Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-g7gxr Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-11T15:06:33.350Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  06 May 2021

Gregg D. Caruso
Gregg D. Caruso
Affiliation:
State University of New York Corning Humanities and Social Sciences
Get access

Summary

A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Rejecting Retributivism
Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Justice
 , pp. 329 - 383
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Primary Sources

Alexander, L. 2013. You got what you deserved. Criminal Law and Philosophy 7: 309–319.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alexander, L., Kessler Ferzan, K., and Morse, S.. 2009. Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 1994. Evidential and extra-evidential evaluations of social conduct. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 9: 591–615.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 2000. Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin 126: 556–574.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 2008. Blaming badly. Journal of Cognition and Culture 8: 179–186.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D., Buckingham, J., Zell, E., and Davis, T.. 2008. Culpable control and counterfactual reasoning in the psychology of blame. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34: 1371–1381.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D., Rose, D., and Bloom, D.. 2008. Causation, norm violation, and culpable control. Journal of Philosophy 108: 670–696.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amnesty International. 2012. Death Sentences and Executions 2011. London: Amnesty International Publications.Google Scholar
Ashworth, A. 2015. Sentencing and Criminal Justice, 6th edition. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Aspinwall, L. G., Brown, T. R., and Tabery, J.. 2012. The double-edged sword: Does biomechanism increase or decrease judges’ sentencing of psychopaths? Science 337: 846–849.Google Scholar
Austin, J., Eisen, L-B., Cullen, J., and Frank, J.. 2016. How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated? Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. Available at: www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/Unnecessarily_Incarcerated_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Berg, K. S. and Vidmar, N.. 1975. Authoritarianism and recall of evidence about criminal behavior. Journal of Research in Personality 9: 147–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, M. 2008. Punishment and justification. Ethics 18: 258–290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, M. 2011. Two kinds of retributivism. In Philosophical Foundations of Criminal Law, eds. Duff, R. A. and Green, S., pp. 433–457. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berman, M. 2013. Rehabilitating retributivism. Law and Philosophy 32: 83–108.Google Scholar
Berman, M. 2016. Modest retributivism. In Legal, Moral, and Metaphysical Truths: The Philosophy of Michael S. Moore, eds. Kessler Ferzan, K. and Morse, S. J., pp. 35–48. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blumstein, A., Tonry, M., and Van Ness, A.. 2005. Cross-national measure of punitiveness. Crime and Justice 33(1): 347–376.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boonin, D. 2008. The Problem of Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Carey, J. M. and Paulhus, D. L.. 2013. Worldview implications of believing in free will and/or determinism: Politics, morality, and punitiveness. Journal of Personality 81(2): 130–141.Google Scholar
Carlsmith, K. M. and Darley, J. M.. 2008. Psychological aspects of retributive justice. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 40: 193–236.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2012. Free Will and Consciousness: A Determinist Account of the Illusion of Free Will. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. (ed.). 2013. Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books. Introduction, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2016. Free will skepticism and criminal behavior: A public health–quarantine model. Southwest Philosophical Review 32(1): 25–48.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2017. Public Health and Safety: The Social Determinants of Health and Criminal Behavior. London: ResearchLinks Books.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2018. Skepticism about moral responsibility. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral-responsibility/.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2019. Free will skepticism and its implications: An argument for optimism. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds.Shaw, Elizabeth, Pereboom, Derk, and Caruso, Gregg D., pp. 43–72. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2020. Justice without retribution: An epistemic argument against retributive criminal punishment. Neuroethics 13(1): 13–28.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. and Morris, S. G.. 2017. Compatibilism and retributive desert moral responsibility: On what is of central philosophical and practical importance. Erkenntnis 82: 837–855.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Caruso, G. D. and Pereboom, D.. 2020. A non-punitive alternative to retributive punishment. In Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Science of Punishment, eds. Focquaert, F., Waller, B., and Shaw, E., pp. 355–365. New York: Routledge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chiesa, L. E. 2011. Punishment without free will. Utah Law Review 1403: 1–87.Google Scholar
Clark, C., Baumeister, R., and Ditto, P. H.. 2017. Making punishment palatable: Belief in free will alleviates punitive distress. Consciousness and Cognition 51: 193–211.Google Scholar
Clark, C. J., Luguri, J. B., Ditto, P. H., Knobe, J., Shariff, A. F., and Baumeister, R. F.. 2014. Free to punish: A motivated account of free will. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 106: 501–513.Google Scholar
Clark, C. J., Shniderman, A., Luguri, J. B., Baumeister, R. F., and Ditto, P. H.. (2018). Are morally good actions ever free? Consciousness and Cognition 63: 161–182.Google Scholar
Clark, C. J., Winegard, B. M., and Baumeister, R. F.. 2019. Forget the folk: Moral responsibility preservation motives and other conditions for compatibilism. Frontiers in Psychology, February 7: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.00215.Google Scholar
Clark, C. J., Winegard, B. M., and Shariff, A. F.. 2019. Motivated free will beliefs: The theory, new (preregistered) studies, and three meta-analyses. www.researchgate.net/publication/333384764_Motivated_free_will_belief_The_theory_new_preregistered_studies_and_three_meta-analysesGoogle Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013. Why do we resist hard incompatibilism? Some thoughts on freedom and determinism. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 79–106. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2017. Punishment and the Burden of Proof. UNC legal studies research paper. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2997654 or https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997654.Google Scholar
Cowen, N. 2010. Comparison of Crime in OECD Countries. London: CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society.Google Scholar
Cushman, F. A. 2008. Crime and punishment: Differential reliance on causal and intentional information for different classes of moral judgment. Cognition 108: 353–380.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cotton, M. 2000. Back with a vengeance: The resilience of retribution as an articulated purpose of criminal punishment. American Criminal Law Review 37: 1313, 1326–1327, 1357.Google Scholar
Darwall, S. 1992. Internalism and agency. Philosophical Perspectives 6: 155–174.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 1984. Elbow Room. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 2011. My brain made me do it. Max Weber Lecture Series. Available at: https://cadmus.eui.eu/bitstream/handle/1814/16895/MWP_LS_2011_01.pdf?sequence=1.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. and Caruso, G. D.. 2021. Just Deserts: Debating Free Will. New York: Polity Books.Google Scholar
Dingwall, G. 2008. Deserting desert? Locating the present role of retributivism in the sentencing of adult offenders. The Howard Journal of Crime and Justice 47(4): 400–410.Google Scholar
Double, R. 2002. The moral harness of libertarianism. Phil 5: 226–234.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2001. Punishment, Communication, and Community. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dunlea, J. P. and Heiphetz, L.. 2020. Children’s and adult’s understanding of punishment and the criminal justice system. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 87: 103913. doi.org/10.1016/j.jesp.2019.103913.Google Scholar
Eftan, M. G. 1974. The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task. Journal of Research and Personality 8: 45–54.Google Scholar
Encartele Inc. 2018. Scandinavian jails: Why is their recidivism rate so much better? Available at: www.encartele.net/2018/04/what-can-us-correctional-facilities-learn-from-scandinavian-jails/.Google Scholar
Enns, P. 2006. Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Epley, N. and Dunning, D.. 2000. Feeling “holier than thou”: Are self-serving assessments produced by errors in self or social prediction? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 79: 861–875.Google Scholar
Everett, J. A. C., Clark, C. J., Luguri, J. B., Earp, B. D., Ditto, P. H., and Shariff, A. F.. 2018. Political Differences in Free Will Beliefs are Driven by Differences in Moralization. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3011597.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Farrell, G. and Clarke, K.. 2004. What does the world spend on criminal justice? The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. NEUNI Paper No. 20. www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/papers/6KtlkZMtL/HEUNI_papers_20.pdfGoogle Scholar
Feldman, G., Wong, K. F. E., and Baumeister, R. F.. 2016. Bad is freer than good: Positive-negative asymmetry in attributions of free will. Consciousness and Cognition 42: 26–40.Google Scholar
Fischborn, M. 2018. How should free will skeptics pursue legal change? Neuroethics 11: 47–54.Google Scholar
Focquaert, F. 2019. Free will skepticism and punishment: A preliminary ethical analysis. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 207–236. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Focquaert, F., Caruso, G. D., Shaw, E., and Pereboom, D.. 2020. Justice without retribution: Interdisciplinary perspectives, stakeholder views and practical implications. Neuroethics 13(1): 1–3.Google Scholar
Focquaert, F., Glenn, A., and Raine, A.. 2013. Free will, responsibility and punishment of criminals. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 247–274. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Focquaert, F., Glenn, A., and Raine, A.. 2018. Free will skepticism, freedom, and criminal behavior. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 235–250. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Green, T. A. 2014. Freedom and Criminal Responsibility in American Legal Thought. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hardcastle, V. 2018. The neuroscience of criminality and our sense of justice: An analysis of recent appellate decisions in criminal cases. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 311–332. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hart, H. L. A. 2008. Punishment and Responsibility: Essays in the Philosophy of Law, 2nd edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Husak, D. 2000. Holistic retributivism. California Law Review 88: 991–1000.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, S. M. I. 2020. Retributivism, justification and credence: The epistemic argument revisited. Neuroethics. doi.org/10.1007/s12152-020-09436-6.Google Scholar
Jones, M. 2003. Overcoming the myth of free will in criminal law: The true impact of the genetic revolution. Duke Law Journal 52: 1032–1053.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 1996. The Significance of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1790. The Metaphysics of Morals. Hastie: Translation by Mary J. Gregor. New York: Cambridge University Press. 1991.Google Scholar
Kelly, E. 2018. The Limits of Blame: Rethinking Punishment and Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kershnar, S. 2000. A defense of retributivism. International Journal of Applied Philosophy 14(1): 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kershnar, S. 2001. Desert, Retribution, and Torture. Lanham, MD: University Press of America.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, R. 2010. Relapse study in the correctional services of the Nordic countries. EuroVista 2(3): 168–176.Google Scholar
LaBouff, J. and Dustin, A.. 2020. Why we need to change our assumptions about incarceration. Bangor Daily. January 21. Available at: https://bangordailynews.com/2020/01/21/opinion/contributors/why-we-need-to-change-our-assumptions-about-incarceration/.Google Scholar
Langado, D. A. and Channon, S.. 2008. Judgments of cause and blame: The effects of intentionality and foreseeability. Cognition 108: 754–770.Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J. and Miller, D. T.. 1978. Just world research and attribution process: Looking back and ahead. Psychological Bulletin 85: 1030–1051.Google Scholar
Lerner, M. J., Miller, D. T., and Holmes, J. G.. 1976. Deserving and the emergence of forms of justice. In Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, eds. Berkowitz, L. and Walster, E., pp. 133–162.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2011. Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2012. Skepticism and sanctions: The benefit of rejecting moral responsibility. Law and Philosophy 31(5): 477–493.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2015. Less blame, less crime? The practical implications of moral responsibility skepticism. Journal of Practical Ethics 3(2): 1–17.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2016. Does the desire to punish have any place in modern justice? Aeon. February 19, 2016. Accessed online: https://aeon.co/opinions/does-the-desire-to-punish-have-any-place-in-modern-justice.Google Scholar
Lewis, C. S. 1953. The humanitarian theory of punishment. Twentieth Century: An Australian Quarterly Review 3. Reprinted in C.S. Lewis, God in the Dock, edited by Hooper, Walter, pp. 224–230. Grand Rapids: Willian B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Mabbott, J. D. 1939. Punishment. Mind 48: 150–167.Google Scholar
Marcus, M. H. 2007. Responding to the model penal code sentencing revisions: Tips for early adopters and power users. Southern California Interdisciplinary Law Journal 17: 67–138.Google Scholar
Monterosso, J., Royzman, E. B., and Schwartz, B.. 2005. Explaining away responsibility: Effects of scientific explanation on perceived culpability. Ethics and Behavior 15: 139–158.Google Scholar
Moore, M. S. 1987. The moral worth of retribution. In Punishment and Rehabilitation, ed. Murphy, J. G., 3rd edition, pp. 94–130. New York: Wadsworth Publishing Company.Google Scholar
Moore, M. S. 1993. Act and Crime: The Philosophy of Action and Its Implications for Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, M. S. 1997. Placing Blame. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, S. 2018. The implications of rejecting free will: An empirical analysis. Philosophical Psychology 31(2): 299–321.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2010. Lost in the translation? An essay on law and neuroscience. In Law and Neuroscience: Current Legal Issues, ed. Freeman, M., pp. 530–562. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2013. Common criminal law compatibilism. In Neuroscience and Legal Responsibility, ed. Vincent, N. A., pp. 27–52. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2018. The neuroscientific non-challenge to meaning, morals, and purpose. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 333–358. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadelhoffer, T. 2006. Bad acts, blameworthy agents, and intentional actions: Some problems for juror impartiality. Philosophical Explorations 9(2): 203–219.Google Scholar
Nadelhoffer, T. 2011. The threat of shrinking agency and free will disillusionism. In Conscious Will and Responsibility: A Tribute to Benjamin Libet, eds. Sinnott-Armstrong, W. and Nadel, L., pp. 173–188. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadelhoffer, T. (ed.). 2013. The Future of Punishment. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadelhoffer, T. and Tocchetto, D. G.. 2013. The potential dark side of believing in free will (and related concepts): Some preliminary findings. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 121–140. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Neimeth, C. and Sosis, R. H.. 1973. A simulated jury: Characteristics of the defendant and the jurors. Journal of Social Psychology 90: 221–229.Google Scholar
Packer, H. L. 1968. The Limits of the Criminal Sanction. Stanford: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 1995. Determinism al dente. Nous 29: 21–45.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2013. Free will skepticism and criminal punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 47–78. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2020. Incapacitation, reintegration, and limited general deterrence. Neuroethics 31(1): 87–97.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. and Caruso, G. D.. 2018. Hard-incompatibilism existentialism: Neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 193–222. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pizarro, D., Ulhmann, E., and Salovey, P.. 2003. Asymmetry in judgments of moral blame and praise: The role of perceived metadesires. Psychological Science 14: 267–272. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1111/1467-9280.03433Google Scholar
