J.M., Kennedy, L.W., and Miller, J. (2011). “Risk terrain modeling: Brokering criminological theory and GIS methods for crime forecasting.” Justice Quarterly, 28(2), 360–381.Google Scholar
Caplan, J.M., Kennedy, L.W., and Petrossian, G. (2011). “Police-monitored CCTV cameras in Newark, NJ: A quasi-experimental test of crime deterrence.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(3), 255–274.Google Scholar
Carlino, G.A. (2001). “Knowledge spillovers: Cities’ role in the new economy.” Business Review, Fourth Quarter, 17–26.
Carnaghi, J., and McEwen, T. (1970). “Automatic pinging.” In Conn, S.I. and McMahon, W.E. (eds.), Law enforcement science and technology, vol. 3. Chicago: Illinois Institute of Technology Research.
Chaiken, J., Lawless, M., and Stevenson, K. (1974). The impact of police activity on crime: Robberies on the New York City subway system. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Chermak, S., McGarrell, E.F., and Weiss, A. (2001). “Citizens’ perceptions of aggressive traffic enforcement strategies.” Justice Quarterly, 18(2), 365–391.Google Scholar
Clarke, R.V. (1980). “‘Situational’ crime prevention: Theory and practice.” British Journal of Criminology, 20(2), 136–147.Google Scholar
Clarke, R.V. (1995). “Situational crime prevention.” In Tonry, M. and Farrington, D.P. (eds.), Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 19 (pp. 91–150). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Clarke, R.V. (1999) Hot products: Understanding, anticipating and reducing demand for stolen goods. Police Research Series, Paper 112, Policing and Reducing Crime Unit, Research Development and Statistics Directorate. London: Home Office.
Clarke, R.V. (2000). “Situational prevention, criminology, and social values.” In von Hirsch, A., Garland, D., and Wakefield, A. (eds.), Ethical and social perspectives on situational crime prevention (pp. 97–112). Oxford, UK: Hart Publishing.
Clarke, R.V. (2004). “Technology, criminology and crime science.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 10(1), 55–63.Google Scholar
Clarke, R.V., and Bichler-Robertson, G. (1998). “Place managers, slumlords and crime in low rent apartment buildings.” Security Journal, 11(1), 11–19.Google Scholar
Clarke, R.V., and Cornish, D.B. (1985). “Modeling offenders’ decisions: A framework for research and policy.” In Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 6 (pp. 147–185). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Clarke, R.V., and Eck, J.E. (2007). Understanding risky facilities. Problem-Solving Tool Guides, no. 6. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.
Clarke, R.V., and Felson, M. (1993). “Introduction: Criminology, routine activity, and rational choice.” In Clarke, R.V. and Felson, M. (eds.), Routine activity and rational choice. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 5 (pp. 1–14). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Press.
Clarke, R.V., and Weisburd, D. (1994). “Diffusion of crime control benefits: Observations on the reverse of displacement.” In Clarke, R.V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 2 (pp. 165–184). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Cliff, A.D., and Ord, J.K. (1969). The problem of spatial autocorrelation. London Papers in Regional Science. London: Pion.
Clifton, W. (1987). Convenience store robberies in Gainesville, Florida: An intervention strategy by the Gainesville Police Department. Gainesville, FL: Gainesville Police Department.
Cloward, R.A. (1959). “Illegitimate means, anomie, and deviant behavior.” American Sociological Review, 24(2), 164–176.Google Scholar
Cohen, J., Gorr, W., and Singh, P. (2003). “Estimating intervention effects in varying risk settings: Do police raids reduce illegal drug dealing at nuisance bars?Criminology, 41(2), 257–292.Google Scholar
Cohen, L.E., and Felson, M. (1979). “Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach.” American Sociological Review, 44(4), 588–608.Google Scholar
Coleman, S. (2002). “A test for the effect of conformity on crime rates using voter turnout.” The Sociological Quarterly, 43(2), 257–276.Google Scholar
Conrad, P., and Schneider, J.W. (2010). Deviance and medicalization: From badness to sickness. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
Cope, M., and Elwood, S. (eds.). (2009). Qualitative GIS: A mixed methods approach. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Cornish, D.B, and Clarke, R.V. (eds.). (1986). The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending. New York: Springer.
Cornish, D.B., and Clarke, R.V. (2003). “Opportunities, precipitators and criminal decisions: A reply to Wortley's critique of situational crime prevention.” In Smith, M.J. and Cornish, D.B. (eds.), Theory for practice in situational crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 16 (pp. 41–96). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Cornish, D.B., and Clarke, R.V. (2008). “The rational choice perspective.” In Wortley, R. and Mazerolle, L. (eds.), Environmental criminology and crime analysis (pp. 21–47). Devon: Willan Publishing.
Corsaro, N., and McGarrell, E.F. (2009). “Testing a promising homicide reduction strategy: Re-assessing the impact of the Indianapolis ‘pulling levers’ intervention.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 5(1), 63–82.Google Scholar
Corsaro, N., Brunson, R.K., and McGarrell, E.F. (2013). “Problem-oriented policing and open-air drug markets: Examining the Rockford pulling levers deterrence strategy.” Crime and Delinquency, 59(7), 1085–1107.Google Scholar
Crampton, J.W. (2001). “Maps as social construction: Power, communication, and visualization.” Progress in Human Geography, 25(2), 235–252.Google Scholar
Crampton, J.W., Graham, M., Poorthuis, A., Shelton, T., Stephens, M., Wilson, M.W., and Zook, M. (2013). “Beyond the geotag: Situating ‘big data’ and leveraging the potential of the geoweb.” Cartography and Geographic Information Science, 40(2), 130–139.Google Scholar
Crawford, A. (1997). The local governance of crime: Appeals to community and partnerships. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.
Criminal Justice Commission. (1998). Beenleigh calls for service project: Evaluation report. Brisbane: Criminal Justice Commission.
Crooks, V.A., and Andrews, G.J. (2009). Primary health care: People, practice, place. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Crow, W.J., and Bull, J.L. (1975). Robbery deterrence: An applied behavioral science demonstration-final report. La Jolla, CA: Western Behavioral Sciences Institute.
Cullen, F.T. (1988). “Were Cloward and Ohlin strain theorists? Delinquency and opportunity revisited.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 25(3), 214–241.Google Scholar
Cullen, F.T. (2010). “Cloward, Richard A.: The theory of illegitimate means.” In Cullen, F.T. and Wilcox, P. (eds.), Encyclopedia of criminological theory (pp. 167–170). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Cullen, F.T. (2011). “Beyond adolescence-limited criminology: Choosing our future. The American Society of Criminology 2010 Sutherland Address.” Criminology, 49(2), 287–330.Google Scholar
Cullen, F., Eck, J.E., and Lowenkamp, C.T. (2002). “Environmental corrections: A new paradigm for effective probation and parole supervision.” Federal Probation, 66(2), 28–37.Google Scholar
Curman, A.S., Andresen, M.A., and Brantingham, P.J. (2015). “Crime and place: A longitudinal examination of street segment patterns in Vancouver, BC.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 31(1), 127–147.Google Scholar
Curry, M.R. (1997). “The digital individual and the private realm.” Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 87(4), 681–699.Google Scholar
Dalton, E. (2002). “Targeted crime reduction efforts in ten communities: Lessons for the Project Safe Neighborhoods.” USA Bulletin, 50(1), 16–25.Google Scholar
Dalton, H. (1920). “The measurement of the inequality of incomes.” The Economic Journal, 30(119), 348–361.Google Scholar
Dario, L.M., Morrow, W.J., Wooditch, A., and Vickovic, S.G. (2015). “The point break effect: An examination of surf, crime, and transitory opportunities.” Criminal Justice Studies: A Critical Journal of Crime, Law and Society, 28(3), 257–279.Google Scholar
Davis, J.R., and Tunks, E. (1990–1991). “Environments and addiction: A proposed taxonomy.” The International Journal of the Addictions, 25(S7–S8), 805–826.Google Scholar
DeAngelo, G. (2012). “Making space for crime: A spatial analysis of criminal competition.” Regional Science and Urban Economics, 42(1–2), 42–51.Google Scholar
Dennis, R. (2015). “Don Carlos suing Twin Peaks’ owners over biker gang shootout.”Waco Tribune-Herald, May 21, 2015. http://goo.gl/WqNsEk.
DiTella, R., and Schargrodsky, E. (2004). “Do police reduce crime? Estimates using the allocation of police forces after a terrorist attack.” American Economic Review, 94(1), 115–133.Google Scholar
Dreier, P. (1996). “The struggle for our cities.” Social Policy, 26(4), 9–24.Google Scholar
Duffala, D.C. (1976). “Convenience stores, armed robbery, and physical environmental features.” American Behavioral Scientist, 20(2), 227–246.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1893 [1984]). The division of labour in society. New York: Free Press.
Durkheim, E. (1895 [1964]). The rules of sociological method. Edited by Catlin, G.E.G.. Translated by Solovay, S.A. and Mueller, J.H.. New York: Free Press.
Durlauf, S.N., and Nagin, D.S. (2011). “Imprisonment and crime.” Criminology and Public Policy, 10(1), 13–54.Google Scholar
Eck, J.E. (1993a). Alternative futures for policing. In Weisburd, D. and Uchida, C. (eds.), Police innovation and control of the police (pp. 59–79). New York: Springer.
Eck, J.E. (1993b). “The threat of crime displacement.” Criminal Justice Abstracts, 25, 527–546.Google Scholar
Eck, J.E. (1994). Drug markets and drug places: A case-control study of the spatial structure of illicit drug dealing. PhD dissertation. College Park, MD: University of Maryland, College Park.
Eck, J.E. (1995). “Examining routine activity theory: A review of two books.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 783–797.Google Scholar
Eck, J.E. (1996). “Do premises liability suits promote business crime prevention.” In Clarke, R.V. and Felson, M. (eds.), Business and crime prevention (pp. 125–150). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Eck, J.E. (2002). “Preventing crime at places.” In Sherman, L., Farrington, D., Welsh, B., and MacKenzie, D.L. (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention (pp. 241–294). New York: Routledge.
