Thomas Graham

It was Thomas Graham who coined the term ‘colloid’ in 1861 for substances that cannot diffuse through parchment membranes, to distinguish such matter from crystalloid (true solution). He also coined the terms ‘sol’ and ‘gel’.

He discovered the principle of ‘Graham's Law of Diffusion’: that the relative rate of diffusion of different gases is inversely proportional to the square roots of their densities. The rate of diffusion of hydrogen is four times more than that of oxygen.

He also discovered ‘The law of independent diffusion of gases’, i.e., the diffusion of different gases is controlled by their ‘own diffusion pressure gradient’ irrespective of diffusion pressure gradient of other gases.

He devised Graham's dialyser by which a colloid can be separated from crystalloid by using a parchment membrane or collodion, e.g., starch (colloid), sodium chloride or glucose (crystalloid). The process is known as ‘dialysis’.

Ernst Münch

In 1930, Ernst Münch, the German plant physiologist, introduced the concept of apoplastic (cell wall plus intercellular spaces, representing non-living continuum) and symplastic (through the cytoplasm and connecting plasmodesmata) pathways of water and ion (both anion and cation) transport.

Before that in 1926, he had developed the model of phloem transport, currently favoured by most plant physiologists, Münch's ‘pressure-flow model’, is also called ‘mass flow hypothesis’. The pressure flow hypothesis is the simplest and most widely accepted mechanism for long-distance assimilate transport. The solutes are translocated ‘en masse’ through the sieve tubes from the ‘source’ (the supply end) to the ‘sink’ (the consumption end) along a turgor pressure gradient.

Again in 1930, by using the girdling technique, he showed that phloem transport can take place in both upward and downward directions (i.e., bidirectional transport).

Paul J. Kramer

An American plant physiologist well-known for his researches on water-plant relations, he authored the famous book ‘Water Relations of Plants (1983) - Academic Press.