Powers, M. and Faden, R.. 2006. Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Quinton, A. 1954. On punishment. Analysis 14: 1933–1942.Google Scholar
Roberts, J. V. and Gazal-Ayal, O.. 2013. Statutory sentencing reform in Israel: Exploring the sentencing law of 2012. Israel Law Review 46(3): 455–479.Google Scholar
Robinson, P. H. 2008. Distributive Principles of Criminal Law: Who Should Be Punished How Much. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Robinson, P. H. and Cahill, M. T.. 2006. Law Without Justice: Why Criminal Law Doesn’t Give People What They Deserve. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. 2004. Skepticism about moral responsibility. Philosophical Perspectives 18: 295–313.Google Scholar
Schlenker, B. R. 1980. Impression Management: The Self-Concept, Social Identity, and Interpersonal Relations. Brooks/Cole.Google Scholar
Sentencing Guidelines Council (England and Wales). 2004. Overarching Principles: Seriousness. London: Sentencing Guidelines Council. Available at: www.sentencingcouncil.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/Seriousness-guideline.pdf.Google Scholar
The Sentencing Project. 2017. Still Life: America’s Increasing Use of life and Long-Term Sentences. Washington, DC. Report available at: www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Still-Life.pdf.Google Scholar
Shariff, A. F., Greene, J. D., Karremans, J. C., Luguri, J., Clark, C. J., Schooler, J. W., Baumesiter, R. F., and Vohs, K. D.. 2014. Free will and punishment: A mechanistic view of human nature reduces retribution. Psychological Science published online June 10: 1–8.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2014. Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Responsibility. Dissertation Thesis. Edinburgh University. Available at: https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/9590/Shaw2014.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019a. Justice without more responsibility? Journal of Information Ethics 28(1): 95–114.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019b. The implications of free will skepticism for establishing criminal liability. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 192–206. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D.. 2019. Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Sie, M. 2013. Free will, an illusion? An answer from a pragmatic sentimentalist point of view. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 273–290. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 2011. Free will, fundamental dualism, and the centrality of illusion. In The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 425–441. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Snyder, C. R., Higgins, R. L., and Stuckey, R. J.. 1983. Excuses: Masquerades in Search of Grace. Eliot Werner Publications. www.amazon.com/Excuses-Masquerades-Search-Foundations-Psychology/dp/0975273817Google Scholar
Sommers, T. 2007. The objective attitude. The Philosophical Quarterly 57(28): 321–342.Google Scholar
Sosis, R. H. 1974. Internal-external control and the perception of responsibility of another for an accident. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 30: 393–399.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1986. Freedom and Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1994. The impossibility of moral responsibility. Philosophical Studies 75(1–2): 5–24.Google Scholar
Strawson, P. F. 1962. Freedom and resentment. Proceedings of the British Academy 36. Reprinted in Free Will, ed. Watson, G., pp. 59–80. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The Ends of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tasioulas, J. 2006. Punishment and repentance. Philosophy 81: 279–322.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. 2004. US sentencing systems fragmenting. In Panel Reform in Overcrowded Times, ed. Tonry, M., pp. 21–28. New York: Oxford.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2013a. Building Better Beings: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2013b. If free will doesn’t exist, neither does water. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 177–202. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2009a. Free will and reasonable doubt. American Philosophical Quarterly 46(2): 131–140.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2009b. Free will skepticism and personhood as a desert base. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 39(3): 489–511.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2012. Taking free will skepticism seriously. The Philosophical Quarterly 62(249): 833–852.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2013a. The people problem. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 141–160. Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2013b. Persons, punishment, and free will skepticism. Philosophical Studies 162(2): 143–163.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2015. Free will and the asymmetrical justification of holding morally responsible. The Philosophical Quarterly 65(261): 772–789.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. 1976. Doing Justice: The Choice of Punishment. Boston: Northeastern University Press.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. 1981. Desert and previous convictions in sentencing. Minnesota Law Review 56(841): 591–634.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. 2007. The “desert” model for sentencing: Its influence, prospects, and alternatives. Social Research 74(2): 413–434.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. 2017. Deserved Criminal Sentences: An Overview. Portland, Oregon: Hart Publishing.Google Scholar
Walen, A. 2014. Retributive justice. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-retributive/.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 1989. Denying responsibility: The difference it makes. Analysis 49(1): 44–47.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 1990. Freedom Without Responsibility. New York: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2006. Denying responsibility without making excuses. American Philosophical Quarterly 43(1): 81–90.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2007. Sincere apology without moral responsibility. Social Theory and Practice 33(3): 441–465.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2011. Against Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2015. The Stubborn System of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wittgenstein, L. 1961. Notebooks 1914–1916. Edited and translated by von Wright, G. H. and Anscombe, G. E. M.. New York: Harper/Blackwell.Google Scholar
Zaibert, L. 2018. Rethinking Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. J. 2011. The Immorality of Punishment. Peterborough: Broadview Press.Google Scholar

Secondary Sources

Allen, R. F. 1995. Free will and indeterminism: Robert Kane’s libertarianism. Journal of Philosophical Research 30: 341–355.Google Scholar
Almeida, M. and Berstein, M.. 2003. Lucky libertarianism. Philosophical Studies 113(2): 93–119.Google Scholar
Arguilar, J. H. and Buckareff, A. A.. (ed.). 2010. Causing Human Actions: New Perspectives on the Causal Theory of Action. MA: Bradford.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Audi, R. 1974. Moral responsibility, freedom and compulsion. American Philosophical Quarterly 19: 25–39.Google Scholar
Audi, R. 1991. Responsible action and virtuous character. Ethics 101: 304–321.Google Scholar
Audi, R. 1993. Action, Intention and Reason. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1961.Ifs and cans. Philosophical Papers, pp. 205–232. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Austin, J. L. 1966. Three ways of spilling ink. Philosophical Review 75(4): 427–440.Google Scholar
Avants, B., et al. 2012. Early childhood environment predicts frontal and temporal cortical thickness in the young adult brain. Presented at The Society for Neuroscience 2012 Meeting. http://archive.ismrm.org/2012/3159.htmlGoogle Scholar
Ayer, A. J. 1954. Freedom and necessity. In his Philosophical Essays, pp. 3–20. New York: St. Martin’s Press.Google Scholar
Balaguer, M. 2009. Free Will as an Open Scientific Problem. Boston: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Berofsky, B. 1966. Free Will and Determinism. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Berofsky, B. 1971. Determinism. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Berofsky, B. 1987. Freedom from Necessity: The Metaphysical Basis of Responsibility. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Berofsky, B. 2002. If, cans, and free will: The issues. In Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 181–201. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bishop, J. 1989. Natural Agency. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. 1952. A suggested interpretation of the quantum theory in terms of “hidden” variables, I and II. Physics Review 85(2): 166–193.Google Scholar
Bohm, D. 1980. Wholeness and the Implicate Order. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Bok, H. 1998. Freedom and Responsibility. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Broad, C. D. 1952. Determinism, indeterminism and libertarianism. In Ethics and the History of Philosophy, ed. Broad, C. D., pp. 195–217. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. A. Can Agent-Causation Be Rendered Intelligible? An Essay on the Etiology of Free Action. Dissertation: Texas A&M University.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. A. 2001. Can the agency theory be salvaged? Philosophia Christi 3(1): 217–224.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. A. 2011. How does agent-causal power work? Modern Schoolman 88(1–2): 105–121.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. A. 2012. An action theoretic problem for intralevel mental causation. Philosophical Studies 22(1): 89–105.Google Scholar
Buckareff, A. A. 2017. A critique of substance causation. Philosophia 45(3): 1019–1026.Google Scholar
Bunge, M. 1980. The Mind-Body Problem: A Psychobiological Approach. Oxford: Pergamon Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A. 1951. Is “free will” a pseudo-problem? Mind 60: 446–465.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A. 1957. On Selfhood and Godhood. London: George Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A. 1967. In Defense of Free Will. London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Capes, J. A. 2013. Mitigating soft compatibilism. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 87(3): 640–663.Google Scholar
Capes, J. A. 2021. Manipulation and direct arguments. In A Companion to Free Will, ed. Campbell, J.. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2012. Consciousness and Free Will: A Determinist Account of the Illusion of Free Will. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2015a. Kane is not able: A reply to Vicens’ “Self-forming actions and conflicts of intention.” Southwestern Philosophical Review 31(2): 21–26.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2015b. Free will eliminativism: Reference, error, and phenomenology. Philosophical Studies 172(10): 2823–2833.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2015b. If consciousness is necessary condition for moral responsibility, then people are less responsible than we think. Journal of Consciousness Studies 22(7-8): 49–60.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2018. Consciousness, free will, and moral responsibility. In Routledge Handbook of Consciousness, ed. Gennaro, R. J., pp. 79–91. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2019a. A defense of the luck pincer: Why luck (still) undermines moral responsibility. Journal of Information Ethics 28(1): 51–72.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2019b. Free will skepticism and its implications: An argument for optimism. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 43–72. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2020. Why free will is not real: A reply to Christian List. The Philosopher 108(1): 67–71.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. and Pereboom, D.. 2021. Moral Responsibility Skepticism. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. 1964. Human freedom and the self. The Lindley Lecture, Department of Philosophy, University of Kansas; reprinted in Free Will, ed. Watson, G., pp. 24–35. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. 1966. Freedom and action. In Freedom and Determinism, ed. Lehrer, K., pp. 11–44. New York. Random House.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. 1971. Reflections of human agency. Idealistic Studies 1: 33–46.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. M. 1976. Person and Object: A Metaphysic Study. La Salle: Open Court.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 1993. Toward a credible agent-causal account of free will. Nous 27: 191–203.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 1996. Agent causation and event causation in the production of free action. Philosophical Topics 24(2): 19–48.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 1999. Free choice, effort, and wanting more. Philosophical Explorations 2: 20–41.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 2000. Modest libertarianism. Philosophical Perspectives 14: 21–45.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 2002. Libertarian views: Critical survey of noncausal and event-causal accounts of free agency. In The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 356–385. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. 2003. Libertarian Accounts of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clarke, R. and Capes, J.. 2017. Incompatibilist (nondeterministic) theories of free will. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/incompatibilism-theories/#3.1.Google Scholar
Coffman, E. J. 2007. Thinking about luck. Synthese 158: 385–398.Google Scholar
Cyr, T. W. 2016. The parallel manipulation argument. Ethics 126(4): 1075–1089.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. 1963. Actions, reasons and causes. The Journal of Philosophy 60: 685–700.Google Scholar
Davidson, D. 1973. Freedom to act. In Essays on Freedom and Action, ed. Honderich, T., pp. 67–86. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Demetriou, K. (2010). The soft-line solution to Pereboom’s four-case argument. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88(4): 595–617.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 1984. Elbow Room. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 1991. Consciousness Explained. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 2003. Freedom Evolves. New York: Viking.Google Scholar
Deery, O. and Nahmias, E.. 2017. Defeating manipulation arguments: Interventionist causation and compatibilist sourcehood. Philosophical Studies 174: 1255–1276.Google Scholar
Donagan, A. 1987. Choice: The Essential Element in Human Action. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Dowell, J. 2006. The physical: Empirical, not metaphysical. Philosophical Studies 131: 25–60.Google Scholar
Driver, J. 2012. Luck and fortune in moral evaluation. In Contrastivism in Philosophy: New Perspectives, ed. Blaauw, M., pp. 154–72. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Dworkin, G. 1970a. Acting freely. Nous 4: 367–383.Google Scholar
Dworkin, G. 1970b. Determinism, Free Will and Moral Responsibility. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Eccles, J. 1994. How the Self Controls the Brain. Berlin: Springer.Google Scholar
Eccles, J. and Popper, K.. 1977. The Self and Its Brain. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar
Ekstrom, L. 2000. Free Will: A Philosophical Study. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Elzein, N. 2018. The demand for contrastive explanation. Philosophical Studies, DOI: 10.1007/s11098-018-1065-z.Google Scholar
Enc, B. 2003. How We Act: Causes, Reasons, and Intentions. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Enoch, D. 2012. Being responsible, taking responsibility, and penumbral agency. In Luck, Value, and Commitment: Themes from the Ethics of Bernard Williams, eds. Heuer, U. and Lang, G., pp. 95–132. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Enoch, D. and Marmor, A.. 2007. The case against moral luck. Law and Philosophy 26: 405–436.Google Scholar
Eshleman, A. 2019. Moral responsibility. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility/.Google Scholar
Farah, M. J. 2012. Neuroethics: The ethical, legal, and societal impact of neuroscience. The Annual Review of Psychology 63: 571–591.Google Scholar
Farah, M. J, Shera, D. M., Savage, J. H., Betancourt, L., Giannetta, J. M., Brodsky, N. L., Malmud, E. K., and Hurt, H.. 2006. Childhood poverty: Specific associations with neurocognitive development. Brain Research 1110: 166–174.Google Scholar