Eck, J.E. (2014). The status of collaborative problem solving and community problem-oriented policing in Cincinnati. Unpublished report. Cincinnati, OH: School of Criminal Justice, University of Cincinnati.
Eck, J.E., and Eck, E.B. (2012). “Crime place and pollution: Expanding crime reduction options through a regulatory approach.” Criminology and Public Policy, 11(2), 281–316.Google Scholar
Eck, J.E., and Guerette, R.T. (2012). “Place-based crime prevention: Theory, evidence, and policy.” In Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (eds.), The Oxford handbook of crime prevention (pp. 354–383). New York: Oxford University Press.
Eck, J.E., and Madensen, T. (2012). “Situational crime prevention makes problem-oriented policing work.” In Tilley, N. and Farrell, G. (eds.), The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ron Clarke (pp. 80–92). London: Routledge.
Eck, J.E., and Maguire, E. (2000). “Have changes in policing reduced violent crime? An assessment of the evidence.” In Blumstein, A. and Wallman, J. (eds.), The crime drop in America (pp. 207–265). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Eck, J.E., and Rothman, J. (2006). “Police-community conflict and crime prevention in Cincinnati, Ohio.” In Bailey, J. and Dammert, L. (eds.), Public security and police reform in the Americas (pp. 225–244). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.
Eck, J.E., and Wartell, J. (1997). Reducing crime and drug dealing by improving place management: A randomized experiment. Report to the National Institute of Justice. San Diego, CA: San Diego Police Department.
Eck, J.E., and Wartell, J. (1998). “Improving the management of rental properties with drug problems: A randomized experiment.” In Mazerolle, L.G. and Roehl, J. (eds.), Civil remedies and crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 9 (pp. 161–185). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Eck, J.E., and Weisburd, D. (1995). “Crime places in crime theory.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place: Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 1–33). Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
Eck, J.E., Chainey, S., Cameron, J., and Wilson, R. (2005). Mapping crime: Understanding hotspots. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
Eck, J.E., Clarke, R.V., and Guerette, R.T. (2007). “Risky facilities: Crime concentration in homogenous sets of establishments and facilities.” In Farrell, G., Bowers, K.J., Johnson, S.D., and Townsley, M. (eds.), Imagination in crime prevention: Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 21 (pp. 225–264). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Eck, J.E., Gersh, J.S., and Taylor, C. (1999). “Finding crime hot spots through repeat address mapping.” In Goldsmith, V., McGuir, P., Mollenkopf, J.H., and Ross, T.A. (eds.), Analyzing crime patterns: Frontiers of practice, (pp. 49–64). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ekblom, P. (1995). “Less crime, by design.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 539, 114–129.Google Scholar
Ekblom, P. (1997). “Gearing up against crime: A dynamic framework to help designers keep up with the adaptive criminal in a changing world.” International Journal of Risk, Security and Crime Prevention, 2(4), 249–265.Google Scholar
Elder, G.H. (1998). “The life course as developmental theory.” Child Development, 69(1), 1–12.Google Scholar
Elliott, D.S. (1985). “The assumption that theories can be combined with increased explanatory power: Theoretical integrations.” In Meier, R.F. (ed.), Theoretical methods in criminology (pp. 123–149). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Elliott, P., and Wartenberg, D. (2004). “Spatial epidemiology: Current approaches and future challenges.” Environmental Health Perspectives, 112(9), 998–1006.Google Scholar
Elwood, S. (2009). “Multiple representations, significations, and epistemologies in community-based GIS.” In Cope, M. and Elwood, S. (eds.), Qualitative GIS: A mixed methods approach (pp. 57–74). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Epstein, J.M. (2002). “Modeling civil violence: An agent-based computational approach.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 99(Suppl. 3), 7243–7250.Google Scholar
Erikson, K.T. (1966). Wayward puritans: A study in the sociology of deviance. New York: Prentice Hall.
Evans, D.J., and Herbert, D.T. (1989). The geography of crime. London: Routledge.
Faris, R.E.L. (1967). Chicago sociology 1920–1932. San Francisco, CA: Chandler.
Farrell, G. (1995). “Preventing repeat victimization.” In Tonry, M. and Farrington, D.P. (eds.), Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 19 (pp. 469–534). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Farrell, G., and Roman, J. (2006). “Crime as pollution: Proposal for market-based incentives to reduce crime externalities.” In Moss, K. and Stephens, M. (eds.), Crime reduction and the law (pp. 135–155). London: Routledge.
Farrell, G., Phillips, C., and Pease, K. (1995). “Like taking candy: Why does repeat victimization occur?British Journal of Criminology, 35(3), 384–399.Google Scholar
Farrell, G., Tseloni, A.Mailley, J., and Tilley, N. (2011). “The crime drop and the security hypothesis.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(2), 147–175.Google Scholar
Farrington, D.P., and Petrosino, A. (2001). “The Campbell Collaboration Crime and Justice Group.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Sciences, 578, 35–49.Google Scholar
Farrington, D.P., Lambert, S., and West, D.J. (1998). “Criminal careers of two generations of family members in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development.” Studies on Crime and Crime Prevention, 7(1), 85–106.Google Scholar
Feeley, M.M., and Simon, J. (1992). “The new penology: Notes on the emerging strategy of corrections and its implications.” Criminology, 30(4), 449–474.Google Scholar
Felson, M. (1986) “Linking criminal choices, routine activities, informal control, and criminal outcomes.” In Cornish, D.B. and Clarke, R.V. (eds.), The reasoning criminal: Rational choice perspectives on offending (pp. 119–128). New York: Springer.
Felson, M. (1987). “Routine activities and crime prevention in the developing metropolis.” Criminology, 25(4), 911–932.Google Scholar
Felson, M. (1995). “Those who discourage crime.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 53–66). Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
Felson, M. (2006). Crime and nature. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Felson, M., and Boba, R. (2009). Crime and everyday life. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Ferguson, A.G. (2011). “Crime mapping and the Fourth Amendment: Redrawing high-crime areas.” Hastings Law Journal, 63, 179–232.Google Scholar
Forrester, D., Chatterton, M., and Pease, K. (1988). The Kirkholt burglary prevention project, Rochdale. London: Crime Prevention Unit, Home Office.
Fotheringham, A.S. (1985). “Spatial competition and agglomeration in urban modelling.” Environment and Planning A, 17(2), 213–230.Google Scholar
Franquez, J.J., Hagala, J., Lim, S., and Bichler, G. (2013). “We be drinkin’: A study of place management and premise notoriety among risky bars and nightclubs.” Western Criminology Review, 14(3), 34–52.Google Scholar
Friedmann, P.D., Lemon, S.C., and Stein, M.D. (2001). “Transportation and retention in outpatient drug treatment programs.” Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment, 21(2), 97–103.Google Scholar
Friedrichs, J.R., and Blasius, J.R. (2003). “Social norms in distressed neighbourhoods: Testing the Wilson hypothesis.” Housing Studies, 18(6), 807–826.Google Scholar
Fyfe, N. (1991). “The police, space and society: The geography of policing.” Progress in Human Geography, 15(3), 249–267.Google Scholar
Gabor, T. (1981). “The crime displacement hypothesis: An empirical examination.” Crime and Delinquency, 27(3), 390–404.Google Scholar
Gau, J., and Brunson, R.K. (2010). “Procedural justice and order maintenance policing: A study of inner-city young men's perceptions of police legitimacy.” Justice Quarterly, 27(2), 255–279.Google Scholar
Gelman, A., Fagan, J., and Kiss, A. (2007). “An analysis of the New York City Police Department's ‘stop-and-frisk’ policy in the context of claims of racial bias.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 102(479), 813–823.Google Scholar
Getis, A., and Getis, J.M. (1968). “Retail store spatial affinities.” Urban Studies, 5(3), 317–332.Google Scholar
Gifford, R. (2007). “Environmental psychology and sustainable development: Expansion, maturation, and challenges.” Journal of Social Issues, 63(1), 199–212.Google Scholar
Gilbert, N., and Troitzsch, K. (2005). Simulation for the social scientist. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Gilboy, J.A. (1997). “Implications of ‘third-party’ involvement in enforcement: The INS, illegal travelers, and international airlines.” Law and Society Review, 31(3), 505–530.Google Scholar
Gini, C. (1912). Variabilità e mutabilità. Bologna, Italy: C. Cuppini.
Glyde, J. (1856). “Localities of crime in Suffolk.” Journal of the Statistical Society of London, 19(2), 102–106.Google Scholar
Goldstein, H. (1990). Problem-oriented policing. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Goodchild, M.F. (2009). “What problem? Spatial autocorrelation and Geographic Information Science.” Geographical Analysis, 41(4), 411–417.Google Scholar
Gottfredson, D.C., Wilson, D.B., and Najaka, S.S. (2002). “School-based crime prevention.” In Sherman, L., Farrington, D., Welsh, B., and MacKenzie, D.L. (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention (pp. 56–164). New York: Routledge.
Gottfredson, M.R., and Hirschi, T. (1990). A general theory of crime. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Gottfredson, M.R., and Hirschi, T. (1995). “National crime control policies.” Society, 32(2), 30–36.Google Scholar
Grannis, R. (1998). “The importance of trivial streets: Residential streets and residential segregation.” American Journal of Sociology, 103(6), 1530–1564.Google Scholar
Green, L. (1995). “Cleaning up drug hot spots in Oakland, California: The displacement and diffusion effects.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 737–754.Google Scholar
Green, L. (1996). Policing places with drug problems. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Greenwood, P., Chaiken, J. and Petersilia, J. (1977). The investigation process. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Greider, T., and Garkovich, L. (1994). “Landscapes: The social construction of nature and the environment.” Rural Sociology, 59(1), 1–24.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R. (2007a). “Simulation for theory testing and experimentation: An example using routine activity theory and street robbery.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(2), 75–103.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R. (2007b). “Situating simulation to model human spatio-temporal interactions: An example using crime events.” Transactions in GIS, 11(4), 507–530.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R. (2011). “Exploring ‘near’: Characterizing the spatial extent of drinking place influence on crime.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 44(2), 156–179.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R., and LaVigne, N. (2001). Mapping an opportunity surface of residential burglary. Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 38(3), 257–278.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R., Ratcliffe, J.H., Haberman, C.P., Sorg, E.T., Joyce, N.M., and Taylor, R.B. (2015). “Does what police do at hot spots matter? The Philadelphia policing tactics experiment.” Criminology, 53(1), 23–53.Google Scholar
Groff, E.R., Weisburd, D., and Morris, N. (2009). “Where the action is at places: Examining spatio-temporal patterns of juvenile crime at places using trajectory analysis and GIS.” In Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G.J.N. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in spatial crime research (pp. 61–86). New York: Springer.
