This chapter critically evaluates the system-wide practice of the peer review process, particularly the system for scholarly journal publications, and the implications of this practice for knowledge production. Production of knowledge in the social sciences is about the creation of social knowledge. The peer review process provides the ex ante assessment of journal publications by relying on the expertise of peer reviewers who take on the responsibility for assuring high quality standards. This system is not without its critics, however. This chapter entertains several proposals that may serve as alternatives, ranging from minor modifications to complete abolition of the system. Potential advantages and disadvantages of each alternative are explored.