Feldman, R. and Buckareff, A. A.. 2003. Reasons explanation and pure agency. Philosophical Studies 112: 135–145.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 1983. Incompatibilism. Philosophical Studies 43: 121–137.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 1994. The Metaphysics of Free Will: An Essay on Control. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 2007. Compatibilism. In Four Views on Free Will, eds. Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D., and Vargas, M.. Malden, MA: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 2011. The zygote argument remixed. Analysis 71(2): 267–272.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 2014. Review of Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Science, Religion, and Culture 1(3): 202–208.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. and Ravizza, M.. 1998. Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Foster, J. 1991. The Immaterial Self: A Defense of the Cartesian Dualist Conception of Mind. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. 1969. Alternative possibilities and moral responsibility. Journal of Philosophy 66: 828–839.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. 1971. Freedom of the will and the concept of a person. Journal of Philosophy 68(1): 5–20.Google Scholar
Frankfurt, H. G. 1988. The Importance of What We Care About. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Franklin, C. 2011a. The problem of enhanced control. Australian Journal of Philosophy 89: 687–706.Google Scholar
Franklin, C. 2011b. Farwell to the luck (or mind) argument. Philosophical Studies 156: 199–230.Google Scholar
Franklin, C. 2015. Agent-causation, explanation, and akrasia: A reply to Levy’s hard luck. Criminal Law and Philosophy 9: 753–770.Google Scholar
Garret, B. J. 2013. Review of Levy’s hard luck. Philosophy in Review 33: 212–214.Google Scholar
Gert, H. J. 2017. Awareness luck. Philosophia. DOI: 10.1007/s11406-017-9901-5.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1966. Might we have no choice? In Freedom and Determinism, ed. Lehrer, K., pp. 87–104. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1980. The conditional analysis of freedom. In van Inwagen 1980, pp. 171–186.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1990. On Action. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1995. Reasons explanation of action: An incompatibilist account. In Agents, Causes, and Events, ed. O’Connor, T., pp. 69–93. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1996. In defense of the principle of alternative possibilities: Why I don’t find Frankfurt’s argument convincing. Philosophical Perspectives 10: 403–417.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1997. Freedom, responsibility, and agency. Journal of Ethics 1: 85–98.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 2002. Review of living without free will. Journal of Ethics 6: 305–309.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 2007. An action can be both uncaused and up to the agent. In Intentionality, Deliberation, and Autonomy, eds. Lumer, C. and Nannini, S., pp. 243–256. Farnhnam, UK: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 2008. In defense of a non-causal account of reasons explanation. Journal of Ethics 12(3–4): 229–237.Google Scholar
Gladwell, M. 2008. Outliers: The Story of Success. New York: Little Brown and Company.Google Scholar
Greco, J. 1995. A second paradox concerning responsibility and luck. Metaphilosophy 26: 81–96.Google Scholar
Griffith, M. 2010. Why agent-causal actions are not lucky. American Philosophical Quarterly 47: 43–56.Google Scholar
Haas, D. 2013. In defense of hard-line replies to the multiple-case manipulation argument. Philosophical Studies 163: 797–811.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 1999. Indeterminism and Frankfurt style examples. Philosophical Explorations 2: 42–58.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2000. Indeterminism, explanation, and luck. The Journal of Ethics 4(3): 211–235.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2002. Deontic Morality and Control. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2004. Active control, agent-causation and free action. Philosophical Explorations 7(2): 131–148.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2005. Libertarianism, luck, and action explanation. Journal of Philosophical Research 30: 321–340.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2014. Event-causal libertarianism’s control conundrum. Grazer Philosophische Studien 88: 227–246.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2016. Luck’s Mischief. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hales, S. 2016. Why every theory of luck is wrong. Nous 50: 490–508.Google Scholar
Harrison, G. K. 2010. A challenge for soft-line replies to manipulation cases. Philosophia 38(3): 555–568.Google Scholar
Hartman, R. J. 2017. In Defense of Moral Luck: Why Luck Often Affects Praiseworthiness and Blameworthiness. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hasker, W. 1999. The Emergent Self. Ithaca: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Honderich, T. 2002. How Free Are We? New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Humbach, J. A. 2019. Do criminal minds cause crime? Neuroscience and the physicalism dilemma. Washing University Jurisprudence Review 12(1): 1–29.Google Scholar
Hume, D. 1739/1978. A Treatise of Human Nature. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, D. 1743/1960. An Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. ed. Selby-Bigge, L. A.. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, S. 2016. Accountability, answerability, and freedom. Social Theory and Practice 42(4): 681–705.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 1985. Free Will and Values. Albany: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 1996. The Significance of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 1999. Responsibility, luck, and chance: Reflections on free will and indeterminism. Journal of Philosophy 96: 217–240.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 2002. Some neglected pathways in the free will labyrinth. In The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 406–437. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 2007. Libertarianism. In Four Views on Free Will, eds. Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D., and Vargas, M., pp. 5–43. Malden: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 2011. Rethinking free will: New perspectives on an ancient problem. In Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 381–404. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 2016. The complex tapestry of free will: Striving will, indeterminism, and volition streams. Synthese 196: 145–160.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1781/1787/1987. Critique of Pure Reason, tr. Guyer, P. and Wood, A.. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1785/1981. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, tr. Ellington, J.. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1788/1996. Critique of Practical Reasons, tr. Mary, Gregor. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, J. 1990. Supervenience as a philosophical concept. Metaphilosophy 21: 1–27.Google Scholar
Kim, J. 1993. Supervenience and Mind: Selected Philosophical Essays. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kim, J. 1999. Making sense of emergence. Philosophical Studies 95: 3–36.Google Scholar
King, M. 2013. The problem with manipulation. Ethics 124: 65–83.Google Scholar
Lamb, J. 1977. On a proof of incompatibilism. The Philosophical Review 86: 20–35.Google Scholar
Latus, A. 2000. Moral and epistemic luck. Journal of Philosophical Research 25: 149–172.Google Scholar
Latus, A. 2003. Constitutive luck. Metaphilosophy 34: 460–475.Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. 1964. “Could” and determinism. Analysis 24: 159–160.Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. 1966. An empirical disproof of determinism. In Freedom and Determinism, ed. Lehrer, K., pp. 175–202. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. 1968. Cans without ifs. Analysis 29(1): 29–32.Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. 1976. “Can” in theory and practice: A possible worlds analysis. In Action Theory, eds. Brand, M. and Walton, D., pp. 67–97. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Lehrer, K. 1980. Preferences, conditionals and freedom. In Time and Cause: Essays Presented to Richard Taylor, ed. van Inwagen, P., pp. 76–96. Dordrecht: D. Reidel.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2018. A Pragmatic Approach to Libertarian Free Will. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2019. Kane, Pereboom, and event-causal libertarianism. Philosophia, doi.org/10.1007/s11406-019-0098-0.Google Scholar
Levin, M. 1979. Metaphysics and the Mind-Body Problem. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2008. Bad luck once again. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 77(3): 749–754.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2009a. Luck and history-sensitive compatibilism. Philosophical Quarterly 59(235): 237–251.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2009b. Culpable ignorance and moral responsibility: A reply to Firtzpatrich. Ethics 119(4): 729–741.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2011. Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2019. Putting the luck back in moral luck. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 43(1): 59–74.Google Scholar
Lewis, D. 1981. Are we free to break the laws? Theoria 47: 113–121.Google Scholar
Lewis, P. T. 2016. Quantum Ontology: A Guide to the Metaphysics of Quantum Mechanics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
List, C. 2019. Why Free Will is Real. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lycan, W. G. 1997. Consciousness. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Mariani, M. 2017. The neuroscience of inequality: Does poverty show up in children’s brains? The Guardian (July 13). www.theguardian.com/inequality/2017/jul/13/neuroscience-inequality-does-poverty-show-up-in-childrens-brainsGoogle Scholar
Matheson, B. (2016). In defense of the four-case argument. Philosophical Studies 173(7): 1963–1982.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2004. Responsibility and globally manipulation agents. Philosophical Topics 32: 169–192.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2005. Reasons reactivity and incompatibilist intuitions. Philosophical Explorations 8(2): 131–143.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2008. A hard-line reply to Pereboom’s four-case manipulation argument. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 77(1): 142–159.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2013. Reasons-responsiveness, agents, and mechanisms. In Oxford Studies in Agency and Responsibility, Vol. 1, ed. Shoemaker, D., pp.151–183. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2014. Resisting the manipulation argument: A hard-liner takes it on the chin. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 87(2): 467–487.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. and Pereboom, D.. 2016. Free Will: A Contemporary Introduction. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 1992. The Springs of Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 1995. Autonomous Agents. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 1998. Review of Robert Kane’s The Significance of Free Will. Journal of Philosophy 93: 581–584.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 1999. Ultimate responsibility and dumb luck. Social Philosophy and Policy 16(2): 274–293.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2001. Autonomous Agents. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2005. Libertarianism, luck, and control. Pacific Philosophical Quarterly 86(3): 381–407.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2006. Free Will and Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2008. Manipulation, compatibilism, and moral responsibility. The Journal of Ethics 12: 263–286.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2017. Aspects of Agency: Decisions, Abilities, Explanations, and Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2019. Manipulated Agents: A Window to Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mickelson, K. 2010. The soft-line solution to Pereboom’s four-case argument. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88(4): 595–617.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1860/1947. On Liberty. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1865/1979. An Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy, ed. Robson, J. M.. Toronto: Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Montesano Montessori, A. A. 2017. Can agents be causes? A critique of Timothy O’Connor’s Theory of Free Action. Faculty of Humanities Thesis, Utrecht University. Available at: https://dspace.library.uu.nl/handle/1874/354579.Google Scholar
Moore, G. E. 1912. Free will. In Ethics, ed. Moore, G. E., pp. 84–95. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moore, M. 1997. Placing Blame: A General Theory of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2008. Determinism and the death of folk psychology: Two challenges to responsibility from neuroscience. Minnesota Journal of Law, Science, and Technology 9(1): 1–36.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2016. The inevitable mind in the age of neuroscience. In Philosophical Foundations of Law and Neuroscience, eds. Patterson, D. and Pardo, M. S., pp. 29–50. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nagel, T. 1979. Moral luck. In Mortal Questions, pp. 24–38. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Neely, W. 1974. Freedom and desire. Philosophical Review 83: 32–54.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2012. Replies in session on Making Sense of Freedom and Responsibility, Pacific Division Meeting of the American Philosophical Association, Seattle, Washington, April.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2013. Moral luck. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. First published January 26, 2004, with substantive revision April 10, 2013.Google Scholar
Nielsen, K. 1971. Reason and Practice: A Modern Introduction to Philosophy. New York: Harper & Row.Google Scholar
Nietzsche, F. 1886/1992. Beyond Good and Evil. Trans. Walter Kaufmann. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Novle, K., McCandiss, B., and Farah, M.. 2007. Socioeconomic gradients predict individual differences in neurocognitive abilities. Developmental Science 10(4): 464–480.Google Scholar
Noble, K., Norman, M. F., and Farah, F.. 2005. Neurocognitive correlates of socioeconomic status in kindergarten children. Developmental Science 8(1): 74–87.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
O’Connor, T. 1995. Agent causation. In Agents, Causes, and Events: Essays on Indeterminism and Free Will, ed. O’Connor, T., pp. 173–200. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 1996. Why agent causation? Philosophical Topics 24(2): 143–158.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2000a. Persons and Causes. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2000b. Causality, mind, and free will. Philosophical Perspectives 14: 05–17.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2002. Libertarian views: Dualist and agent-causal theories. In The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, ed. Kane, R., pp. 337–355. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2005. Freedom with a human face. Midwest Studies in Philosophy 29: 207–27.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2009a. Agent-causal power. In Dispositions and Causes, ed. Handfield, T., pp. 189–214. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2009b. Degrees of freedom. Philosophical Explorations 12: 119–125.Google Scholar
O’Connor, T. 2011. Agent-causal theories of freedom. In The Oxford Handbook of Free Will, 2nd edition, ed. Kane, R., pp. 308–328. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Papineau, D. 2002. Thinking About Consciousness. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Paskell, M. R. 2014. Manipulation, Argument, and Experiment: Putting Folk Intuitions into Context. Honors Thesis. University of Arizona. Available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10150/321908.Google Scholar
Peels, R. 2015. The modal solution to the problem of moral luck. American Philosophical Quarterly 52: 73–87.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 1995. Determinism al dente. Nous 29: 21–45.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2004. Is our conception of agent causation incoherent? Philosophical Topics 29: 228–247.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2007. Hard incompatibilism. In Four Views on Free Will, eds. Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D., and Vargas, M., pp. 85–125. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2008. A hard-line reply to the multiple-case manipulation argument. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 77(1): 160–170.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2011. Consciousness and the Prospects of Physicalism. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014a. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014b. Responses to John Martin Fischer and Dana Nelkin. Science, Religion and Culture 1(3): 218.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2017. Responsibility, agency, and the disappearing agent objection. In Le Libre-Arbitre: Approaches Contemporaines, ed. Guillon, J-B, pp. 1–18. Paris, France: College de France.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2018. Review of Alfred R. Mele’s Aspects of Agency: Decisions, Abilities, Explanations, and Free Will. Notre Dame Philosophical Reviews, June 27. Available online: https://ndpr.nd.edu/news/aspects-of-agency-decisions-abilities-explanations-and-free-will/.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2021. Lynne Baker on constitution, nonreductivism, and emergence. In Common Sense Metaphysics: Themes from the Philosophy of Lynne Rudder Baker, eds. Oliveira, L. R. and Corcoran, K.. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. and Caruso, G. D.. 2018. Hard-incompatibilism existentialism: Neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 193–222. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D and McKenna, M.. 2021. Manipulation arguments against compatibilism. In Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility, eds. Kay Nelkin, D. and Pereboom, D.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pritchard, D. 2005. Epistemic Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pritchard, D. 2014. The modal account of luck. Metaphilosophy 45(4–5): 594–619.Google Scholar