Groff, E.R., Weisburd, D., and Yang, S.M. (2010). Is it important to examine crime trends at a local “micro” level?: A longitudinal analysis of street to street variability in crime trajectories. Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 7–32.Google Scholar
Grove, L., Farrell, G., Farrington, D.F., and Johnson, S.D. (2012). Preventing repeat victimization: A systematic review. Stockholm: Swedish National Council for Crime Prevention.
Grubesic, T.H., and Mack, E.A. (2008). “Spatio-temporal interaction of urban crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 24(3), 285–306.Google Scholar
Guerette, R.T., and Bowers, K.J. (2009). “Assessing the extent of crime displacement and diffusion of benefits: A review of situational crime prevention evaluations.” Criminology, 47(4), 1331–1368.Google Scholar
Guerry, A.-M. (1833). Essai sur la statistique morale de la France: Precede d'un rapport a l'Academie de sciences. Paris: Chez Crochard.
Guerry, A.-M. (1864). Statistique morale de la France et de l'Angleterre comparee avec la statistique morale de la France. Paris: J.-B. Bailliere et fils.
Guo, J.Y., and Bhat, C.R. (2007). “Operationalizing the concept of neighborhood: Application to residential location choice analysis.” Journal of Transport Geography, 15(1), 31–45.Google Scholar
Hakim, S., and Rengert, G.F. (eds.) (1981). Crime spillover. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Harada, Y., and Shimada, T. (2006). “Examining the impact of the precision of address geocoding on estimated density of crime locations.” Computers and Geosciences, 32(8), 1096–1107.Google Scholar
Harcourt, B.E. (2001). Illusion of order: The false promise of broken windows policing. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Hardey, M. (2007). “The city in the age of web 2.0: A new synergistic relationship between place and people.” Information, Communication and Society, 10(6), 867–884.Google Scholar
Harvey, L. (1987). Myths of the Chicago School of sociology. Aldershot: Avebury.
Hawkins, J.D., Herrenkohl, D.J.T., Farrington, D.P., Brewer, D., Catalano, R.F., and Harachi, T.W. (1998). “A review of predictors of youth violence.” In Loeber, R. and Farrington, D.P. (eds.), Serious and violent juvenile offenders: Risk factors and successful interventions (pp. 106–146). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Hayward, M.D., Miles, T.P., Crimmins, E.M., and Yang, Y. (2000). “The significance of socioeconomic status in explaining the racial gap in chronic health conditions.” American Sociological Review, 65(6), 910–930.Google Scholar
Heft, H. (2001). Ecological psychology in context: James Gibson, Roger Barker, and the legacy of William James's radical empiricism. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
Hesseling, R. (1994). “Displacement: A review of the empirical literature.” In Clarke, R.V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 3 (pp. 197–230). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Hibdon, J. (2013). Crime hot spots in suburbia: A case study. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
Hickman, M.J., and Reaves, B.A. (2003). Local police departments, 2000. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
Hill, L.G., Maucione, K., and Hood, B.K. (2007). “A focused approach to assessing program fidelity.” Prevention Science, 8(1), 25–34.Google Scholar
Hindelang, M.J. (1976). “With a little help from their friends: Group participation in reported offending behaviour.” British Journal of Criminology, 16(2), 109–125.Google Scholar
Hipp, J.R. (2007). “Block, tract, and levels of aggregation: Neighborhood structure and crime and disorder as a case in point.” American Sociological Review, 72(5), 659–680.Google Scholar
Hipp, J.R., and Boessen, A. (2013). “Egohoods as waves washing across the city: A new measure of ‘neighborhoods.’Criminology, 51(2), 287–327.Google Scholar
Hipp, J.R., Jannetta, J., Shah, R., and Turner, S. (2009). “Parolees’ physical closeness to health service providers: A study of California parolees.” Health and Place, 15(3), 679–688.Google Scholar
Hipp, J.R., Petersilia, J., and Turner, S. (2010). “Parolee recidivism in California: The effect of neighborhood context and social service agency characteristics.” Criminology, 48(4), 947–979.Google Scholar
Hirschi, T. (1989). “Exploring alternatives to integrated theory.” In Messner, S.F., Krohn, M.D., and Liska, A.E. (eds.), Theoretical integration in the study of deviance and crime: Problems and prospects (pp. 37–50). Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.
Hirschi, T. (1993). “Review: Administrative criminology.” Contemporary Sociology, 22(3), 348–350.Google Scholar
Hirschman, A.O. (1945). National power and the structure of foreign trade. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Hope, T. (1994). “Problem-oriented policing and drug market locations: Three case studies.” In Clarke, R.V. (ed.), Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 2 (pp. 5–32). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Hunter, A.J. (1979). “The urban neighborhood: Its analytical and social contexts.” Urban Affairs Quarterly, 14(3), 267–288.Google Scholar
Hunter, R.D. (1988). Environmental characteristics of convenience store robberies in the state of Florida. Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Chicago.
Innes, M. (2004). “Signal crimes and signal disorders: notes on deviance as communicative action.” The British Journal of Sociology, 55(3), 335–355.Google Scholar
Jacobs, J. (1961). The death and life of great American cities. New York: Vintage Books.
Jacobs, J. (1969). The economy of cities. New York: Vintage Books.
Jacobson, J. (2004). The ecological context of substance abuse treatment outcomes: Implications for NIMBY disputes and client placement decisions. Santa Monica, CA: Rand Corporation.
Janetta, J. (2009). Statement to the House of Representatives Oversight and Government Reform Subcommittee on federal workforce, postal service, and the District of Columbia. September 22.
Jeffery, C.R. (1971). Crime prevention through environmental design. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Johnson, S.D. (2009). “Potential uses of computational methods in the evaluation of crime reduction activity.” In Knuttson, J. and Tilley, N. (eds.), Evaluating crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 24 (pp. 175–217). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Johnson, S.D. (2010). “A brief history of the analysis of crime concentration.” European Journal of Applied Mathematics, 21(4–5), 349–370.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D. (2008). “Repeat burglary victimisation: A tale of two theories.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 4(3), 215–240.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., and Bowers, K.J. (2004a). “The burglary as a clue to the future: The beginnings of prospective hot-spotting.” European Journal of Criminology, 1(2), 237–255.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., and Bowers, K.J. (2004b). “The stability of space-time clusters of burglary.” British Journal of Criminology, 44(1), 55–65.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., and Bowers, K.J. (2010). “Permeability and burglary risk: Are cul-de-sacs safer?Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 89–111.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., Bernasco, W., Bowers, K.J., Elffers, H., Ratcliffe, J., Rengert, G., and Townsley, M. (2007). “Space‐time patterns of risk: A cross national assessment of residential burglary victimization.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 23(3), 201–219.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., Birks, D., McLaughlin, L., Bowers, K., and Pease, K. (2007). Prospective mapping in operational context. London: Home Office.
Johnson, S.D., Bowers, K.J., and Hirschfield, A.F.G.( 1997). “New insights into the spatial and temporal distribution of repeat victimisation.” British Journal of Criminology, 37(2), 224–241.Google Scholar
Johnson, S.D., Summers, L., and Pease, K. (2009). “Offender as forager? A direct test of the boost account of victimization.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(2), 181–200.Google Scholar
Johnson, L.T., Taylor, R.B., and Ratcliffe, J.H. (2013). “Need drugs, will travel? The distances to crime of illegal drug buyers.” Journal of Criminal Justice, 41(3), 178–187.Google Scholar
Joiner, T.M., and Mansourian, J.A. (2009). Integrating social disorganization and routine activity theories: A look at urban crime in Morristown, New Jersey. Unpublished report, presented to the Morristown Police Department (NJ). Boston, MA: Northeastern University.
Jorgensen, B.S., and Stedman, R.C. (2006). “A comparative analysis of predictors of sense of place dimensions: Attachment to, dependence on, and identification with lakeshore properties.” Journal of Environmental Management, 79(3), 316–327.Google Scholar
Juran, J.M. (1951). Quality control handbook. New York: McGraw-Hill.
Kautt, P.M., and Roncek, D.W. (2007). “Schools as criminal ‘hot spots’ primary, secondary, and beyond.” Criminal Justice Review, 32(4), 339–357.Google Scholar
Kearns, R., and Moon, G. (2002). “From medical to health geography: Novelty, place and theory after a decade of change.” Progress in Human Geography, 26(5), 605–625.Google Scholar
Kearns, R.A., and Joseph, A.E. (1993). “Space in its place: Developing the link in medical geography.” Social Science and Medicine, 37(6), 711–717.Google Scholar
Kelling, G.L., and Coles, C.M. (1996). Fixing broken windows: Restoring order and reducing crime in our communities. New York: Touchstone.