Reid, T. 1788/1983. Essays on the Active Powers of the Human Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Reid, T. 1985. The Works of Thomas Reid, D.D., Vols. 1 & 2, 8th ed., Sir William Hamilton, Edinburg: James Thin. Reprinted with an introduction by H. M. Bracken. Hildeshein: George Olms Verlad, 1967.Google Scholar
Rivera-Lopez, E. 2016. How to reject resultant moral luck alone. Journal of Value Inquiry 50: 415–423.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. 2002. Culpability and ignorance. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 103(1): 61–84.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. 2004. Skepticism about moral responsibility. Philosophical Perspectives 18: 295–313.Google Scholar
Rosen, G. 2008. Kleinbart on the oblivious and other tales of ignorance and responsibility. Journal of Philosophy 105(10): 591–610.Google Scholar
Sartorio, C. 2016. Causation and Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Scanlon, T. 1998. What We Owe to Each Other. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Schlick, M. 1939. The Problems of Ethics. Authorized translation by David Rynin. New York: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Schlick, M. 1966. When is a man responsible? In Free Will and Determinism, ed. Berofsky, B., pp. 54–62. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Sifferd, K. L. 2006. In defense of the use of commonsense psychology in the criminal law. Law and Philosophy 25(6): 571–612.Google Scholar
Sifferd, K. L. 2014. What does it mean to be a mechanism? Stephen Morse, non-reductivism, and mental causation. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11: 143–159.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2011. Attributability, answerability, and accountability: Toward a wider theory of moral responsibility. Ethics 121: 602–632.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2016. Responsibility From the Margins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stace, W. T. 1952. Religion and the Modern Mind. New York: Lippincott. An excerpt of which is reprinted in Introduction to Philosophy: Classical and Contemporary Readings, 3rd ed. L. Pojman, pp. 382–387. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steward, H. 1997. The Ontology of Mind: Events, Processes, and States. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Steward, H. 2012. A Metaphysics for Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Stout, R. 1996. Things That Happen Because They Should: A Teleological Approach to Action. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1986. Freedom and Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1994. The impossibility of moral responsibility. Philosophical Studies 75(1–2): 5–24.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 2010. Freedom and Belief, revised edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, P. F. 1962. Freedom and resentment. Proceedings of the British Academy 68: 187–211.Google Scholar
Swinburne, R. 1986. The Evolution of the Soul. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. 1966. Action and Purpose. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. 1974. Metaphysic, 4th ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Tierney, H. 2013. A maneuver around the modified manipulation argument. Philosophical Studies 165(3): 753–763.Google Scholar
Tierney, H. 2014. Tackling it head one: How best to handle the modified manipulation argument. Journal of Value Inquiry 48(4): 663–675.Google Scholar
Tierney, H. and Glick, D.. 2020. Desperately seeking sourcehood. Philosophical Studies 177: 953–970.Google Scholar
Todd, P. 2011. A new approach to manipulation arguments. Philosophical Studies 152: 127–133.Google Scholar
Todd, P. 2012. Manipulation and moral standing: An argument for incompatibilism. Philosophical Imprint 12: 1–18.Google Scholar
Todd, P. 2013. Defending (a modified version of) the zygote argument. Philosophical Studies 164: 189–203.Google Scholar
Todd, P. 2017. Manipulation arguments and the freedom to do otherwise. Philosophy and Phenomenological Research 95(2): 395–407.Google Scholar
Tognazzini, N. A. 2012. Review of hard luck: How luck undermines free will and moral responsibility. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 90: 809–812.Google Scholar
Tognazzini, N. A. 2014. The structure of a manipulation argument. Ethics 124(2): 358–369.Google Scholar
Vaidman, L. 2014. Quantum theory and determinism. Quantum Studies: Mathematics and Foundations 1: 5–38.Google Scholar
van Gulick, R. 2001. Reduction, emergence and other recent options on the mind/body problem: A philosophical overview. Journal of Consciousness Studies 8(9–10): 1–34.Google Scholar
van Inwagen, P. 1975. The incompatibility of free will and determinism. Philosophical Studies 25: 185–199.Google Scholar
van Inwagen, P. 1983. An Essay on Free Will. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Van Miltenburg, N. 2015. Freedom in Action. Utrecht: Quaestiones Infinitae.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2007. Revisionism. In Four Views on Free Will, eds. Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D., and Vargas, M., pp. 126–165. Malden, MA: Blackwell Publishing.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2009. Revisionism and free will: A statement and defense. Philosophical Studies 144(1): 45–62.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2011. Revisionist accounts of free will: Origins, varieties, and challenges. In Oxford Handbook on Free Will, 2nd edition, ed. Kane, R., pp. 457–484. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2013. Building Better Beings: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2019. Responsibility, methodology and desert. The Journal of Information Ethics: 131–147.Google Scholar
Vicens, L. 2015. Self-forming actions and conflicts of intention. Southwest Philosophical Review 31(1): 93–100.Google Scholar
Vicente, A. 2006. On the causal completeness of physics. International Studies in the Philosophy of Science 20(2): 149–171.Google Scholar
Vihvelin, K. 2007. Arguments for incompatibilism. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au/archives/spr2010/entries/incompatibilism-arguments/.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. J. 1994. Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments. Harvard: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. J. 1997. Review of John Martin Fischer’s The Metaphysics of Free Will. Journal of Philosophy 94(3): 156–159.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 1988. Free will gone out of control. Behaviorism 16: 149–162.Google Scholar
Waller, B. N. 1989. Denying responsibility: The difference it makes. Analysis 49: 44–47.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 1990. Freedom Without Responsibility. New York: Temple University Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2004. Virtue unrewarded: Morality without moral responsibility. Philosophia 31: 3–4.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2011. Against Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2015. The Stubborn System of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, R. 2014. The threat of effective intentions to moral responsibility in the zygote argument. Philosophia 42(1): 209–222.Google Scholar
Watson, G. 1975. Free agency. Journal of Philosophy 72: 205–220.Google Scholar
Watson, G. 1996. Two faces of responsibility. Philosophical Topics 24: 227–248.Google Scholar
Widerker, D. 1995. Libertarianism and Frankfurt’s attack on the principle of alternative possibilities. The Philosophical Review 104: 247–261.Google Scholar
Widerker, D. 2005. Agent-causation and control. Faith and Philosophy 22: 87–98.Google Scholar
Widerker, D. 2006. Libertarianism and the philosophical significance of Frankfurt scenarios. Journal of Philosophy 103: 163–187.Google Scholar
Williams, B. 1981. Moral Luck. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Williams, B. 1993. Postscript. In Moral Luck, ed. Statman, D., pp. 251–258. Albany: State University of New York.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. L. 1976. On the nature of consciousness and physical reality. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 19: 568–581.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. L. 1995. Seeking the neural correlate of consciousness. American Scientist 83: 269–270.Google Scholar
Wilson, D. L. 1999. Mind-brain interaction and violation of physical laws. Journal of Consciousness Studies 6(8–9): 185–200.Google Scholar
Woodward, J. (2003). Making Things Happen: A Theory of Causal Explanation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 1987. Luck and moral responsibility. Ethics 97: 374–386.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 1997. Moral responsibility and ignorance. Ethics 107(3): 410–426.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 2002. Taking luck seriously. The Journal of Philosophy 99: 553–576.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 2009. Living with Uncertainty: The Moral Significance of Ignorance. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, L., Ferzan, K. K., and Morse, S.. 2009. Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Balaguer, M. 2009. Free Will as an Open Scientific Problem. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Berman, M. 2008. Punishment and justification. Ethics 18: 258–290.Google Scholar
Boonin, D. 2008. The Problem of Punishment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Campbell, C. A. 1957. On Selfhood and Godhood. London: George Allen & Unwin.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2013. Introduction: Exploring the illusion of free will and moral responsibility. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 1–16. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2016. Free will skepticism and criminal behavior: A public health–quarantine model. Southwest Philosophy Review 32(1): 25–48.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2017a. Public Health and Safety: The Social Determinants of Health and Criminal Behavior. UK: ResearchLinks Books.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2017b. Free will skepticism and the question of creativity: Creativity, desert, and self-creation. Ergo 3(23): 23–39.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2018. Skepticism about moral responsibility. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/skepticism-moral-responsibility/Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2020. Justice without retribution: An epistemic argument against retributive criminal punishment. Neuroethics 13(1): 13–28.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. 2021. The public health–quarantine model. In Oxford Handbook of Moral Responsibility, eds. Nelkin, D. and Pereboom, D.. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Chisholm, R. 1982. Human freedom and the self. In Free Will, ed. Watson, G., pp. 24–35. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Clark, T. 2012. Clark comments on Dennett’s review of Against Moral Responsibility. Naturalism.Org: www.naturalism.org/resources/book-reviews/exchange-on-wallers-against-moral-responsibility#toc-clark-comments-on-dennetts-review-of-against-moral-respo-UN0XiqrR.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013a. Why do we resist hard incompatibilism? Thoughts on freedom and punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 79–106. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013b. Presumed Dangerous: Punishment, Responsibility, and Preventive Detention in American Jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2017. Punishment and the burden of proof. UNC Legal Studies Research Paper. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2997654 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2997654.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019a. Criminal quarantine and the burden of proof. Philosophia 47(4): 1095–1110.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019b. Fichte and the psychopath: Criminal justice turned upside down. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G., pp. 161–176. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 2012. Review of Against Moral Responsibility by Bruce Waller and Dennett’s Rejoinder to Clark. Naturalism.org: www.naturalism.org/resources/book-reviews/dennett-review-of-against-moral-responsibility.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. and Caruso, G. D.. 2021. Just Deserts: Debating Free Will. New York: Polity Books.Google Scholar
Double, R. 2002. The moral hardness of libertarianism. Philo 5: 226–234.Google Scholar
Double, R. 2017. The Hard-heartedness of some libertarians: A reply to John Lemos. Journal of Philosophical Research 42: 313–318.Google Scholar
Double, R. 2020. Review of John Lemos’ A Pragmatic Approach to Libertarian Free Will. Criminal Law and Philosophy: doi.org/10.1007/s11572-020-09525-w.Google Scholar
Fischer, J. M. 1994. The Metaphysics of Free Will: An Essay on Control. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
James, W. 1884/1956. The dilemma of determinism. In The Will to Believe: Human Immortality, pp. 145–183. New York: Dover.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, S. M. I. 2020. Retributivism, justification and credence: The epistemic argument revisited. Neuroethics: doi.org/10.1007/s12152-020-09436-6.Google Scholar
Kane, R. 1996. The Significance of Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1790. The Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by W. Hastie. Radford, VA: A&D Books.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2018. A Pragmatic Approach to Libertarian Free Will. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2011. Hard Luck: How Luck Undermines Free Will and Moral Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2006. Free Will and Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2017. Aspects of Agency: Decisions, Abilities, Explanations, and Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2013. Common criminal law compatibilism. In Neuroscience and Legal Responsibility, ed. Vincent, N. A.. New York: Oxford University press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2015a. Criminal law and common sense: An essay on the perils and promise of neuroscience. Marquette Law Review 99: 39–72.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2015b. Neuroscience, free will, and criminal responsibility. In Free Will and the Brain: Neuroscientific, Philosophical, and Legal Perspectives, ed. Glannon, W., pp. 251–286. Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2018. The neuroscientific non-challenge to meaning, morals, and purpose. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 333–358. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nichols, S. 2007. After compatibilism: A naturalistic defense of the reactive attitudes. Philosophical Perspectives 21: 405–428.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2017. A defense of free will skepticism: Replies to commentaries by Victor Tadros, Saul Smilansky, Michael McKenna, and Alfred R. Mele on free will, agency, and meaning in life. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(3): 617–636.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. and Caruso, G. D.. 2018. Hard-incompatibilist existentialism: Neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 193–222. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pigliucci, M. and Boudry, M.. 2014. Prove it! The burden of proof game in science vs. pseudoscience disputes. Philosophia 42: 487–502.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2014. Free Will, Punishment, and Criminal Responsibility. Dissertation Thesis. Edinburgh University. Available at: https://era.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/handle/1842/9590/Shaw2014.pdf?sequence=2&isAllowed=y.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1986. Freedom and Belief. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Strawson, G. 1994. The impossibility of moral responsibility. Philosophical Studies 75(1): 5–24.Google Scholar
Strawson, P. F. 1982. Freedom and resentment. In Free Will, ed. Watson, G., pp. 59–80. New York: Oxford University Press. (Originally punished in Proceedings of the British Academy 36 [1962].)Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The End of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. 1974. Metaphysic, 4th edition. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
van Inwagen, P. 1983. An Essay on Free Will. New York: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
van Inwagen, P. 2000. Free will remains a mystery. Philosophical Perspectives 14: 1–19.Google Scholar
Vargas, M. 2007. Revisionism. In Four Views on Free Will, eds. Fischer, J. M., Kane, R., Pereboom, D., and Vargas, M., pp. 126–165. Oxford: Blackwell.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2009. Free will and reasonable doubt. American Philosophical Quarterly 46(2): 131–140.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2012. Taking free will skepticism seriously. The Philosophical Quarterly 62(249): 833–852.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2013. Persons, punishment, and free will skepticism. Philosophical Studies 162(2): 143–163.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2015. Free will and the asymmetrical justification of holding morally responsible. The Philosophical Quarterly 65(261): 772–789.Google Scholar
Walen, A. 2014. Retributive justice. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-retributive/.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2011. Against Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2015. The Stubborn System of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
ACLU. 2006. Cracks in the System: Twenty Years of the Unjust Federal Crack Cocaine Law. Washington, DC: American Civil Liberties Union. Available at: www.aclu.org/other/cracks-system-20-years-unjust-federal-crack-cocaine-law.Google Scholar
Alexander, L., Kessler Ferzan, K., and Morse, S.. 2009. Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 1994. Evidential and extra-evidential evaluations of social conduct. Journal of Social Behavior and Personality 9: 591–615.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 2000. Culpable control and the psychology of blame. Psychological Bulletin 126: 556–574.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D. 2008. Blaming badly. Journal of Cognition and Culture 8: 179–186.Google Scholar
Alicke, M. D., Buckingham, J., Zell, E., and Davis, T.. 2008. Culpable control and counterfactual reasoning in the psychology of blame. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin 34: 1371–1381.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. 2014. Incarceration nation: The United States leads the world in incarceration. Monitor on Psychology 45(9). Available at: www.apa.org/monitor/2014/10/incarceration.Google Scholar
Ayres, I. and Waldfogel, J.. 1994. A market test for race discrimination in bail setting. Stanford Law Review 987: 992.Google Scholar
Bada Math, S., Kumar, C. N., and Moirangthem, S.. 2015. Insanity defense: Past, present, and future. Indian Journal of Psychological Medicine 37(4): 381–387.Google Scholar
Baird, A., Kennett, J., and Schier, E.. 2020. Homicide and dementia: An investigation of legal, ethical, and clinical factors of Australian legal cases. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 71: 1–13.Google Scholar
Banks, R. R., et al. 2006. Discrimination and implicit bias in a racially unequal society. California Law Review 1169(94): 1175.Google Scholar
Bartle, J. 2019. We know that prison doesn’t work. So what are the alternatives? The Guardian, Friday, August 16, 2019. Available at: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/16/we-know-that-prison-doesnt-work-so-what-are-the-alternatives.Google Scholar
Bazelon, D. L. 1976. The morality of the criminal law. Southern California Law Review 49: 385–405.Google Scholar
Berg, K. S. and Vidmar, N.. 1975. Authoritarianism and recall of evidence about criminal behavior. Journal of Research in Personality 9: 147–157.Google Scholar
Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Deyo, R. A., et al. 2007. Release from prison: A high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine 356(2): 157–165.Google Scholar
Boonin, D. 2008. The Problem of Punishment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Boston Re-entry Study. 2015. Lifetimes of Violence in a Sample of Released Prisoners. Available at: https://scholar.harvard.edu/brucewestern/working-papers.Google Scholar
Brooks, T. 2012. Punishment. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Callender, J. 2010. Free Will and Responsibility: A Guide for Practitioners. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Callender, J. 2019. Causality and responsibility in mentally disordered offenders. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 177–191. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Caputo-Levine, D. D. 2013. The yard face: The contribution of inmate interpersonal violence to the carceral habitus. Ethnography 14: 165–185.Google Scholar
Chau, P. 2012. Duff on the legitimacy of punishment of socially deprived offenders. Criminal Law and Philosophy 6: 247–254.Google Scholar
Ciurria, M. 2014. Moral responsibility and mental health: Applying the standard of the reasonable person. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 21(1): 1–12.Google Scholar
Ciurria, M. 2020. An Intersectional Feminist Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Clark, C. J., Luguri, J. B., Ditto, P. H., Knobe, J., Shariff, A. F., and Baumeister, R. F.. 2014. Free to punish: A motivated account of free will. Journal of Personal and Social Psychology 106: 501–513.Google Scholar
Coogan, M. D. 2009. A Brief Introduction to the Old Testament: The Hebrew Bible in Its Context. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013a. Why do we resist hard incompatibilism? Thoughts on freedom and punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 79–106. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013b. Presumed Dangerous: Punishment, Responsibility, and Preventive Detention in American Jurisprudence. Durham, NC: Carolina Academic Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2016a. Chapter one: Two models of criminal justice. UNC Legal Studies Research Paper, No. 2757078. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2757078 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2757078.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2016b. Chapter four: Quarantine and the problem of the third man. UNC Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2849473. Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=2849473.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019a. Criminal quarantine and the burden of proof. Philosophia 47(4): 1095–1110.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019b. Fichte and the psychopath: Criminal justice turned upside down. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G., pp. 161–176. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dart, T. 2015. American sniper’ jurors: Defendant was using PTSD diagnosis as an excuse. The Guardian. Available at: www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/feb/25/american-sniper-trial-jury-eddie-ray-routh-ptsd-excuse.Google Scholar
DeCaro, M. 2019. The indispensability of the manifest image. Philosophy and Social Criticism. DOI: 10.1177/0191453719826615.Google Scholar
Delgado, R. 1985. Rotten social background: Should the criminal law recognize a defense of severe environmental deprivation? Law and Inequality 3: 9–91.Google Scholar
Dobbie, W., Goldin, J., and Yang, C. S.. 2018. The effect of pretrial detention on conviction, future crime, and employment: Evidence from randomly assigned judges. American Economic Review 108(2): 201–240.Google Scholar
Drug Policy Alliance. 1992. Race and the Drug War. www.drugpolicy.org/issues/race-and-drug-war.Google Scholar
Duff, A. 2001. Punishment, Communication, and Community. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Dumont, D. M., Brockmann, B., Dickman, S., Alexander, N., and Rich, J. D.. 2012. Public health and the epidemic of incarceration. Annual Review of Public Health 33: 325–339.Google Scholar
Eftan, M. G. 1974. The effect of physical appearance on the judgment of guilt, interpersonal attraction, and severity of recommended punishment in a simulated jury task. Journal of Research and Personality 8: 45–54.Google Scholar
Elliot, C. 1996. The Rules of Insanity: Moral Responsibility and the Mentally Ill Offender. Albany, NY: SUNY Press.Google Scholar
Enns, P. 2006. Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Everett, J. A. C., Clark, C. J., Luguri, J. B., Earp, B. D., Ditto, P. H., and Shariff, A. F.. 2018. Political Differences in Free Will Beliefs are Driven by Differences in Moralization. Available at: https://ssrn.com/abstract=3011597.Google Scholar
Feinberg, J. 1995. Equal punishment for failed attempts: Some bad but instructive arguments against it. Arizona Law Review 37: 117–133.Google Scholar
Fine, C. and Kennett, J.. 2004. Mental impairment, moral understanding and criminal responsibility: Psychopathy and the purpose of punishment. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 27(5): 425–443.Google Scholar
Fingarette, H. 1966. The concept of mental disease in criminal law insanity tests. University of Chicago Law Review 33(2): 229–248.Google Scholar
Fletcher, G. 2000. Rethinking Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Garvey, S. P. 2014. Injustice, authority, and the criminal law. In The Punitive Imagination: Law, Justice, and Responsibility, ed. Sarat, A., pp. 42–81. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press.Google Scholar
Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., and Laufer, W. S.. 2011. Is it wrong to criminalize and punish psychopaths? Emotion Review 3: 302–304.Google Scholar
Godman, M. and Jefferson, A.. 2017. On blaming and punishing psychopaths. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(1): 127–142.Google Scholar
Granovetter, M. S. 1973. The strength of weak ties. American Journal of Sociology 78: 1360–1380.Google Scholar
Greenspan, P. 2016. Responsible psychopaths revisited. Journal of Ethics 20(1-3): 265–278.Google Scholar
Gruber, A. 2010. The false promise of retributive proportionality. Jotwell Journal, July 12. Available at: http://scholar.law.colorado.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1220&context=articles.Google Scholar
Gupta, A., Hansman, C., and Frenchman, E.. 2016. The heavy costs of high bail: Evidence from judge randomization. Journal of Legal Studies 45(2): 471–505.Google Scholar
Haglund, A., Tidemalm, D., Jokinen, J., Langstrom, N., Lichtenstein, P., Fazel, S., and Runespn, B.. 2014. Suicide after release from prison. The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 85(10): 1047–1053.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2010. Psychopathy, ethical perception, and moral culpability. Neuroethics 3(2): 135–150.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J. 2019. On the Outside: Prisoner Reentry and Reintegration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J., Morenoff, J. D., Nguyen, A. P., Bushway, S. D., and Binswanger, I. A.. 2019. A natural experiment study of the effects of imprisonment on violence in the community. Nature Human Behavior 3: 671–677.Google Scholar
Heffernan, W. C. and Kleinig, J. (eds.). 2000. From Social Justice to Criminal Justice: Poverty and the Administration of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hirstein, W., Sifferd, K. L., and Fagan, T. K.. 2018. Responsible Brain: Neuroscience, Law, and Human Culpability. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Holmes, O. W. 1881. The Common Law. Boston: Little, Brown.Google Scholar
Holmes, O. W. 1899. Law in science and science in law. Harvard Law Review 12: 443–463.Google Scholar
Howard, J. 2013. Punishment, socially deprived offenders, and democratic community. Criminal Law and Philosophy 7: 121–136.Google Scholar
Husak, D. 2016. Ignorance of Law: A Philosophical Inquiry. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Jefferson, A. and Sifferd, K.. 2018. Are psychopaths legally insane? European Journal of Analytic Philosophy 14(1): 79–96.Google Scholar
Johnson, R. 2009. Ever-increasing levels of parental incarceration and the consequences for children. In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, eds. Raphael, S. and Stoll, M. S., pp. 1–24. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Justice Policy Institute. 2009. Cellblocks or Classrooms?: The Funding of Higher Education and Corrections and Its Impact on African American Men. www.justicepolicy.org/images/upload/02-09_REP_CellblocksClassrooms_BB-AC.pdf.Google Scholar
Kelly, E. 2018. The Limits of Blame: Rethinking Punishment and Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. 2001. Agency and Responsibility: A Common-Sense Moral Psychology. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. 2007. Mental disorder, moral agency, and the self. In Oxford Handbook of Bioethics, ed. Steinbock, B., pp. 90–113. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. 2010. Reasons, emotion, and moral judgment in the psychopath. In Responsibility and Psychopathy: Interfacing Law, Psychiatry and Philosophy, eds. Malatesti, L. and McMillan, J., pp. 243–260. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. and Fine, C.. 2004. Mental impairment, moral understanding and criminal responsibility: Psychopathy and the purpose of punishment. International Journal of Law and Psychiatry 27(5): 425–443.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. and Matthews, S.. 2002. Identity, control, and responsibility: The case of dissociative identity disorder. Philosophical Psychology 15(4): 509–526.Google Scholar
Kennett, J. and Matthews, S.. 2009. Mental time travel, agency and responsibility. In Psychiatry as Cognitive Neuroscience: Philosophical Perspectives, eds. Broome, M. and Bortolotti, L., pp. 327–350. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
King, M. and May, J.. 2018. Moral responsibility and mental illness: A call for nuance. Neuroethics 11(1): 11–22.Google Scholar
Kling, J. R. 2006. Incarceration length, employment, and earnings. Annuals of Economic Review 96: 863–876.Google Scholar
Lamont, J. 1994. The concept of desert in distributive justice. Philosophical Quarterly 44(174): 45–64.Google Scholar
Langado, D. A. and Channon, S.. 2008. Judgments of cause and blame: The effects of intentionality and foreseeability. Cognition 108: 754–770.Google Scholar
Lee, Y. 2009. Recidivism as omission: A relational account. Texas Law Review 87: 571–622.Google Scholar
Levy, K. 2005. The solution to the problem of outcome luck: Why harm is just as punishable as the wrongful action that causes it. Law and Philosophy 24: 264–303.Google Scholar
Levy, K. 2011. Dangerous psychopaths: Criminally responsible but not morally responsible, subject to criminal punishment and to preventive detention. San Diego Law Review 48: 1299–1395.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2007. The responsibility of the psychopath revisited. Philosophy, Psychiatry, and Psychology 14: 129–138.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2012. Skepticism and sanctions: The benefits of rejecting moral responsibility. Law and Philosophy 31: 477–493.Google Scholar
Levy, N. 2014. Psychopaths and blame: The argument from content. Philosophical Psychology 27(3): 351–367.Google Scholar
Loeffler, C. E. 2013. Does imprisonment alter the life course? Evidence on crime and employment from a natural experiment. Criminology 51: 137–166.Google Scholar
Moore, M. S. 1997. Placing Blame. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Morris, N. 1968. Psychiatry and the dangerous criminal. Southern California Law Review 41: 514–547.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2008. Psychopathy and criminal responsibility. Neuroethics 1: 205–212.Google Scholar
Murphey, D. and Cooper, P. M.. 2015. Parents Behind Bars: What Happens to Their Children? Report by childtrends.org. Available at: www.childtrends.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/10/2015-42ParentsBehindBars.pdf.Google Scholar
Murphy, J. 1973. Marxism and retribution. Philosophy and Public Affairs 2: 217–243.Google Scholar
Mustard, D. B. 2001. Racial, ethnic, and gender disparities in sentencing: Evidence from the U.S. Federal Courts. Jurisprudence, Law, and Economics 285(44): 300.Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2014. The Growth of Incarceration in the United States: Exploring Causes and Consequences. www.nap.edu/read/18613/chapter/1Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. K. 2015. Psychopaths, incorrigible racists, and the face of responsibility. Ethics 125(2): 357–390.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. K. 2017. Fine cuts of moral agency: Dissociable deficits in psychopathy and autism. In Current Controversies in Bioethics, eds. Liao, S. M. and O’Neil, C., pp. 47–66. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. K. 2019. Frontotemporal dementia and the reactive attitudes: Two roles for the capacity to care? Journal of Applied Philosophy 36(5): 817–837.Google Scholar
Pager, D. 2007. Marked: Race, Crime, and Finding Work in an Era of Mass Incarceration. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Pilsbury, S. H. 2013. Why psychopaths are responsible. In Handbook on Psychopathy and Law, eds. Kiehl, K. A. and Sinnott-Armstrong, W., pp. 297–213. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pratt, D., Piper, M., Appleby, L., Webb, R., and Shaw, J.. 2006. Suicide in recently released prisoners: A population-based cohort study. Lancet 368(9530): 119–123.Google Scholar
Rachlinski, J., Johnson, S., Wistrich, A. J., and Guthrie, C.. 2009. Does unconscious racial bias affect trial judges? Notre Dame Law Review 84(3): 1195–1246.Google Scholar
Raphael, S. and Stoll, M. S.. 2009. Introduction. In Do Prisons Make Us Safer? The Benefits and Costs of the Prison Boom, eds. Raphael, S. and Stoll, M. S., pp. 1–24. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Ristroph, A. 2006. Desert, democracy, and sentencing reform. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 96(4): 1293–1352.Google Scholar
Ristroph, A. 2009. How (not) to think like a punisher. Florida Law Review 61: 727–749.Google Scholar
Rudy-Hiller, F. 2018. The epistemic condition for moral responsibility. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/moral-responsibility-epistemic/.Google Scholar
Schnittker, J. and John, A.. 2007. Enduring stigma: The long-term effects of incarceration on health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 48: 115–130.Google Scholar