Kelling, G.L., Pate, A., Dieckman, D., and Brown, C. (1974). The Kansas City preventive patrol experiment: A technical report. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Kempf, K.L. (1993). “The empirical status of Hirschi's control theory.” In Adler, F. and Laufer, W.S. (eds.), New directions in criminological theory. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 4 (pp. 143–185). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Kennedy, L.W., Caplan, J.M., and Piza, E. (2011). “Risk clusters, hot spots, and spatial intelligence: Risk terrain modeling as an algorithm for police resource allocation strategies.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 27(3), 339–362.Google Scholar
Kent, J., Leitner, M., and Curtis, A. (2006). “Evaluating the usefulness of functional distance measures when calibrating journey-to-crime distance decay functions.” Computers, Environment and Urban Systems, 30(2), 181–200.Google Scholar
Kleiman, M., and Young, R. (1995). “The factors of production in retail drug dealing.” Urban Affairs Review, 30(5), 730–748.Google Scholar
Knigge, L., and Cope, M. (2006). “Grounded visualization: Integrating the analysis of qualitative and quantitative data through grounded theory and visualization.” Environment and Planning A, 38(11), 2021–2037.Google Scholar
Knox, G. (1964). “Epidemiology of childhood leukaemia in Northumber and Durham.” British Journal of Preventive & Social Medicine, 18(1), 17–24.Google Scholar
Koch, P.N., Simpson, T.W., Allen, J.K., and Mistree, F. (1999). “Statistical approximations for multidisciplinary design optimization: The problem of size.” Journal of Aircraft, 36(1), 275–286.Google Scholar
Kochel, T.R. (2011) “Constructing hot spots policing: Unexamined consequences for disadvantaged populations and for police legitimacy.” Criminal Justice Policy Review, 22(3), 350–374.Google Scholar
Kochel, T.R. (2013). Hot spots policing community impact: Police legitimacy, collective efficacy, and perceptions of crime and safety. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
Koper, C.S. (1995). “Just enough police presence: Reducing crime and disorderly behavior by optimizing patrol time in crime hot spots.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 649–672.Google Scholar
Koper, C.S. (2014). “Assessing the practice of hot spots policing survey results from a national convenience sample of local police agencies.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 123–146.Google Scholar
Kornhauser, R. (1978). Social sources of delinquency: An appraisal of analytic models. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.
Krieger, N., Chen, J.T., Waterman, P.D., Soobader, M.-J., Subramanian, S.V., and Carson, R. (2002). “Geocoding and monitoring of U.S. socioeconomic inequalities in mortality and cancer incidence: Does the choice of area-based measure and geographic level matter? The Public Health Disparities Geocoding Project.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 156(5), 471–482.Google Scholar
Kubrin, C.E., and Stewart, E.A. (2006). “Predicting who reoffends: The neglected role of neighborhood context in recidivism studies.” Criminology, 44(1), 171–204.Google Scholar
Kwan, M.-P. (2007). “Affecting geospatial technologies: Toward a feminist politics of emotion.” The Professional Geographer, 29(1), 22–34.Google Scholar
Kwan, M.-P. (2012). “How GIS can help address the uncertain geographic context problem in social science research.” Annals of GIS, 18(4), 245–255.Google Scholar
La Vigne, N.G. (2007). Mapping for community-based prisoner reentry efforts: A guidebook for law enforcement and their partners. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Laub, J.H. (2004). “Life course of criminology in the United States: The American Society of Criminology 2003 Presidential Address.” Criminology, 42(1), 1–26.Google Scholar
Laub, J.H., and Sampson, R.J. (2003). Shared beginnings, divergent lives: Delinquent boys to age 70. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Lawton, B.A., Taylor, R.B., and Luongo, A.J. (2005). “Police officers on drug corners in Philadelphia, drug crime, and violent crime: Intended, diffusion, and displacement impacts.” Justice Quarterly, 22(4), 427–451.Google Scholar
Laycock, G. (2005). “Defining crime science.” In Smith, M. and Tilley, N.. (eds.), Crime science: New approaches to preventing and detecting crime (pp. 3–24). Cullompton: Willan.
LeBeau, J. L. (1987). “The methods and measures of centrography and the spatial dynamics of rape.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 3(2), 125–141.Google Scholar
Levitt, S.D., and Venkatesh, S.A. (2000). “An economic analysis of a drug-selling gang's finances.” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, 115(3), 755–789.Google Scholar
Lewis, G.M. (1998). Cartographic encounters: Perspectives on Native American mapmaking and map use. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Lewis, D.A., and Salem, G. (1986). Fear of crime: Incivility and production of a social problem. Piscataway, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Lipovetsky, S. (2009). “Pareto 80/20 law: Derivation via random partitioning.” International Journal of Mathematical Education in Science and Technology, 40(2), 271–277.Google Scholar
Lipsky, M. (1980). Street‐level bureaucracy: Dilemmas of the individual in public services. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.
Lipsey, M., and Wilson, D.B. (2001). Practical meta-analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Logan, J.R., and Molotch, H.L. (2007). Urban fortunes: The political economy of place. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lorenz, M.O. (1905). “Methods for measuring the concentration of wealth.” Publications of the American Statistical Association, 9(70), 209–219.Google Scholar
Loveday, B. (1999). Government and accountability of the police. In Mawby, R.I. (ed.), Policing across the world: Issues for the twenty-first century (pp. 132–150). New York: Routledge.
Low, S., and Altman, I. (1992). “Place attachment: A conceptual inquiry.” In Low, S. and Irwin, A. (eds.), Place attachment (pp. 1–12). New York: Plenum.
Lum, C. (2009). Translating police research into practice. Ideas in American Policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Lum, C., Koper, C., and Telep, C.W. (2011). “The Evidence-Based Policing Matrix.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(1), 3–26.Google Scholar
Lynch, J.P., and Addington, L.A. (2007). Understanding crime statistics: Revisiting the divergence of the NCVS and UCR. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Lynch, K. (1960). The image of the city. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Madensen, T.D. (2007). Bar management and crime: Toward a dynamic theory of place management and crime hot spots. PhD dissertation. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.
Madensen, T.D., and Eck, J.E. (2008). “Violence in bars: Exploring the impact of place manager decision-making.” Crime Prevention and Community Safety, 10(2), 111–125.Google Scholar
Madensen, T.D., and Eck, J.E. (2013). “Crime places and place management.” In Cullen, F. and Wilcox, P. (eds.), Oxford handbook of criminological theory (pp. 544–578). New York: Oxford University Press.
Maguire, M. (2000). “Policing by risks and targets: Some dimensions and implications of intelligence-led crime control.” Policing and Society: An International Journal, 9(4), 315–336.Google Scholar
Maguire, E.R., and Mastrofski, S.D. (2000). “Patterns of community policing in the United States.” Police Quarterly, 3(1), 4–45.Google Scholar
Maltz, M.D. (1995). “Criminality in space and time: Life course analysis and the micro-ecology of crime.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 315–347). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Maltz, M.D. (2009). “Waves, particles, and crime.” In Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology (pp. 123–142). New York: Springer.
Martin, R., and Sunley, P. (2003). “Deconstructing clusters: Chaotic concept or policy panacea?Journal of Economic Geography, 3(1), 5–35.Google Scholar
Mason, M., Cheung, I., and Walker, L. (2004). “Substance use, social networks and the geography of urban adolescents.” Substance Use and Misuse, 39(10–12), 1751–1777.Google Scholar
Mastrofski, S.D., Weisburd, D., and Braga, A.A. (2010). “Rethinking policing: The policy implications of hot spots of crime.” In Frost, N., Freilich, J., and Clear, T. (eds.), Contemporary issues in criminal justice policy: Policy proposals from the American Society of Criminology conference (pp. 251–264). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Matthews, R. (1993). Kerb-crawling, prostitution, and multiagency policing. Crime Prevention Unit Series, Paper 43. London: Home Office.
Mattson, M., and Rengert, G. (1995). “Danger, distance, and desirability.” European Journal on Criminal Policy and Research, 3(3), 70–78.Google Scholar
May, K.O. (1952). “A set of independent necessary and sufficient conditions for simple majority decision.” Econometrica, 20(4), 680–685.Google Scholar
Mayhew, H. (1851). London's underworld. Being selections from “Those that will not work,” the 4th vol. of “London labour and the London poor.”London: Spring Books.
Mayhew, P., Clarke, R.V., Sturman, A., and Hough, M. (1976). Crime as opportunity. Home Office Research Study, vol. 34. London: Home Office, H.M. Stationary Office.
Mazerolle, L.G., and Ransley, J. (2006). Third party policing. New York: Cambridge University Press.
Mazerolle, L.G., and Roehl, J. (1998). “Civil remedies and crime prevention: An introduction.” In Mazerolle, L.G. and Roehl, J. (eds.), Civil remedies and crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 9 (pp. 1–18). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Mazerolle, L.G., Kadleck, C., and Roehl, J. (1998). “Controlling drug and disorder problems: The role of place managers.” Criminology, 36(2), 371–404.Google Scholar
Mazerolle, L.G., Price, J.F., and Roehl, J. (2000). “Civil remedies and drug control: A randomized field trial in Oakland, California.” Evaluation Review, 24(2), 212–241.Google Scholar
McCann, E.J. (2002). “The cultural politics of local economic development: Meaning-making, place-making, and the urban policy process.” Geoforum, 33(3), 385–398.Google Scholar
McMillan, D.W., and Chavis, D.M. (1986). “Sense of community: A definition and theory.” Journal of Community Psychology, 14(1), 6–23.Google Scholar
Mears, D., Wang, X., Hay, C., and Bales, W. (2008). “Social ecology and recidivism: Implications for prisoner reentry.” Criminology, 46(2), 301–340.Google Scholar
Meinig, D.W. (1979). The interpretation of ordinary landscapes: Geographical essays. New York: Oxford University Press.
Mencken, F.C., and Barnett, C. (1999). “Murder, nonnegligent manslaughter and spatial autocorrelation in mid-South counties.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15(4), 407–422.Google Scholar
Merriam-Webster (2015). Merriam-Webster online dictionary. Accessed May 25, 2015. www.merriam-webster.com.
Merzel, C., and D'Afflitti, J. (2003). “Reconsidering community-based health promotion: Promise, performance, and potential.” American Journal of Public Health, 93(4), 557–574.Google Scholar
Mesch, G.S., and Manor, O. (1998). “Social ties, environmental perception, and local attachment.” Environment and Behavior, 30(4), 504–519.Google Scholar
Messner, S.F., Anselin, L., Baller, R.D., Hawkins, D.F., Deane, G., and Tolnay, S.E. (1999). “The spatial patterning of county homicide rates: An application of exploratory spatial data analysis.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 15(4), 423–450.Google Scholar
Miethe, T.D. (1991). “Citizen based crime control activity and victimization risks: An examination of displacement and free rider effects.” Criminology, 29(3), 419–440.Google Scholar
Miethe, T.D., Stafford, M.C., and Long, J.S. (1987). “Social differentiation in criminal victimization: A test of routine activities/lifestyle theories.” American Sociological Review, 52(2), 184–194.Google Scholar
Millie, A. (2008). “Anti-social behaviour, behavioural expectations and an urban aesthetic.” British Journal of Criminology, 48(3), 379–394.Google Scholar
Moffitt, T.E. (1993). “Adolescence-limited and life-course-persistent antisocial behavior: A developmental taxonomy.” Psychological Review, 100(4), 674–701.Google Scholar
Mohler, G.O., Short, M.B., Brantingham, P.J., Schoenberg, F.P., and Tita, G.E. (2011). “Self-exciting point process modeling of crime.” Journal of the American Statistical Association, 106(493), 100–108.Google Scholar
Monk, K. (2012). How central business districts manage crime and disorder: A case study in the processes of place management in downtown Cincinnati. PhD dissertation. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.