Schnittker, J., Massoglia, M., and Uggen, C.. 2012. Out and down: Incarceration and psychiatric disorders. Journal of Health and Social Behavior 53: 448–464.Google Scholar
Scholten, M. 2016. Schizophrenia and moral responsibility: A Kantian essay. Philosophia 44(1): 205–225.Google Scholar
Shafer, L. R. 1996. The failure of retributivism. Philosophical Studies 82: 289–316.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2009. Responsibility and disability. Metaphilosophy 40(3-4): 438–461.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2010. Responsibility, agency, and cognitive disability. In Cognitive Disability and Its Challenge to Moral Philosophy, eds. Kittay, E. F. and Carlson, L., pp. 201–223. New York: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2011. Psychopathy, responsibility, and the moral/conventional distinction. Southern Journal of Philosophy 49: 99–124.Google Scholar
Shoemaker, D. 2015. Responsibility from the Margins. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sifferd, K. 2018. Review of Douglas Husak’s ignorance of law: A philosophical inquiry. Jurisprudence 9(1): 186–191.Google Scholar
Sifferd, K. and Hirstein, W.. 2013. On the criminal culpability of successful and unsuccessful psychopaths. Neuroethics 6: 129–140.Google Scholar
Singer, R. G. 1979. Just Deserts: Sentencing Based on Equality and Desert. Cambridge, MA: Ballinger.Google Scholar
Stråge, A. 2019. Minds, Brains, and Desert: On the Relevance of Neuroscience for Retributive Punishment. Dissertation. University of Gothenburg. https://philpapers.org/archive/STRMBA-3.pdfGoogle Scholar
Swanson, J. W., McGinty, E. E., Frazel, S., and Mays, V. M.. 2015. Mental illness and reduction of gun violence and suicide: Bringing epidemiological research to policy. Annual of Epidemiology 25: 366–276.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The End of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. 1995. Malign Neglect: Race, Crime, and Punishment in America. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. 2004. Thinking About Crime: Sense and Sensibility in American Penal Culture. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. 2014. Can deserts be just in an unjust world? In Liberal Criminal Theory: Essays for Andreas von Hirsch, eds. Simester, A. P., Neumann, U., and Du. Bois-Pedain, A.. Oxford: Hart.Google Scholar
Tonry, M. 2020. Doing Justice, Preventing Crime. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Torrey, E. F., Kennard, A. D., Eslinger, D., Lamb, R., and Pavle, J.. 2010. More mentally ill persons are in jails and prisons than hospitals: A survey of the states. Available at: www.treatmentadvocacycenter.org/storage/documents/final_jails_v_hospitals_study.pdf.Google Scholar
Tyler, J. H. and Kling, J. R.. 2007. Prison-based education and reentry into the mainstream labor market. In Barriers to Reentry? The Labor Market for Released Prisoners in the Post-Industrial America, eds. Bushway, S., Stoll, M. A, and Welman, D. F., pp. 227–256.Google Scholar
United States Sentencing Commission. 1995. Report to the Congress: Cocaine and Federal Sentencing Policy. Available at: www.ussc.gov/research/congressional-reports/1995-report-congress-cocaine-and-federal-sentencing-policy.Google Scholar
United States Sentencing Commission. 2002. Report to the Congress: Federal Cocaine Sentencing Policy. Available at: www.ussc.gov/research/congressional-reports/2002-report-congress-federal-cocaine-sentencing-policy.Google Scholar
Vierra, A. 2016. Psychopathy, mental time travel, and legal responsibility. Neuroethics 9(2): 129–136.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A.. 2005. Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wachs, T. D. and Evans, G. W.. 2010. Chaos in context. In Chaos and Its Influence on Children’s Development: An Ecological Perspective, eds. Evans, G. W. and Wachs, T. D., pp. 3–13. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.Google Scholar
Waldron, J. 1992. Lex Talionis. Arizona Law Review 34: 25–51.Google Scholar
Walen, A. 2010. Crime, culpability and moral luck: Comments on Alexander, Ferzan and Morse. Law and Philosophy 29: 373–384.Google Scholar
Walen, A. 2014. Retributive justice. The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-retributive/.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. J. 1994. Responsibility and the Moral Sentiments. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Western, B. 2015. Lifetimes of violence in a sample of released prisoners. The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences 1(2): 14–30.Google Scholar
Western, B., Braga, A. A., Davis, J., and Sirois, C.. 2015. Stress and hardship after prison. American Journal of Sociology 120: 1512–1547.Google Scholar
Yaffe, G. 2018. The Age of Culpability: Children and the Nature of Criminal Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Yoffe, E. 2017. Innocence is irrelevant: This is the age of the plea bargain – and millions of Americans are suffering the consequences. The Atlantic (September Issue). Available at: www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2017/09/innocence-is-irrelevant/534171/.Google Scholar
Zaibert, L. 2018. Rethinking Punishment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 2006. Only a fool becomes a King: Buddhist stances on punishment. In Buddhism and Violence, ed. Zimmerman, M., pp. 213–242. Lumbini, Nepal: International Research Institute.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. 2011. The Immorality of Punishment. New York: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Zlodre, J. and Fazel, S.. 2012. All-cause and external mortality in released prisoners: A systemic view and meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health 102(12): 67–75.Google Scholar
Afifi, T. O., Ford, D., Gershoff, E. T., Merrick, M., Grogan-Kaylor, A., Ports, K. A., MacMillan, H. L., Holden, G. W., Taylor, C. A., Lee, S. J., and Bennett, R. P.. 2017. Spanking and adult mental health impairment: The case for the designation of spanking as an adverse childhood experience. Childhood Abuse and Negligence 71: 24–31.Google Scholar
Bartle, J. 2019. We know that prison doesn’t work. So what are the alternatives? The Guardian, Friday, August 16, 2019. Available at: www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2019/aug/16/we-know-that-prison-doesnt-work-so-what-are-the-alternatives.Google Scholar
Bentham, J. 1823/1948. An Introduction to the Principles of Morals and Legislation. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar
Boonin, D. 2008. The Problem of Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bulow, W. 2018. Deserved delayed release? The communicative theory of punishment and indeterminate prison sentences. Criminal Justice Ethics 37(2): 164–181.Google Scholar
Cochrane, A. 2017. Prison on appeal: The idea of communicative incarceration. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(2): 295–312.Google Scholar
Dagger, R. 2011. Jean Hampton’s theory of punishment: A critical appreciation. APA Newsletter on Philosophy of Law 10(2): 6–11.Google Scholar
Dolinko, D. 1991. Some thoughts about retributivism. Ethics 101: 537–599.Google Scholar
Doob, A. and Webster, C.. 2003. Sentencing severity and crime: Accepting the null hypothesis. Crime and Justice 30: 143–195.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 1986. Trials and Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 1996. Penal communications: Recent work in the philosophy of punishment. Crime and Justice 20: 1–97.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 1999. Penal communities. Punishment and Society 1(1): 27–43.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2001. Punishment, Communication, and Community. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2003. Penance, punishment and the limits of community. Punishment and Society 5(3): 295–312.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2009. Can we punish the perpetrators of atrocities? In The Religious in Response to Mass Atrocity: Interdisciplinary Perspectives, eds. Brudholm, T. and Cushman, T., pp. 79–104. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2017. Legal punishment. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/legal-punishment/.Google Scholar
Durrant, J. and Ensom, R.. 2012. Physical punishment of children: Lessons from 20 years of research. Canadian Medical Association Journal 184(12): 1373–1377.Google Scholar
Engen, A. 2014. Communication, expression, and the justification of punishment. Athens Journal of Humanities and Arts 1(4): 299–307.Google Scholar
Feinberg, J. 1970. The expressive function of punishment. In Doing and Deserving, ed. Feinberg, J., pp. 95–118. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Gendreau, P., Goggin, C., and Cullen, F. T.. 1999. The Effects of Prison Sentences on Recidivism. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Public Works and Government Services Canada.Google Scholar
Gendreau, P., Little, T., and Goggin, C.. 1996. A meta-analysis of adult offender recidivism: What works! Criminology 34(4): 575–607.Google Scholar
Gert, H., Radzik, L., and Hand, M.. 2004. Hampton on the expressive power of punishment. Journal of Social Philosophy 35(1): 79–90.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1984. The moral education theory of punishment. Philosophy and Public Affairs 13: 208–238.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1991. A new theory of retribution. In Liability and Responsibility: Essays in Law and Morals, eds. Frey, R. G. and Morris, C. W., pp. 377–414. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1992. Correcting harms versus righting wrongs: The goal of retribution. UCLA Law Review 39: 1659–1702.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1992. An expressive theory of retribution. In Retributivism and Its Critics, ed. Cragg, W., pp. 1–25. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1994. Liberalism, retribution and criminality. In In Harm’s Way: Essays in Honor of Joel Feinberg, eds. Coleman, J. and Buchanan, A., pp. 159–182. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. 1998. Punishment, feminism, and political identity: A case study in the expressive meaning of the law. Canadian Journal of Law and Jurisprudence 11(1): 23–45.Google Scholar
Hampton, J. and Murphy, J. G.. 1988. Forgiveness and Mercy. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Hanna, N. 2008. Say what? A critique of expressive retributivism. Law and Philosophy 27(2): 123–150.Google Scholar
Harding, D. J., Morenoff, J. D., Nguyen, A. P., Bushway, S. D., and Binswanger, I. A.. 2019. A natural experiment study of the effect of imprisonment on violence in the community. Nature Human Behavior 3: 671–677.Google Scholar
Honderich, T. 2006. Punishment: The Supposed Justification Revisited. Ann Arbor, MI: Pluto Press.Google Scholar
Kazdin, A. E. and Benjet, C.. 2003. Spanking children: Evidence and issues. Current Directions in Psychological Science 12(3): 99–103.Google Scholar
Lee, A. 2017. Defending a communicative theory of punishment: The relationship between hard treatment and amends. Oxford Journal of Legal Studies 37(1): 217–237.Google Scholar
Levin, M. A. 1971. Policy evaluations and recidivism. Law and Society Review 6(1): 17–46.Google Scholar
Marshall, M. J. 2002. Why Spanking Doesn’t Work: Stopping This Bad Habit and Getting the Upper Hand on Effective Discipline. Springville, Utah: Bonneville Books.Google Scholar
Matravers, M. 2006. Who’s still standing? A comment on Antony’s Duff’s preconditions of criminal liability. Journal of Moral Philosophy 3(3): 320–330.Google Scholar
Matravers, M. 2011. Duff on hard treatment. In Crime, Punishment and Responsibility: The Jurisprudence of Antony Duff, eds. Cruft, R., Kramer, M. H., and Reiff, M. R., pp. 68–86. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
McCloskey, H. J. 1972. A non-utilitarian approach to punishment. In Philosophical Perspectives on Punishment, ed. Ezorsky, G., pp. 119–134. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.Google Scholar
Montague, P. 1995. Punishment as Societal-Defense. New York: Rowman & Littlefield.Google Scholar
Montague, P. 2009. Revisiting the censure theory of punishment. Philosophia 37(1): 125–131.Google Scholar
Mumola, C. 1999. Substance abuse and treatment, state and federal prisoners, 1997. Bureau of Justice Statistics Report. www.bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/satsfp97.pdfGoogle Scholar
Murtagh, K. J. 2019. Free will skepticism, general deterrence, and the “use” objection. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 139–158. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nagin, D. S. 2013. Deterrence in the twenty-first century. In Crime and Justice in America 1975–2025, ed. Tonry, M., pp. 199–264. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Nagin, D. and Pogarsky, G.. 2001. Integrating celerity, impulsivity, and extralegal sanction threats into a model of general deterrence: Theory and evidence. Criminology 39(4).Google Scholar
National Research Council. 2012. Deterrence and the Death Penalty. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press. https://doi.org/10.17226/13363.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2020. Incapacitation, reintegration, and limited general deterrence. Neuroethics 31(1): 87–97.Google Scholar
Radelet, M. L. and Lacock, T. L.. 2009. Do executions lower homicide rates? The views of leading criminologists. Criminal Law and Criminology 99(2): 489–508.Google Scholar
Schinkel, M. 2014. Punishment as moral communication: The experiences of long-term prisoners. Punishment and Society 16(5): 578–597.Google Scholar
Sentencing Project. 2010. Deterrence in Criminal Justice: Evaluating Certainty vs. Severity of Punishment. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019. Justice without moral responsibility? Journal of Information Ethics 28(1): 95–130.Google Scholar
Song, L. and Lieb, R.. 1993. Recidivism: The Effect of Incarceration and Length of Time Served. Olympia, WA: Washington State Institute of Public Policy.Google Scholar
Sverdlik, S. 2014. Punishment and reform. Criminal Law and Philosophy 8(3): 619–633.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The Ends of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Ten, C. L. 1987. Crime, Guilt, and Punishment. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Tunick, M. 1992. Punishment Theory and Practice. Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Vitiello, M. 2002. Three strikes laws: A real or imagined deterrent to crime? American Bar Association. April 1, 2002. Available at: www.americanbar.org/groups/crsj/publications/human_rights_magazine_home/human_rights_vol29_2002/spring2002/hr_spring02_vitiello/.Google Scholar
Vitiello, M. 2004. Reforming three strikes’ excesses. Washington University Law Quarterly 82(1): 1–42.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. 2003. Punishment, penance and the state: A reply to Duff. In Debates in Contemporary Political Philosophy: An Anthology, eds. Matravers, D. and Pike, J. E., pp. 408–422. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Zaibert, L. 2018. Rethinking Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. J. 2011. The Immorality of Punishment. New York: Broadview Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, E. 1999. What is the point of equality? Ethics 109(2): 287–337.Google Scholar
Baum, N. M., Gollust, S. E., and Jacobson, P. D.. 2007. Looking ahead: Addressing ethical challenges in public health practice. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 35(4): 657–667.Google Scholar
Beauchamp, T. and Childdress, J.. 1989. Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 3rd edition. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Bergelson, V. 2013. The duty to protect the victim – or the duty to suffer punishment? Law and Philosophy 32(2–3): 199–215.Google Scholar
Berlin, I. 1969. Two concepts of liberty. In Four Essays on Liberty, pp. 118–172. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Caruso, G. D. and Pereboom, D.. 2020. A non-punitive alternative to punishment. In Routledge Handbook of the Philosophy and Science of Punishment, eds. Focquaert, F., Waller, B., and Shaw, E., pp. 355–365. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Celello, P. 2014. Desert. Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: www.iep.utm.edu/desert/#H3.Google Scholar
Childress, J. F., Faden, R. R., Gaare, R. D., Gostin, L. O., Kahn, J., Bonnie, R. J., Kass, N. E., Mastroianni, A. C., Moreno, J. D., and Nieburg, P.. 2002. Public health ethics: Mapping the terrain. The Journal of Law, Medicine, and Ethics 30(2): 170–178.Google Scholar
Claasen, R. 2016. An agent-based capability theory of justice. European Journal of Philosophy 24(3): 220–236.Google Scholar
Cohen, J. 1989. Democratic quality. Ethics 99: 727–751.Google Scholar
Cohen, Y. 2018. Deliberating in the presence of manipulation. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 48(1): 85–105.Google Scholar
Darwall, S. 1992. Internalism and agency. Philosophical Perspectives 6: 155–174.Google Scholar
Demetriou, K. 2010. The soft-line solution to Preboom’s four-case argument. Australasian Journal of Philosophy 88(4): 595–617.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. 1984. Elbow Room. Cambridge: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Duff, R. A. 2013. Punishment and the duties of offenders. Law and Philosophy 32(1): 109–127.Google Scholar
Faden, R. and Shebaya, S.. 2015. Public health ethics. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/publichealth-ethics/.Google Scholar
Feldman, F. and Skow, B.. 2015. Desert. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Available at: https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/desert/#Justice.Google Scholar
Ferzan, K. K. 2005. Justifying self-defense. Law and Philosophy 24: 711–748.Google Scholar
Ferzan, K. K. 2013. Rethinking the end of harm. Law and Philosophy 32: 177–198.Google Scholar
Ferzan, K. K. and Grabczynska, A.. 2009. Justifying killing in self-defence. Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 99: 235–254.Google Scholar
Frowe, H. 2009. The justifiable infliction of unjust harm. Proceedings of the Aristotelian Society 109: 345–351.Google Scholar
Ginet, C. 1966. Might we have no choice? In Freedom and Determinism, ed. Lehrer, K., pp. 87–104. New York: Random House.Google Scholar
Gostin, L. O. 2012. A framework convention on global health: Health for all, justice for all. Journal of the American Medical Association 307(19): 2087–2092.Google Scholar
Haji, I. 2012. Reason’s Debt to Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Hume, D. 1983. An Enquiry Concerning the Principles of Morals. Edited by Schneewind, J. B.. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine (USA). 2003. The Future of the Public’s Health in the 21st Century. Washington: National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Jeppsson, S. 2016. Reasons, determinism and the ability to do otherwise. Ethical Theory and Moral Practice 19(5): 1225–1240.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1785/1981. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals. Translated by J. Ellington. Indianapolis, IN: Hacket.Google Scholar
Kapitan, T. 1986. Deliberation and the presumption of open alternatives. Philosophical Quarterly 36: 230–251.Google Scholar
Kapitan, T. 1996. Modal principles in the metaphysics of free will. Philosophical Perspective 10: 419–445.Google Scholar
Kass, N. E. 2001. An ethical framework for public health. American Journal of Public Health 91(11): 1776–1782.Google Scholar
Kelly, E. 2012. Desert and fairness in criminal justice. Philosophical Topics 40(1): 63–77.Google Scholar
Leverick, F. 2006. Killing in Self-Defence. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Lippert-Rasmussen, K. 2015. “To serve and protect:” The ends of harm by Victor Tadros. Criminal Law and Philosophy 9: 49–71.Google Scholar
McCloskey, H. J. 1957. An examination of restricted utilitarianism. Philosophical Review 66(4): 466–485.Google Scholar
Mele, A. 2006. Free Will and Luck. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Mill, J. S. 1869. On Liberty and Other Essays (2nd edition). New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Moriarty, J. 2002. Desert and distributive justice in a theory of justice. Journal of Social Philosophy 33(1): 131–143.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2004. Deliberative alternatives. Philosophical Topics 32(1): 215–240.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2011. Making Sense of Freedom and Responsibility. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2019. Duties, desert, and the justification of punishment. Criminal Law and Philosophy 13(3): 425–438.Google Scholar
Nozick, R. 1974. Anarchy, State, and Utopia. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Nuffield Council of Bioethics. 2007. Public Health: Ethical Issues. Cambridge: Cambridge Publishers.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 1988. Nature, function, and capability: Aristotle on political distribution. In Oxford Studies in Ancient Philosophy, eds. Annas, J. and Grimm, R., pp. 145–184. Oxford: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 1992. Human functioning and social justice: In defense of Aristotelian essentialism. Political Theory 20(2): 202–246.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 1997. Capabilities and human rights. Fordham Law Review 66: 273.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2000. Women and Human Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2003. Capabilities as fundamental entitlements: Sen and social justice. Feminist Economics 9(2–3): 33–59.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2006. Frontiers of Justice. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2013. Free will skepticism and criminal punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 49–78. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. and Caruso, G. D.. 2018. Hard-incompatibilist existentialism: Neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 193–222. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pettit, P. 1989. Determinism and deliberation. Analysis 49: 42–44.Google Scholar
Pettit, P. 2003. Agency-freedom and option-freedom. Journal of Theoretical Politics 15(4): 387–403.Google Scholar
Phua, K.-L. 2013. Ethical dilemmas in protecting individual rights versus public protection in the case of infectious diseases. Infection Diseases: Research and Treatment 6: 1–5.Google Scholar
Powers, M. and Faden, R.. 2006. Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Rawls, J. 1971. A Theory of Justice. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Robeyns, I. 2017. Wellbeing, Freedom, and Social Justice: The Capabilities Approach Re-Examined. Cambridge, UK: Open Books.Google Scholar
Schoeman, F. 1979. On incapacitating the dangerous. American Philosophical Quarterly 16: 27–35.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1980. The Tanner Lectures on Human Values. ed. McMurrin, S.. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1984. Resources, Values, and Development. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1985. Commodities and Capabilities. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1992. Inequality Reexamined. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 1999. Development as Freedom. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Sen, A. 2009. The Idea of Justice. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019. Justice without moral responsibility? Journal of Information Ethics 28(1): 95–130.Google Scholar
Sher, G. 1987. Desert. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 2019. Free will denial and deontological constraints. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 29–42. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Stapleton, S. 2010. Hard Incompatibilist Challenges to Morality and Autonomy. Dissertation. Department of Philosophy, Cornell University, Ithaca NY. https://ecommons.cornell.edu/handle/1813/17665Google Scholar
Tabandeh, A., Gardoni, P., and Murphy, C.. 2017. A reliability-based capability approach. Risk Analysis 38(2): 410–424.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The Ends of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Taylor, R. 1966. Action and Purpose. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall Inc.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. C., Sage, M., Dillenberg, J., and Guillory, V. J.. 2002. A code of ethics for public health. American Journal of Public Health 92(7): 1057–1059.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. J. 1986. Self-defense and rights. In Rights, Restitution, and Risk, ed. Parent, W., 33–48. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Thomson, J. J. 1991. Self-defense. Philosophy and Public Affairs 20: 283–310.Google Scholar
Uniacke, S. 1994. Permissible Killing. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Uniacke, S. 2015. Punishment as penalty. Criminal Law and Philosophy 9(1): 37–47.Google Scholar
Van Inwagen, P. 1983. An Essay on Free Will. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Venkatapuram, S. 2011. Health Justice: An Argument from the Capabilities Approach. Cambridge: Polity Press.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2009. Free will skepticism and personhood as a desert base. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 39(3): 489–511.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2013a. The people problem. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 141–160. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2013b. Persons, punishment, and free will skepticism. Philosophical Studies 162(2): 143–163.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, S. 2005. Justifying the right to self-defense: A theory of forced consequences. Virginia Law Review 91: 999–1035.Google Scholar
Wallerstein, S. 2009. Why causal responsibility matters. In Criminal Law Conversations, eds. Robinson, P., Garvey, S., and Kessler, K., pp. 396–397. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wasserman, D. 1987. Justifying self-defense. Philosophy and Public Affairs 16: 356–378.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, P., Juengst, E., Mehlman, M., and Murray, T.. 1997. Enhancing cognition in the intellectually intact. Hastings Center Report 27: 14–22.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, T. M. 2007. Contagious disease and self-defence. Res Publica 13(4): 339–359.Google Scholar
Wolff, J. and de-Shalit, A.. 2007. Disadvantage. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Acheson, D., Barkers, D., Chambers, J., Graham, H., Marmot, M., and Whitehead, M.. 1998. Independent Inquiry into Inequalities in Health Report. London: Stationary Office.Google Scholar
American Civil Liberties Union. 2011. Prison Rape Elimination Act of 2002 (PREA). www.aclu.org/other/prison-rape-elimination-act-2003-prea.Google Scholar
Adams, A. E., Tolman, R. M., Bybee, D., Sullican, C. M., and Kennedy, A. C.. 2013. The impact of intimate partner violence on low-income women’s economic well-being: The mediating role of job stability. Violence Against Women 18: 1345–1367.Google Scholar
Adler, N. E., Boyce, T., Chesney, M. A., Cohen, S., Folk, S man, Kahn, R. L, and Syme, S. I. 1994. Socioeconomic status and health: The challenge of the gradient. American Psychologist 49: 15–24. www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Socioeconomic-status-and-health.-The-challenge-of-Adler-Boyce/db3ec5962ef688a1f0cc331bbd2f5a2496e424b3Google Scholar
Aizer, A. and Currie, J.. 2017. Lead and juvenile delinquency: New evidence for linked birth, school and juvenile detention records. National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2017, no. 23392. www.nber.org/system/files/working_papers/w23392/w23392.pdfGoogle Scholar
Akil, L. and Ahmad, H. A.. 2011. Effects of socioeconomic factors on obesity rates in four southern states and Colorado. Ethnicity and Disease 21(1): 58–62.Google Scholar
American Academy of Pediatrics Committee on Environmental Health. 2003. Pediatric Environmental Health, 2nd edition. Elk Grove Village, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics.Google Scholar
American Psychological Association. 2017. Violence and socioeconomic status fact sheet. Available at: www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/factsheet-violence.pdf.Google Scholar
American Public Health Association. 2017. Environmental health. Accessed on September 2, 2017: www.apha.org/topics-and-issues/environmental-health.Google Scholar
American Public Health Association. 2018. Violence is a public health issue: Public health is essential to understanding and treating violence in the U.S. Policy number: 20185. Available at: https://apha.org/policies-and-advocacy/public-health-policy-statements/policy-database/2019/01/28/violence-is-a-public-health-issue.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. M., Buenaventura, M., and Heaton, P.. 2019. Holistic Representation: An Innovative Approach to Defending Poor Clients Can Reduce Incarceration and Save Taxpayer Dollars– Without Harm to Public Safety. RAND Corporation. Available at: www.rand.org/pubs/research_briefs/RB10050.html.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. E. and Armstead, C. A.. 1995. Toward understanding the association of socioeconomic status and health: A new challenge for the biopsychosocial approach. Psychosomatic Medicine 57: 213–225.Google Scholar
Anderson, N. E. and Kiehl, K. A.. 2014. Psychopathy: Developmental perspectives and their implications for treatment. Restorative Neurology Neuroscience 32(1): 103–117.Google Scholar
Andrews, D. A., Bonta, J., and Hoge, I.. 1990. Classification for effective rehabilitation: Rediscovering psychology. Criminal Justice and Behavior 17(1): 19–52.Google Scholar
Bailey, K. 2012. Dying for coverage: The consequences of being uninsured. Families USA. http://familiesusa.org/product/dying-coverage-deadly-consequences-being-uninsured.Google Scholar
Bellinger, D. C., Stiles, K. M., and Needleman, H. L.. 1992. Low-level lead exposure, intelligence, and academic achievement: A long-term follow-up study. Pediatrics 90(6): 855–861.Google Scholar
Berkman, L. and Epstein, A. M.. 2008. Beyond health care: Socioeconomic status and health. New England Journal of Medicine 358(23): 2509–2510.Google Scholar
Billings, S. B. and Schnepel, K. T.. 2015. Life after Lead: Effects of Early Interventions for Children Exposed to Lead. ARC Centre of Excellence for Children and Families over the Life Course. No. 2015-18. https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/app.20160056Google Scholar
Binswanger, I. A., Blatchford, P. J., Mueller, S. R., and Stern, M. F.. 2013. Mortality after prison release: Opioid overdose and other causes of death, risk factors, and time trends from 1999 to 2009. Annuals of Internal Medicine 159(9): 592–600.Google Scholar
Binswanger, I. A., Stern, M. F., Deyo, R. A., Heagerty, P. J., Cheadle, A., Elmore, J. G., and Koepsell, T. D.. 2007. Release from prison – a high risk of death for former inmates. New England Journal of Medicine 256(2): 157–165.Google Scholar
Birbaumer, N., Veit, R., Lotze, M., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Grodd, W., and Flor, H.. 2005. Deficient fear conditioning in psychopathy: A functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Archives of General Psychiatry 62(7): 799–805.Google Scholar
Blau, D. M. 1999. The effect of income on child development. Review of Economic Statistics 81: 261–276.Google Scholar
Bloom, B. 2004. The impact of California’s parole policies on women. Testimony before the Little Hoover Commission, April 22, 2004. www.prisonlegalnews.org/news/publications/ca-women-on-parole-report/.Google Scholar
Blum, J., Ireland, M., and Blum, R. W.. 2003. Gender differences in juvenile violence: A report from Add Health. Journal of Adolescent Health 32: 234–240.Google Scholar
Boccardi, M., Frisoni, G. B., Hare, R. D., Cavedo, E., Najt, P., and Tiihonen, J.. 2011. Cortex and amygdala morphology in psychopaths. Psychiatry Research: Neuroimaging 193(2): 85–92.Google Scholar
Borofsky, L. A., Kellerman, I., Baucom, B., Oliver, P. H., and Margolin, G.. 2013. Community violence exposure and adolescents’ school engagement and academic achievement over time. Psychology of Violence 3: 1–15.Google Scholar
Bowker, L. 1980. Prison Victimization. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. H. and Corwyn, R. F.. 2002. Socioeconomic status and child development. Annual Review of Psychology 53: 371–399.Google Scholar
Bradley, R. H., Corwyn, R. F., Burchinal, M., McAdoo, H. P., and Garcia Coll, C.. 2001. The home environments of children in the United States Part II: Relations and behavioral development through age thirteen. Child Development 72: 1868–1886.Google Scholar
Brito, N. H. and Noble, K. G.. 2014. Socioeconomic status and structural brain development. Frontiers in Neuroscience 8: 276.Google Scholar
Brooks-Gunn, J. and Duncan, G. J.. 1997. The effects of poverty on children. Future Child 7: 55–71.Google Scholar
Bullard, R. 1983. Solid waste sites and the black Houston community. Sociological Inquiry 53(2–3): 273–288.Google Scholar
Bullard, R. 1987. Invisible Houston: The Black Experience in Boom and Bust. College Station, Tex.: Texas A&M University Press.Google Scholar
Bullard, R. 1990. Dumping in Dixie: Race, Class, and Environmental Quality. Boulder, Co.: Westview Press.Google Scholar
Bullard, R. 2010. Overcoming racism in environmental decision making. Environment: Science and Policy for Sustainable Development 36(4): 10–44. Reprinted in Environmental Ethics: Readings in Theory and Application, 5th edition, eds. L. P. Pojman and P. Pojman, pp. 644–659. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.Google Scholar
Burns, J. M., Baghurst, P. A., Sawyer, M. G., McMichael, A. J., and Tong, S. L.. 1999. Lifetime low-level exposure to environmental lead and children’s emotional and behavioral development at ages 11–13 years. The Port Pirie Cohort study. American Journal of Epidemiology 149: 740–749.Google Scholar
Buss, C., Lord, C., Wadiwalla, M., Hellhammer, D. H., Lupiens, S. J., Meaney, M., and Pruessner, J. C.. 2007. Maternal care modulates the relationship between prenatal risk and hippocampal volume in women but not in men. Journal of Neuroscience 27: 2592–2595.Google Scholar
Butts, J. A. and Delgado, S.. 2017. Repairing Trust: Young Men in Neighborhoods with Cure Violence Programs Report Growing Confidence in Police. New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Research and Evaluation Center.Google Scholar
Butts, J. A., Roman, C. G., Bostwick, L., and Porter, J. R.. 2015. Cure violence: A public health model to reduce gun violence. Annual Review of Public Health 36: 39–53.Google Scholar
Buydens-Branchey, L., Branchey, M., and Hibbeln, J. R.. 2008. Associations between increases in plasma n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids following supplementation and decreases in anger and anxiety in substance abusers. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 32(2): 568–575.Google Scholar
Caldwell, M. F. and Van Rybroek, G. J.. 2001. Efficacy of a decompression treatment model in the clinical management of violent juvenile offenders. International Journal of Offender Therapy 45(4): 469–477.Google Scholar
Caldwell, M. F. and Van Rybroek, G. J.. 2005. Reducing violence in serious and violent juvenile offenders using intensive treatment. International Journal Law. Psychiatry 28(6): 622–636.Google Scholar