Moore, G.T. (1979). “Knowing about environmental knowing: The current state of theory and research on environmental cognition.” Environment and Behavior, 11(1), 33–70.Google Scholar
Moore, M.H. (1995). “Public health and criminal justice approaches to prevention.” In Tonry, M. and Farrington, D.P. (eds.), Building a safer society: Strategic approaches to crime prevention. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 19 (pp. 237–262). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Morenoff, J.D., Sampson, R.J., and Raudenbush, S.W. (2001). “Neighborhood inequality, collective efficacy, and the spatial dynamics of urban violence.” Criminology, 39(3), 517–558.Google Scholar
Morgan, F. (2001). “Repeat burglary in a Perth suburb: Indicator of short-term or long-term risk?” In Farrell, G. and Pease, K. (eds.), Repeat victimization. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 12 (pp. 83–118). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Nagin, D.S. (1999). “Analyzing developmental trajectories: A semiparametric, group-based approach.” Psychological Methods, 4(2), 139–157.Google Scholar
Nagin, D.S. (2013). “Deterrence in the twenty-first century.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 42 (pp. 199–263). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Nagin, D.S., and Pogarsky, G. (2001). “Integrating celerity, impulsivity, and extralegal sanction threats into a model of general deterrence: Theory and evidence.” Criminology, 39(4), 865–892.Google Scholar
National Criminal Intelligence Service (2000). National intelligence model. London: NCIS.
National Research Council. (1993). Understanding and preventing violence, vol. 1. Panel on the Understanding and Control of Violent Behavior. Reiss, A.J. Jr. and Roth, J.A. (eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
National Research Council. (2004). Fairness and effectiveness in policing: The evidence. Committee to Review Research on Police Policy and Practices. Committee on Law and Justice, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Skogan, W. and Frydl, K. (eds.). Washington, DC: National Academies Press.
Newman, O. (1972) Defensible space. New York: Macmillan.
Nisbett, R.E., and Cohen, D. (1996). Culture of honor: The psychology of violence in the South. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
North, D.C. (1990). Institutional change and economic performance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Oberwittler, D., and Wikström, P.H. (2009). “Why small is better: Advancing the study of the role of behavioral contexts in crime causation.” In Weisburd, D., Bruinsma, G., and Bernasco, W. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology (pp. 35–59). New York: Springer.
Openshaw, S. (1984). The modifiable areal unit problem. Concepts and Techniques in Modern Geography, vol. 38. Norwick, UK: Geo Books.
Ouimet, M. (2000). “Aggregation bias in ecological research: How social disorganization and criminal opportunities shape the spatial distribution of juvenile delinquency in Montreal.” Canadian Journal of Criminology, 42(2), 135–156.Google Scholar
Overman, H.G. (2004). “Can we learn anything from economic geography proper?Journal of Economic Geography, 4(5), 501–516.Google Scholar
Oxford English Dictionary. (2010). Oxford English dictionary. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pain, R., MacFarlane, R., Turner, K., and Gill, S. (2006). “When, where, if, and but: Qualifying GIS and the effect of streetlighting on crime and fear.” Environment and Planning A, 38(11), 2055–2074.Google Scholar
Palmquist, R.B. (2005). “Property value models.” In Maler, K.G. and Vincent, J.R. (eds.), Handbook of environmental economics: Valuing economic changes (pp. 763–819). San Diego, CA: Elsevier.
Pareto, V. (1909). Manuel d’économie politique. Oeuvres completes, vol. 7. Geneva, Switzerland: Droz.
Park, R.E., and Burgess, E.W. (1924). Introduction to the science of sociology.Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Pauly, G.A., and Finch, S.J. (1967). “Computer mapping: A new technique in crime analysis.” In Illinois Institute of Technology Research Institute (ed.), Law enforcement science and technology: Proceedings of the First National Symposium on Law Enforcement Science and Technology (pp. 739–749). Washington, DC: Thompson Book Company.
Pavlovskaya, M. (2009). “Non-quantitative GIS.” In Cope, M. and Elwood, S. (eds.), Qualitative GIS: A mixed methods approach (pp. 13–37). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Pavlovskaya, M.E. (2006). “Theorizing with GIS: A tool for critical geographies?Environment and Planning A, 38(11), 2003–2020.Google Scholar
Payne, T. (2010). Does changing ownership change crime? An analysis of apartment ownership and crime in Cincinnati. PhD dissertation. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.
Payne, T.C. (2015). “Reducing excessive police incidents: Do notices to owners work?Security Journal, 28(1), 1–18.Google Scholar
Payne, T., and Eck, J.E. (2007). Who owns crime? Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Criminology, Atlanta, GA.
Payne, T., Gallagher, K., Eck, J.E., and Frank, J. (2013). “Problem framing in problem solving: A case study.” Policing: An International Journal of Police Strategies and Management. 36(4), 670–682.Google Scholar
Pease, K. (1998). Repeat victimization: Taking stock. Home Office Police Research Group. Crime Detection and Prevention Series, Paper 90. London: Home Office.
Pease, K. (2001). “What to do about it? Let's turn off our minds and GIS.” In Hirschfield, A. and Bowers, K. (eds.), Mapping and analysing crime data (pp. 225–236). London: Taylor and Francis.
Peterson, W.J. (1986). “Deterrence and compellence: A critical assessment of conventional wisdom.” International Studies Quarterly, 30(3), 269–294.Google Scholar
Petrosino, A., Boruch, R., Soydan, H., Duggan, L., and Sanchez-Meca, J. (2001). “Meeting the challenge of evidence-based policy: The Campbell Collaboration.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578, 14–34.Google Scholar
Pierce, G., Spaar, S., and Briggs, L. (1988). The character of police work: Strategic and tactical implications. Boston, MA: Center for Applied Social Research, Northeastern University.
Piquero, A.R., and Mazerolle, P. (eds.). (2001). Life-course criminology: Contemporary and classic readings. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Piquero, A.R., Farrington, D.P., and Blumstein, A. (2007). Key issues in criminal career research: New analyses of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Piza, E.L. (2012). Identifying the best context for CCTV camera deployment: An analysis of micro-level features. PhD dissertation. Newark, NJ: Rutgers University.
Pong, R.W., and Pitblado, J.R. (2001). “Don't take ‘geography’ for granted! Some methodological issues in measuring geographic distribution of physicians.” Canadian Journal of Rural Medicine, 6(2), 103–112.Google Scholar
Pratt, T.C., and Cullen, F.T. (2005). “Assessing macro-level predictors and theories of crime: A meta-analysis.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 32 (pp. 373–450). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Putnam, R. (2001). “Social capital: Measurement and consequences.” Canadian Journal of Policy Research, 2(1), 41–51.Google Scholar
Quetelet, A. (1831 [1984]). Research on the propensity for crime at different ages. Cincinnati, OH: Anderson Publishing.
Quetelet, A. (1842). A treatise in man. Edinburgh, Scotland: Chambers.
Rapoport, A. (1982). The meaning of the built environment. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Rasmussen, D.W., Benson, B.L., and Sollars, D.L. (1993). “Spatial competition in illicit drug markets: The consequences of increased drug law enforcement.” The Review of Regional Studies, 23(3), 219–236.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004a). “Geocoding crime and a first estimate of a minimum acceptable hit rate.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 18(1), 61–72.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H. (2004b). “The hotspot matrix: A framework for the spatio-temporal targeting of crime reduction.” Police Practice and Research, 5(1), 5–23.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H. (2006). “A temporal constraint theory to explain opportunity-based spatial offending patterns.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 43(3), 261–291.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H. (2012). “The spatial extent of criminogenic places: A changepoint regression of violence around bars.” Geographical Analysis, 44(4), 302–320.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., and Breen, C. (2011). “Crime diffusion and displacement: Measuring the side effects of police operations.” Professional Geographer, 63(2), 230–243.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., and McCullagh, M.J. (1998). “Aoristic crime analysis.” International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 12(7), 751–764.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., and McCullagh, M.J. (1999). “Hotbeds of crime and the search for spatial accuracy.” Geographical Systems, 1(4), 385–398.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., and Rengert, G.F. (2008). “Near repeat patterns in Philadelphia shootings.” Security Journal, 21(1–2), 58–76.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., Taniguchi, T., and Taylor, R.B. (2009). “The crime reduction effects of public CCTV cameras: A multi-method spatial approach.” Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 746–770.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, J.H., Taniguchi, T., Groff, E.R., and Wood, J.D. (2011). “The Philadelphia foot patrol experiment: A randomized controlled trial of police patrol effectiveness in violent crime hotspots.” Criminology, 49(3), 795–831.Google Scholar
Reaves, B.A. (2010). Local police departments, 2007. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics, U.S. Department of Justice.
Reiss, A.J. Jr. (1981). “Towards a revitalization of theory and research on victimization by crime.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 72(2), 704–713.Google Scholar
Reiss, A.J. (1986). “Why are communities important in understanding crime?” In Reiss, A.J. and Tonry, M. (eds.), Communities and crime. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 8 (pp. 1–33). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Reiss, A.J. Jr. (1988). “Co-offending and criminal careers.” In Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 10. (pp. 117–170). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Reiss, A.J. Jr., and Farrington, D.P. (1991). “Advancing knowledge about co-offending: Results from a prospective longitudinal survey of London males.” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, 82(2), 360–395.Google Scholar
Relph, E. (1976). Place and placelessness. London: Pion.
Rengert, G.F. (1980). “Spatial aspects of criminal behavior.” In Georges-Abeyie, D. E. and Harries, K. D. (eds.), Crime: A spatial perspective (pp. 47–57). New York: Columbia University Press.
Rengert, G.F. (1981). “Burglary in Philadelphia: A critique of an opportunity structure model.” In Brantingham, P. and Brantingham, P. (eds.), Environmental criminology (pp. 189–201). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Rengert, G.F. (1986). Crime spillovers from Atlantic City gambling. Paper presented at the Middle States Division of the Association of American Geographers, New York.
Rengert, G.F. (1997). “Auto theft in central Philadelphia.” In Homel, R. (ed.), Policing for prevention: Reducing crime, public intoxication and injury. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 7 (pp. 199–220). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Rengert, G.F., and Groff, E. (2011). Residential burglary: How the urban environment and our lifestyles play a contributing role. Springfield, IL: Charles Thomas.
Rengert, G.F., and Lockwood, B. (2009). “Geographic units of analysis and the analysis of crime.” In Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G.J.N. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology (pp. 109–122). New York: Springer.
Rengert, G.F., and Lowell, R. (2005). “Combating campus crime with mapping and analysis.” Police Foundation Crime Mapping News, 7(1), 1–5.Google Scholar
Rengert, G.F., and Pelfrey, W.V. (1997). “Cognitive mapping of the city center: Comparative perceptions of dangerous places.” In Weisburd, D. and McEwen, T. (eds.), Crime mapping and crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 8 (pp. 193–217). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Rengert, G.F., Mattson, M., and Henderson, K. (2001). Campus security: Situational crime prevention in high-density environments. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Rengert, G.F., Ratcliffe, J.H., and Chakravorty, S. (2005). Policing illegal drug markets: Geographic approaches to crime reduction. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Reppetto, T. (1976). “Crime prevention and the displacement phenomenon.” Crime and Delinquency, 22(2), 166–177.Google Scholar
Reynald, D.M. (2010). “Guardians on guardianship: Factors affecting the willingness to supervise, ability to detect potential offenders, and willingness to intervene.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 47(3), 358–390.Google Scholar
Reynald, D.M. (2011). “Factors associated with guardianship of places: Assessing the relative importance of the spatio-physical and sociodemographic contexts in generating opportunities for capable guardianship.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(1), 110–142.Google Scholar
Rice, K.J., and Smith, W.R. (2002). “Socioecological models of automotive theft: Integrating routine activity and social disorganization approaches.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 39(3), 304–336.Google Scholar
Rich, T., and Shively, M. (2004). A methodology for evaluating geographic profiling software: Final report. Cambridge, MA: Abt Associates Inc.
Richter, C.F. (1935). “An instrumental earthquake magnitude scale.” Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, 25(1), 1–32.Google Scholar
Ridgeway, G. (2007). Analysis of racial disparities in the New York Police Department's stop, question, and frisk practices. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.
Robinson, W.S. (1950). “Ecological correlations and the behavior of individuals.” American Sociological Review, 15(3), 351–357.Google Scholar
Roncek, D.W. (1999). “Schools and crime.” In Goldsmith, V., McGuire, P.G., Mollenkopf, J.H., and Ross, T.A. (eds.), Analyzing crime patterns: Frontiers of practice (pp. 153–166). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Roncek, D.W., and Bell, R. (1981). “Bars, blocks and crimes.” Journal of Environmental Systems, 11(1), 36–47.Google Scholar
Roncek, D.W., and Faggiani, D. (1985). “High schools and crime: A replication.” Sociological Quarterly, 26(4), 491–505.Google Scholar
Roncek, D.W., and LoBosco, A. (1983). “The effect of high schools on crime in their neighborhoods.” Social Science Quarterly, 64(3), 598–613.Google Scholar
Roncek, D.W., and Mair, P. (1991). “Bars, blocks and crimes revisited: Linking the theory of routine activities to the empiricism of hot spots.” Criminology, 29(4), 725–753.Google Scholar
Roncek, D.W., and Pravatiner, M. (1989). “Additional evidence that taverns enhance nearby crime.” Sociology and Social Research, 73(4), 185–188.Google Scholar
Rosenbaum, D.P. (2006). “The limits of hot spots policing.” In Weisburd, D. and Braga, A.A. (eds.), Police innovation: Contrasting perspectives (pp. 245–263). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Rossmo, D.K. (1999). Geographic profiling. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.
Ryden, K.C. (1993). Mapping the invisible landscape: Folklore, writing, and the sense of place. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press.
Sampson, R., Eck, J.E., and Dunham, J. (2009). “Super controllers and crime prevention: A routine activity explanation of crime prevention success and failure.” Security Journal, 23(1), 37–51.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J. (1986). “Crime in cities: The effects of formal and informal social control.” In Reiss, A.J. and Tonry, M. (eds.), Communities and crime. Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 8 (pp. 271–311). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sampson, R.J. (1993). “Linking time and place: Dynamic contextualism and the future of criminological inquiry.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 30(4), 426–444.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J. (1995). “The community.” In Wilson, J. and Petersilia, J. (eds.), Crime (pp. 193–216). San Francisco, CA: Institute for Contemporary Studies Press.
Sampson, R.J. (2008). “Moving to inequality: Neighborhood effects and experiments meet social structure.” American Journal of Sociology, 114(1), 189–231.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J. (2010). “Collective efficacy theory.” In Cullen, F.T. and Wilcox, P. (eds.), Encyclopedia of criminological theory (pp. 802–812). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Sampson, R.J. (2012). Great American city: Chicago and the enduring neighborhood effect. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sampson, R.J., and Groves, W.B. (1989). “Community structure and crime: Testing social-disorganization theory.” American Journal of Sociology, 94(4), 774–802.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J., and Laub, J.H. (1993). Crime in the making: Pathways and turning points through life. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Sampson, R.J., and Laub, J.H. (2003). “Life course desisters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70.” Criminology, 41(3), 555–592.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J., and Raudenbush, S.W. (1999). “Systematic social observation of public spaces: A new look at disorder in urban neighborhoods.” American Journal of Sociology, 105(3), 603–651.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J., and Wilson, W.J. (1995). “Toward a theory of race, crime, and urban inequality.” In Hagan, J. and Peterson, R.D. (eds.), Crime and inequality (pp. 37–54). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Sampson, R.J., Raudenbush, S.W., and Earls, F. (1997). “Neighborhoods and violent crime: A multilevel study of collective efficacy.” Science, 277(5328), 918–924.Google Scholar
Sampson, R.J., Morenoff, J.D., and Gannon-Rowley, T. (2002). “Assessing ‘neighborhood effects’: Social processes and new directions in research.” Annual Review of Sociology, 28, 443–478.Google Scholar
Schaefer, L.W. (2013). Environmental corrections: Making offender supervision work. PhD dissertation. Cincinnati, OH: University of Cincinnati.
Schaefer, L., Cullen, F., and Eck, J.E. (2015). Environmental corrections: A new paradigm for supervising offenders in the community. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Scherdin, M.J. (1986). “The halo effect: Psychological deterrence of electronic security systems.” Information Technology and Libraries, 5(3), 232–235.Google Scholar
Schmerler, K. (2005). Disorder at budget motels. Problem-Specific Guides, no. 30. Washington, DC: Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, U.S. Department of Justice.
Schmitt, S., Phibbs, C., and Piette, J. (2003). “The influence of distance on utilization of outpatient mental health aftercare following inpatient substance abuse treatment.” Addiction Behavior, 28(6), 1183–1192.Google Scholar
Shaw, C.R., Zorbaugh, F.M., McKay, H.D., and Cottrell, L.S. (1929). Delinquency areas: A study of the geographical distribution of school truants, juvenile delinquents, and adult offenders in Chicago. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Shaw, C.R., and McKay, H.D. (1942 [1969]). Juvenile delinquency and urban areas. A study of rates of delinquency in relation to differential characteristics of local communities in American cities. Rev. ed. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Shaw, C.R., and Myers, E.D. (1929). The juvenile delinquent. Springfield: Illinois Association for Criminal Justice.
Shaw, J. (1995). “Community policing against guns: Public opinion of the Kansas City Gun Experiment.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 695–710.Google Scholar
Sheptycki, J. (2009). “Policing, intelligence theory and the new human security paradigm: Some lesson from the field.” In Gill, P., Marrin, S., and Phythian, M. (eds.), Intelligence theory: Key questions and debates (pp. 166–185). New York: Routledge.
Sherman, L.W. (1990). “Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence.” In Tonry, M. and Morris, N. (eds.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 12 (pp. 1–48). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sherman, L.W. (1995). “Hot spots of crime and criminal careers of places.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 35–52). Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Sherman, L.W. (2007). “The power few: Experimental criminology and the reduction of harm.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 3(4), 299–321.Google Scholar
Sherman, L.W., and Eck, J.E. (2002). “Policing for crime prevention.” In Sherman, L.W., Farrington, D.P., Welsh, B.C., and MacKenzie, D.L. (eds.), Evidence-based crime prevention (pp. 295–329). New York: Routledge.
Sherman, L.W., and Rogan, D. (1995a). “Deterrent effects of police raids on crack houses: A randomized controlled experiment.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 755–782.Google Scholar
Sherman, L.W., and Rogan, D. (1995b). “Effects of gun seizures on gun violence: ‘Hot spots’ patrol in Kansas City.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 673–694.Google Scholar
Sherman, L.W., and Weisburd, D. (1995). “General deterrent effects of police patrol in crime ‘hot spots’: A randomized, controlled trial.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 625–648.Google Scholar
Sherman, L.W., Buerger, M., and Gartin, P. (1989). Beyond dial-a-cop: A randomized test of Repeat Call Policing (RECAP). Washington, DC: Crime Control Institute.
Sherman, L.W., Gartin, P., and Buerger, M.E. (1989). “Hot spots of predatory crime: Routine activities and the criminology of place.” Criminology, 27(1), 27–55.Google Scholar
Sherman, L., Gottfredson, D.L., MacKenzie, D.Eck, J.E., Reuter, P., and Bushway, S. (1997). Preventing crime: What works, what doesn't, what's promising. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice.
Sherman, L., Farrington, D.P., Welsh, B., and MacKenzie, D.L. (2002). Evidence-based crime prevention. New York: Routledge.
Simpson, E.H. (1949). “Measurement of diversity.” Nature, 163, 688.Google Scholar
Skogan, W. (1990). Disorder and decline: Crime and the spiral of decay in American neighborhoods. New York: Free Press.
Skogan, W.G., and Annan, S. (1994). “Drugs and public housing: Toward an effective police response.” In MacKenzie, D. and Uchida, C.D. (eds.), Drugs and crime: Evaluating public policy initiatives (pp. 129–148). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Spelman, W., and Brown, D. (1984). Calling the police: Citizen reporting of serious crime. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Spicer, V., Reid, A.A., Ginther, J., Seifi, H., and Dabbaghian, V. (2012). “Bars on blocks: A cellular automata model of crime and liquor licensed establishment density.” Computers, Environment, and Urban Systems, 36(5), 412–422.Google Scholar
Jean, P.K.B. (2007). Pockets of crime: Broken windows, collective efficacy, and the criminal point of view. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Stahler, G., Mazzella, S., Mennis, J., Chakravorty, S., Rengert, G., and Spiga, R. (2007). “The effect of individual, program, and neighborhood variables on continuity of treatment among dually diagnosed individuals.” Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 87(1), 54–62.Google Scholar
Stavins, R. (2007). “Market-based environmental policies: What can we learn from U.S. experience?” In Freeman, J. and Kolstad, C.D. (eds.), Moving to markets in environmental regulation: Lessons from twenty years of experience. New York: Oxford University Press.
Stedman, R.C. (2002). “Toward a social psychology of place: Predicting behavior from place-based cognitions, attitude, and identity.” Environment and Behavior, 34(5), 561–581.Google Scholar
Stevens, A., and Coupe, P. (1978). “Distortions in judged spatial relations.” Cognitive Psychology, 10(4), 422–437.Google Scholar
Stokols, D. (1983). “Editor's introduction: Theoretical directions of environment and behavior research.” Environment and Behavior, 15(3), 259–272.Google Scholar
Stokols, D. (1987). “Conceptual strategies of environmental psychology.” In Stokols, D. and Altman, I. (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 41–70). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Stokols, D., and Altman, I. (eds.) (1987). Handbook of environmental psychology. New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Stoks, F.G. (1981). Assessing urban public space environments for danger of violent crime. PhD dissertation. Seattle: University of Washington.
Summers, L., Johnson, S., and Rengert, G.F. (2010). “The use of maps in offender interviewing.” In Bernasco, W. (ed.), Offenders on offending: Learning about crime from criminals (pp. 246–272). Cullompton: Willan.
Sutherland, E.H. (1924). Principles of criminology. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Sutherland, E.H. (1947). Principles of criminology: A sociological theory of criminal behavior. New York: J.B. Lippincott Company.
Sviridoff, M., Sadd, S., Curtis, R., and Grinc, R. (1992). The neighborhood effects of street-level drug enforcement: Tactical narcotics teams in New York. New York: Vera Institute of Justice.
Taniguchi, T.A., Ratcliffe, J.H., and Taylor, R.B. (2011). “Gang set space, drug markets, and crime around drug corners in Camden.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 48(3), 327–363.Google Scholar
Taniguchi, T.A., Rengert, G.F., and McCord, E.S. (2009). “Where size matters: Agglomeration economies of illegal drug markets in Philadelphia.” Justice Quarterly, 26(4), 670–694.Google Scholar
Taxman, F.S. (2008). “No illusions: Offender and organizational change in Maryland's Proactive Community Supervision efforts.” Criminology and Public Policy, 7(2), 275–302.Google Scholar
Taylor, B., Koper, C.S., and Woods, D.J. (2011). “A randomized controlled trial of different policing strategies at hot spots of violent crime.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(2), 149–181.Google Scholar
Taylor, R.B. (1987). “Toward an environmental psychology of disorder: Delinquency, crime, and fear of crime.” In Stokols, D. and Altman, I. (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 951–986). New York: John Wiley and Sons.
Taylor, R.B. (1997). “Social order and disorder of street blocks and neighborhoods: Ecology, microecology, and the systemic model of social disorganization.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 34(1), 113–155.Google Scholar
Taylor, R.B. (1998). “Crime and small-scale places: What we know, what we can prevent, and what else we need to know.” In Taylor, R.B., Bazemore, G., Boland, B., Clear, T.R., Corbett, R.P.J., Feinblatt, J., Berman, G., Sviridoff, M., and Stone, C. (eds.), Crime and place: Plenary papers of the 1997 Conference on Criminal Justice Research and Evaluation (pp. 1–22). Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
Taylor, R.B. (2001). Breaking away from Broken Windows: Baltimore neighborhoods and the nationwide fight against crime, grime, fear, and decline. Boulder, CO: Wakefield Press.
Taylor, R.B. (2010). “Hot spots do not exist, and four other fundamental concerns about hot spots policing.” In Frost, N., Freilich, J. and Clear, T. (eds.), Contemporary issues in criminal justice policy: Policy proposals from the American Society of Criminology conference (pp. 271–278). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.
Taylor, R.B. (2012). “Defining neighborhoods in space and time.” Cityscape: A Journal of Policy Development and Research, 14(2), 225–230.Google Scholar
Taylor, R.B., and Harrell, A.V. (1996). Physical environment and crime. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
Taylor, R.B., Gottfredson, S.D., and Brower, S. (1984). “Block crime and fear: Defensible space, local social ties, and territorial functioning.” Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 21(4), 303–331.Google Scholar
Telep, C.W., and Weisburd, D. (2012). “What is known about the effectiveness of police practices in reducing crime and disorder?Police Quarterly, 15(4), 331–357.Google Scholar
Telep, C.W., Mitchell, R.J., and Weisburd, D. (2014). “How much time should the police spend at crime hot spots?: Answers from a police agency directed randomized field trial in Sacramento, California.” Justice Quarterly, 31(5), 905–933.Google Scholar
Telep, C.W., Weisburd, D., Gill, C.E., Teichman, D., and Vitter, Z. (2014). “Displacement of crime and diffusion of crime control benefits in large-scale geographic areas: A systematic review.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 10(4), 515–548.Google Scholar
Thompson, C.Y., and Fisher, B. (1996). “Predicting household victimization utilizing a multi-level routine activity approach.” Journal of Crime and Justice, 19(2), 49–66.Google Scholar
Tillyer, M.S., and Eck, J.E. (2011). “Getting a handle on crime: A further extension of routine activities theory.” Security Journal, 24(2), 179–193.Google Scholar
Tita, G.E., Petras, T.L., and Greenbaum, R.T. (2006). “Crime and residential choice: A neighborhood level analysis of the impact of crime on housing prices.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 22(4), 299–317.Google Scholar
Tobler, W.R. (1970). “A computer movie simulating urban growth in the Detroit region.” Economic Geography, 46, 234–240.Google Scholar
Townsley, M. (2009). “Spatial autocorrelation and impacts on criminology.” Geographical Analysis, 41(4), 452–461.Google Scholar
Townsley, M., Homel, R., and Chaseling, J. (2000). “Repeat burglary victimization: Spatial and temporal patterns.” Australian and New Zealand Journal of Criminology, 33(1), 37–63.Google Scholar
Townsley, M., Homel, R., and Chaseling, J. (2003). “Infectious burglaries: A test of the near repeat hypothesis.” British Journal of Criminology, 43(3), 615–633Google Scholar
Trasler, G. (1993). “Conscience, opportunity, rational choice, and crime.” In Clarke, R.V. and Felson, M. (eds.), Routine activity and rational choice. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 5 (pp. 305–322). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Tremblay, P. (1986). “Designing crime.” British Journal of Criminology, 26(3), 234–253.Google Scholar
Treves, V. (2005). Towards a law enforcement techologies complex: Situating Compstat in neo-liberal penality. Master's thesis. New York: Hunter College.
Trowbridge, C.C. (1913). “On fundamental methods of orientation and ‘imaginary maps.’Science, 38(990), 888–896.Google Scholar
Tunstall, H.V.Z., Shaw, M., and Dorling, D. (2004). “Places and health.” Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 58(1), 6–10.Google Scholar
Tversky, B. (1993). “Cognitive maps, cognitive collages, and spatial mental models.” In Frank, A.U. and Campari, I. (eds.), Spatial information theory a theoretical basis for GIS (pp. 14–24). New York: Springer.
Tyler, T.R. (1990). Why people obey the law. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Tyler, T.R. (2004). “Enhancing police legitimacy.” The Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 84–99.Google Scholar
Unger, D.G., and Wandersman, A. (1983). “Neighboring and its role in block organizations: An exploratory report.” American Journal of Community Psychology, 11(3), 291–300.Google Scholar
U.S. Census Bureau. (2006). “Current housing reports, Series H150/05,” American Housing Survey for the United States: 2005. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
Veysey, B.M., and Messner, S.F. (1999). “Further testing of social disorganization theory: An elaboration of Sampson and Groves's ‘Community structure and crime.’Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency, 36(2), 156–174.Google Scholar
Vold, G.B., Bernard, T.J., and Snipes, J.B. (2002). Theoretical criminology. New York: Oxford University Press.
Warburton, A.L., and Shepherd, J.P. (2006). “Tackling alcohol related violence in city centres: Effect of emergency medicine and police intervention.” Emergency Medicine Journal, 23(1), 12–17.Google Scholar
Webb, J. (1996). Direct line Homesafe. Lincolnshire, UK: Janice Webb Research.
Webster, N. (1936). Webster's universal unabridged dictionary, vol. 2. New York: World Syndicate Publishing Company.
Weisburd, D. (2002). “From criminals to criminal contexts: Reorienting crime prevention research and policy.” In Waring, E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and social organization. Advances in Criminological Theory, vol. 10 (pp. 197–216). New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Publishers.
Weisburd, D. (2008). Place-based policing: Ideas in American Policing. Washington, DC: Police Foundation.
Weisburd, D. (2014). Crime at street segments in Tel Aviv-Jaffa: A longitudinal study. Funded proposal to the Israel Science Foundation.
Weisburd, D. (2015a). “The law of crime concentrations and the criminology of place.” Criminology, 53(2), 133–157.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D. (2015b). “Small worlds of crime and criminal justice interventions: Discovering crime hot spots.” In Maltz, M. and Rice, S. (eds.), Envisioning criminology: Researchers on research as a process of discovery (pp. 261–267). New York: Springer.
Weisburd, D., and Amram, S. (2014). “The law of concentrations of crime at place: The case of Tel Aviv-Jaffa.” Police Practice and Research, 15(2), 101–114.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., and Braga, A.A. (2013). “The importance of legitimacy in hot spots policing.” Community Policing Dispatch, 6(9), http://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/09-2013/the_importance_of_legitimacy_in_hot_spots_policing.asp.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., and Britt, C. (2007). Statistics in criminal justice. New York: Springer.
Weisburd, D., and Eck, J.E. (2004). “What can the police do to reduce crime, disorder, and fear?Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 593, 42–65.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., and Green, L. (1994). “Defining the street-level drug market.” In MacKenzie, D.L. and Uchida, C.D. (eds.), Drugs and crime: Evaluating public policy initiatives (pp. 61–76). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Weisburd, D., and Green, L. (1995a). “Measuring immediate spatial displacement: Methodological issues and problems.” In Eck, J.E. and Weisburd, D. (eds.), Crime and place. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 4 (pp. 349–361). Monsey, NY: Willow Tree Press.
Weisburd, D., and Green, L. (1995b). “Policing drug hot spots: The Jersey City drug market analysis experiment.” Justice Quarterly, 12(4), 711–735.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., and Lum, C. (2005). “The diffusion of computerized crime mapping in policing: Linking research and practice.” Police Practice and Research, 6(5), 419–434.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., and Mazerolle, L.G. (2000). “Crime and disorder in drug hot spots: Implications for theory and practice in policing.” Police Quarterly, 3(3), 331–349.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D. and McEwen, T. (eds.). (1997). Crime mapping and crime prevention. Crime Prevention Studies, vol. 8. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Press.
Weisburd, D., and Piquero, A.R. (2008). “How well do criminologists explain crime? Statistical modeling in published studies.” In Tonry, M. (ed.), Crime and Justice: A Review of Research, vol. 37 (pp. 453–502). Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Weisburd, D., and Telep, C.W. (2012). “Spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits revisited: New evidence on why crime doesn't just move around the corner.” In Tilley, N. and Farrell, G. (eds.), The reasoning criminologist: Essays in honour of Ronald V. Clarke (pp. 142–159). New York: Routledge.
Weisburd, D., and Telep, C.W. (2014). “Hot spots policing: What we know and what we need to know.” Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 30(2), 200–220.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G.J.N. (eds.). (2009). Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology. New York: Springer.
Weisburd, D., Bruinsma, G.J.N., and Bernasco, W. (2009). “Units of analysis in geographic criminology: Historical development, critical issues, and open questions.” In Weisburd, D., Bernasco, W., and Bruinsma, G.J.N. (eds.), Putting crime in its place: Units of analysis in geographic criminology (pp. 3–31). New York: Springer.
Weisburd, D., Bushway, S., Lum, C., and Yang, S.-M. (2004). “Trajectories of crime at places: A longitudinal study of street segments in the city of Seattle.” Criminology, 42(2), 283–321.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Gill, C., and Wooditch, A. (2014). Smart Police Initiative action plan: Brooklyn Park. Grant 2013-DB-BX-0030. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Assistance, U.S. Department of Justice.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E.R., and Yang, S.-M. (2012). The criminology of place: Street segments and our understanding of the crime problem. New York: Oxford University Press.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E.R., Jones, G., Cave, B., Amendola, K., and Emison, R. (2014). Transforming unallocated patrol time to crime prevention: Experimental evidence of the importance of dosage in general deterrence in police patrol. Presented at the Center for Evidence-Based Crime Policy Annual Symposium, Arlington, VA.
Weisburd, D., Groff, E.R., Jones, G., Cave, B., Amendola, K., and Emison, R. (2014). “Understanding and controlling hot spots of crime: The importance of formal and informal social controls.” Prevention Science, 15(1), 31–43.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Hinkle, J.C., Famega, C., and Ready, J. (2011). “The possible ‘backfire’ effects of hot spots policing: An experimental assessment of impacts on legitimacy, fear and collective efficacy.” Journal of Experimental Criminology, 7(4), 297–320.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Lawton, B., and Ready, J. (2013). “Staking out the next generation of studies of the criminology of place: Collecting prospective longitudinal data at crime hot spots.” In Loeber, R. and Welsh, B.C. (eds.), The future of criminology (pp. 236–243). New York: Oxford University Press.
Weisburd, D., Lawton, B., Ready, J., Haviland, A., Cave, B., and Nelson, M. (2014). Preliminary survey findings from the Baltimore NIH Crime and Community Health Study. Presented at the American Society of Criminology Conference, Chicago, IL.
Weisburd, D., Maher, L., and Sherman, L. (1992). “Contrasting crime general and crime specific theory: The case of hot spots of crime.” In Adler, F. and Laufer, W.S. (eds.), Advances in criminological theory (pp. 45–70). NewBrunswick,NJ: Transaction Press.
Weisburd, D., Morris, N.A., and Groff, E.R. (2009). “Hot spots of juvenile crime: A longitudinal study of arrest incidents at street segments in Seattle, Washington.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 25(4), 443–467.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Telep, C.W., and Lawton, B.A. (2014). “Could innovations in policing have contributed to the New York city crime drop even in a period of declining police strength? The case of stop, question and frisk as a hot spots policing strategy.” Justice Quarterly, 31(1), 129–153.Google Scholar
Weisburd, D., Wyckoff, L.A., Ready, J., Eck, J.E., Hinkle, J.C., and Gajewski, F. (2006). “Does crime just move around the corner? A controlled study of spatial displacement and diffusion of crime control benefits.” Criminology, 44(3), 549–592.Google Scholar
Welsh, B.C. and Farrington, D.P. (2010). The future of crime prevention: Developmental and situational strategies. Washington, DC: National Institute of Justice, U.S. Department of Justice.
Welsh, B.C., Braga, A.A., and Sullivan, C.J. (2014). “Serious youth violence and innovative prevention: On the emerging link between public health and criminology.” Justice Quarterly, 31(3), 500–523.Google Scholar
Wicker, A.W. (1987). “Behavior settings reconsidered: Temporal stages, resources, internal dynamics, context.” In Stokels, D. and Altman, I. (eds.), Handbook of environmental psychology (pp. 613–653). New York: Wiley-Interscience.
Wikström, P.-O.H. (2010). “Explaining crime as moral actions.” In Hitlin, S. and Vaisey, S. (eds.), Handbook of the sociology of morality (pp. 211–240). New York: Springer.
Wikström, P.-O.H., Ceccato, V., Hardie, B., and Treiber, K. (2010). “Activity fields and the dynamics of crime.” Journal of Quantitative Criminology, 26(1), 55–87.Google Scholar
Wikström, P.-O.H., Oberwittler, D., Treiber, K., and Hardie, B. (2012). Breaking rules: The social and situational dynamics of young people's urban crime. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wilcox, P., and Eck, J.E. (2011). “Criminology of the unpopular: Implications for policy aimed at payday lending facilities.” Criminology and Public Policy, 10(2), 473–482.Google Scholar
Wilcox, P., Land, K.C., and Hunt, S.A. (2003). Criminal circumstance: A dynamic multi-contextual criminal opportunity theory. New York: Walter de Gruyster.
Wilcox, P., Madensen, T.D., and Tillyer, M.S. (2007). “Guardianship in context: Implications for burglary victimization risk and prevention.” Criminology, 45(4), 771–803.Google Scholar
Wilcox, P., Quisenberry, N., Cabrera, D.T., and Jones, S. (2004). “Busy places and broken windows? Toward defining the role of physical structure and process in community crime models.” The Sociological Quarterly, 45(2), 185–207.Google Scholar
Wilson, D.B. (2001). “Meta-analytic methods for criminology.” Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, 578, 71–89.Google Scholar
Wilson, J.Q., and Kelling, G. (1982). “Broken windows: The police and neighborhood safety.” Atlantic Monthly, 249(3), 29–38.Google Scholar
Winslow, C.E.A. (1920). “The untilled fields of public health.” Science, 51(1306), 23–33.Google Scholar
Wolff, M. and Asche, H. (2009). “Exploring crime hotspots: Geospatial analysis and 3D mapping.” In Schrenk, M., Popovich, V., Engelke, D. and Elisei, P. (eds.), Cities 3.0-smart, sustainable, and integrative (pp. 147–156). Sitges, Spain: Competence Center of Urban and Regional Planning.
Wolfgang, M.E., Figlio, R.M., and Sellin, T. (1972). Delinquency in a birth cohort. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Wolfgang, M.E., Thornberry, T.P., and Figlio, R.M. (1987). From boy to man, from delinquency to crime. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
Wood, J., and Shearing, C. (2007). Imagining security. Cullompton: Willan.
Wooditch, A., Lawton, B., and Taxman, F.S. (2013). “The geography of drug abuse epidemiology among probationers in Baltimore.” Journal of Drug Issues, 43(2), 231–249.Google Scholar
Worden, R., Bynum, T., and Frank, J. (1994). “Police crackdowns on drug abuse and trafficking.” In MacKenzie, D. and Uchida, C.D. (eds.), Drugs and crime: Evaluating public policy initiatives (pp. 95–113). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications.
Wortley, R. (2001). “A classification of techniques for controlling situational precipitators of crime.” Security Journal, 14(4), 63–82.Google Scholar
Yen, I.H., and Kaplan, G.A. (1999). “Neighborhood social environment and risk of death: Multilevel evidence from the Alameda County study.” American Journal of Epidemiology, 149(10), 898–907.Google Scholar
Zhu, L., Gorman, D.M., and Horel, S. (2004). “Alcohol outlet density and violence: A geospatial analysis.” Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39(4), 369–375.Google Scholar
Zimring, F.E. (2006). The great American crime decline. New York: Oxford University Press.
Zipf, G.K. (1949). Human behavior and the principle of least effort. Cambridge, MA: Addison-Wesley.
Zorbaugh, H.W. (1929). The gold coast and the slum: A sociological study of Chicago's near north side. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×