Carlen, P. 1988. Women, Crime, and Poverty. Philadelphia: Open University Press.Google Scholar
Carson, E. A. 2016. Prisoners in 2015. Washington, DC: US Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics.Google Scholar
Center for Climate and Security. 2016. The Climate and Security Advisory Group: Briefing Book for New Administration. https://climateandsecurity.files.wordpress.com/2016/09/climate-and-security-advisory-group_briefing-book-for-a-new-administration_2016_11.pdf.Google Scholar
Center for Nonviolence and Social Justice. 2019. Healing Hurt People. Available at: https://drexel.edu/cnvsj/healing-hurt-people/overview/.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2014. Essentials for Childhood: Steps to Create Safe, Stable, Nurturing Relationships and Environments. Available at: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/essentials_for_childhood_framework.pdf.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2016. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Available at: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/acestudy/index.html.Google Scholar
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 2019. The public health approach to violence prevention. Downloaded on December 28, 2019: www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/publichealthissue/publichealthapproach.html.Google Scholar
Cerdá, M., Morenoff, J. D., Hansen, B. B., Tessari Hicks, K. J., Duque, L. F., Restrepo, A., and Diez-Roux, A. V.. 2012. Reducing violence by transforming neighborhoods: A natural experiment in Medellin, Colombia. American Journal of Epidemiology 175(10): 1045–1053.Google Scholar
Cerdá, M., Tracy, M., and Keyes, K. M.. 2018. Reducing urban violence: A contrast of public health and criminal justice approaches. Epidemiology 29(1): 142–150.Google Scholar
Chen, E. 2004. Why socioeconomic status affects the health of children. Current Directions in Psychological Science 13(3): 112–115.Google Scholar
Chen, E., Matthews, K. A., and Boyce, W. T.. 2002. Socioeconomic differences in children’s health: How and why do these relationships change with age? Psychological Bulletin 126: 295–329.Google Scholar
Chung, J. 2016. Felony Disenfranchisement: A Primer. The Sentencing Project. www.sentencingproject.org/publications/felony-disenfranchisement-a-primer/.Google Scholar
Cloud, D. 2014. On Life Support: Public Health in the Age of Mass Incarceration. New York: Vera Institute of Justice. Available at: www.vera.org/publications/on-life-support-public-health-in-the-age-of-mass-incarceration.Google Scholar
Cohen, S., Kaplan, G. A., and Salonen, J. T.. 1999. The role of psychological characteristics in the relation between socioeconomic status and perceived health. Journal of Applied Social Psychology 29: 445–468.Google Scholar
Conboy, B. T. and Kuhl, P. K.. 2007. Early speech perception: Developing a culturally specific way of listening through social interaction. In On Being Moved: From Mirror Neurons to Empathy, ed. Braten, S., pp. 175–199. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.Google Scholar
Cooper, C., Eslinger, D., and Stolley, P.. 2006. Hospital-based violence intervention programs work. Journal of Trauma 61: 534–540.Google Scholar
Cornell, D. G., Warren, J., Hawk, G., Staffoed, E., Oram, G., and Pine, D.. 1996. Psychopathy in instrumental and reactive violent offenders. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 64(4): 783–790.Google Scholar
Corrigan, F., Gray, R., Strathdee, A., Skinner, R., Van Rhijn, A, and Horrobin, D.. 1994. Fatty acid analysis of blood from violent offenders. Journal of Forensic Psychiatry 5(1): 83–92.Google Scholar
Costner, P. and Thornton, J.. 1990. Playing with Fire. Washington, DC: Greenpeace.Google Scholar
Covey, H. C., Menard, S., and Franzese, R. J.. 2013. Effects of adolescent physical abuse, exposure to neighborhood violence, and witnessing parental violence on adult socioeconomic status. Child Maltreatment 18: 85–97.Google Scholar
Crooks, D., Anderson, N. E., Widdows, M., Petseva, N., Koenigs, M., Pluto, C., and Kiehl, K. A.. 2018. The relationship between cavum septum pellucidum and psychopathic traits in a large forensic sample. Neuropsychologia 112: 95–104.Google Scholar
Crowne, S. S., Juon, H. S., Ensminger, M., Burrell, L., McFarlane, E., and Duggan, A.. 2011. Concurrent and long-term impact of intimate partner violence on employment stability. Journal of Interpersonal Violence 26: 1282–1304.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, L. L. and Krug, E. G.. 2002. Violence: A global public health problem. In World Report on Violence and Health, eds. Krug, E., Dahlberg, L. L., Mercy, J. A., Zwi, A. B., and Lozano, R., pp. 1–56. World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Dahlberg, L. L. and Mercy, J. A.. 2009. History of violence as a public health problem. Virtual Mentor 11: 167–172.Google Scholar
Daily Caller. 2014. Americans say “gun violence” is a criminal justice, not public-health issue, national poll finds. October 9, 2014. https://dailycaller.com/2014/10/09/americans-say-gun-violence-is-criminal-justice-not-public-health-issue-national-poll-finds/Google Scholar
Davis, K. 2003. The Costs and Consequences of Being Uninsured. New York, NY: The Commonwealth Fund.Google Scholar
Davis, M. 1997. Neurobiology of fear responses: The role of the amygdala. Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience 9(3): 382–402.Google Scholar
Davis, M. and Whalen, P. J.. 2001. The amygdala: Vigilance and emotion. Molecular Psychiatry 6(1): 13–34.Google Scholar
Davis, L. M., Bozick, R., Steele, J. L., Saunders, J., and Miles, J. N. V.. 2013. Evaluating the Effectiveness of Correctional Education: A Meta-Analysis of Programs That Provide Education to Incarcerated Adults. Santa Monica, CA: RAND Corporation.Google Scholar
Deans, E. 2011. Diet and violence: Does diet affect our criminal behavior? Psychology Today, May 2, 2011. www.psychologytoday.com/blog/evolutionary-psychiatry/201105/diet-and-violence.Google Scholar
Delgado, S. A., Alsabahi, L., Wolff, K., Alexander, N., Cobar, P., and Butts, J. A.. 2017. The Effects of Cure Violence in the South Bronx and East New York, Brooklyn. New York: John Jay College of Criminal Justice, Research and Evaluation Center.Google Scholar
De Oliveira-Souza, R., Hare, R. D., Bramati, I. E., Garrido, G. J., Ignácio, F. A., Tovar-Moll, F., and Moll, J.. 2008. Psychopathy as a disorder of the moral brain: Fronto temporo-limbic grey matter reductions demonstrated by vox-based morphometry. NeuroImage 40(3): 1202–1213.Google Scholar
Department of Defense News. 2014. Hagel to address “threat multiplier” of climate change. DoD website: www.defense.gov/News/Article/Article/603440/.Google Scholar
Department of Defense, US 2015. National Security Implications on Climate-Related Risks and Changing Climate. http://archive.defense.gov/pubs/150724-congressional-report-on-national-implications-of-climate-change.pdf?source=govdelivery.Google Scholar
Diez-Roux, A. V., Link, B. G., and Northbridge, M. E.. 2000. A multilevel analysis of income inequality and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Social Science Medicine 50: 673–687.Google Scholar
Doherty, M. 2015. Incarceration and Homelessness: Breaking the Cycle. E-newsletter of the COPS Office 8 (12). https://cops.usdoj.gov/html/dispatch/12-2015/incarceration_and_homelessness.asp.Google Scholar
Dolan, M. C. and Fullam, R. S.. 2009. Psychopathy and functional magnetic resonance imaging blood oxygenation level-depend responses to emotional faces in violent patients with schizophrenia. Biological Psychiatry 66(6): 570–577.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, B. M., Goodnight, J. A., Van Hulle, C. A., Rodgers, J. L., Rathouz, P. J., Waldman, I. D., and Lahey, B. B.. 2009. A quasi-experimental analysis of the association between family income and offspring conduct problems. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 37: 415–429.Google Scholar
D’Onofrio, B. M., Lahey, B. B., Turkheimer, E., and Lichtenstein, P.. 2013. Critical need for family-based, quasi-experimental designs in integrating genetic and social science research. American Journal of Public Health 103: 546–555.Google Scholar
Drum, K. 2016. Lead: American’s real criminal element. Mother Jones, February 11, 2016. www.motherjones.com/environment/2016/02/lead-exposure-gasoline-crime-increase-children-health/.Google Scholar
Duncan, G. J. Brooks-Gunn, J. Yeung, and Smith, J.. 1998. How much does childhood poverty affect the life chances of children? American Sociological Review 63: 406–423.Google Scholar
Durant, R. H., Cadenhead, C., Pendergrast, R. A., Slavens, G., and Linder, C. W.. 1994. Factors associated with the use of violence among urban black adolescents. American Journal of Public Health 84: 612–617.Google Scholar
Eisman, A. B., Stoddard, S. A., Heinze, J.. Caldwell, C. H., and Zimmerman, M. A.. 2015. Depressive symptoms, social support, and violence exposure among urban youth: A longitudinal study of resilience. Developmental Psychology 51: 1307–1316.Google Scholar
Enamorado, T. and Rodriguez-Castelan, C.. 2015. Income inequality and violent crime: Evidence from Mexico’s drug war. Journal of Developmental Economics 120: 128–143.Google Scholar
Ermer, E., Cope, L. M., Nyalakanti, P. K., Calhoun, V. D., and Kiehl, K. A.. 2011. Aberrant paralimbic gray matter in criminal psychopathy. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 121(3): 649–658.Google Scholar
Evans, G. W. 2006. Children development and the physical environment. Annual review of Psychology 57: 423–451.Google Scholar
Evans, J. R. 2006. Forensic Applications of QEEG and Neurotherapy. Informa Healthcare.Google Scholar
Fang, X., Brown, D. S., Florence, C. S., and Mercy, J. A.. 2012. The economic burden of child maltreatment in the United States and implications for prevention. Child Abuse and Neglect 36: 156–165.Google Scholar
Feigenbaum, J. J. and Muller, C.. 2016. Lead exposure and violent crime in the early twentieth century. Explorations in Economic History 62: 51–86.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D., Swain-Campbell, N., and Horwood, J.. 2004. How does childhood economic disadvantage lead to crime? Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45(5): 956–966.Google Scholar
Finger, E. C., March, A. A., Blair, K. S., Reid, M. E., Sims, C., Ng, P., and Blair, J. R.. 2011. Disruption reinforcement signaling in the orbitofrontal cortex and caudate in youth with conduct disorder or oppositional defiant disorder and high level of psychopathic traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 168(2): 152–162.Google Scholar
Flanagan, D. J., Singer, M., and Wester, K.. 2001. Violence exposure, psychological trauma, and suicide risk in a community sample of dangerously violent adolescents. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 40: 435–442.Google Scholar
Flanagan, D. J., Singer, M., Williams, L., and Castro, P.. 1998. Adolescent violence exposure and victimization at home: Coping and psychological trauma symptoms. International Review of Victimology 6: 63–82.Google Scholar
Flannery, D. J., Wester, K. L., and Singer, M.. 2004. Impact of exposure to violence in school on child and adolescent mental health and behavior. Journal of Community Psychology 32: 559–573.Google Scholar
Floud, J. E. and Young, W.. 1981. Dangerousness and Criminal Justice. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Frank, J. W., Andrews, C. M., Green, T. C., Samuels, A. M., Trinh, T. T., and Friedmann, P. D.. 2013. Emergency department utilization among recently released prisoners: A retrospective cohort study. BMC Emergency Medicine 13(1): 16.Google Scholar
Franks, P., Winters, P. C., Tancredi, D. J., and Fiscella, K. A.. 2011. Do changes in traditional coronary heart disease risk factors over time explain the association between socio-economic status and coronary heart disease? BMC Cardiovascular Disorders 11: 28.Google Scholar
Frisell, T., Lichtenstein, P., and Langstrom, N.. 2011. Violent crime runs in families: A total population study of 12.5 million individuals. Psychological Medicine 41: 97–105.Google Scholar
Galloway, T. A. and Skardhamar, T.. 2010. Does parental income matter for onset of offending? European Journal of Criminology 7: 424–441.Google Scholar
Gesch, C. B., Hammond, S. H., Hampson, S. E., Eves, A., and Crowder, M. J.. 2002. Influence of supplementary vitamins, minerals and essential fatty acids on the antisocial behavior of young adult prisoners. The British Journal of Psychiatry 181(1): 22–28.Google Scholar
Gilfus, M. 2002. Women’s experiences of abuse as a risk factor for incarceration. VAWnet Applied Research Forum, National Resource Center on Domestic Violence/Pennsylvania Coalition against Domestic Violence. https://vawnet.org/sites/default/files/assets/files/2017-08/AR_Incarceration.pdfGoogle Scholar
Gkotsi, G.-M. and Benaroyo, L.. 2012. Neuroscience and the treatment of mentally ill criminal offenders: Some ethics issues. Journal of Ethics and Mental Health 6: 1–7.Google Scholar
Glenn, A. L., Raine, A., Yaralian, P. S., and Yang, Y.. 2010. Increased volume of the striatum in psychopathic individuals. Biological Psychiatry 67: 52–58.Google Scholar
Glenn, A. L., Yang, Y., and Raine, A.. 2012. Neuroimaging in psychopathy and antisocial personality disorder: Functional significance and neurodevelopmental hypothesis. In Neuroimaging in Forensic Psychiatry: From the Clinic to the Courtroom, ed. Simpson, J. R., pp. 81–98. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.Google Scholar
Gordon, H. L., Baird, A., and End, A.. 2004. Functional differences among those high and low on a trait measure of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 56(7): 516–521.Google Scholar
Gottfried, A. W., Gottfried, A. E., Bathrust, K., Guerin, D. W., and Parramore, M. M.. 2003. Socioeconomic status in children’s development and family environment: Infancy through adolescence. In Socioeconomic Status, Parenting and Child Development, eds. Bornstein, M. H. and Bradley, R. H., pp. 189–207. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Gow, R. V., Vallee-Tourangeau, F., Crawford, M. A., Taylor, E, Ghebremeskl, K., Bueno, A. A., Hibbeln, J. R., Sumich, A., and Rubia, K.. 2013. Omega-3 fatty acids are inversely related to callous and unemotional traits in adolescent boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 88(6): 411–418.Google Scholar
Greenberg, G. A. and Rosenheck, R. A.. 2008. Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: A national study. Psychiatry Service 59(2): 170–177.Google Scholar
Gregory, S., Blair, R. J., Ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Hodgins, S., and Blackwood, N.. 2015. Punishment and psychopathy: A case-control functional MRI investigation of reinforcement learning in violent antisocial personality disorder men. The Lancet 2(2): 153–160.Google Scholar
Gregory, S., Ffytche, D., Simmons, A., Kumari, V., Howard, M., Hodgins, S., et al. 2012. The antisocial brain: Psychopathy matters. Archives of General Psychiatry 69: 962–972.Google Scholar
Gretemann, B. 2009. Improve mental health and neurofeedback. Odewire Magazine. March 1.Google Scholar
Hackman, D. A. and Farah, M. J.. 2009. Socioeconomic status and the developing brain. Trends in Cognitive Sciences 13: 65–73.Google Scholar
Hackman, D. A., Farah, M. J., and Meaney, M. J.. 2010. Socioeconomic status and the brain: Mechanistic insights from human and animal research. National Review of Neuroscience 11: 651–659.Google Scholar
Hager, E. 2018. The courts see a crime. These Lawyers see a whole life. The Marshall Project. November 12, 2018. Available at: www.themarshallproject.org/2018/11/12/the-courts-see-a-crime-these-lawyers-see-a-whole-life.Google Scholar
Hammond, C. D. 2011. What is neurofeedback; an update. Journal of Neurotherapy 15: 305–336.Google Scholar
Hao, L. and Matsueda, R. L.. 2006. Family dynamics through childhood: A sibling model of behavior problems. Social Science Research 35: 500–524.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. 1991. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised. Tornoto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. 2003. The Hare Psychopathy Checklist-Revised, 2nd edition. Tornoto, ON: Multi-Health Systems.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D., Clark, D., and Grann, M.. 2000. Psychopathy and the predictive validity of the PCL-R: An international perspective. Behavioral Science and Law 18: 623–645.Google Scholar
Hare, R. D. and Neumann, C. S.. 2008. Psychopathy as a clinical and empirical construct. Annual Review of Clinical Psychology 4: 217–246.Google Scholar
Harenski, C. L., Kim, S. H., and Hamann, S.. 2009. Neuroticism and psychopathy predict brain activation during moral and nonmoral emotion regulation. Cognitive, Affective, and Behavioral Neuroscience 9(1): 1–15.Google Scholar
Harlow, C. W. 2003. Education and Correctional Populations. Washington, DC: Department of Justice, Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available at: bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/content/pub/pdf/ecp.pdf.Google Scholar
Hariss, G. T., Rice, M. E., and Cormier, C. A.. 1991. Psychopathy and violent recidivism. Law and Human Behavior 15(6): 625–637.Google Scholar
Hart, B. and Risley, T. R.. 1995. Meaningful Differences in the Everyday Experience of Young American Children. Baltimore, MD: Paul H. Brookes Publishing.Google Scholar
Hart, S. D., Kripp, P. R., and Hare, R. D.. 1988. Performance of male psychopaths following conditional release from prison. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology 56(2): 227–232.Google Scholar
Haviland, M., Frye, V., Rajah, V., Thukral, J., and Trinity, M.. 2001. The Family Protection and Domestic Violence Intervention Act of 1995. Examining the Effects of Mandatory Arrest in New York City. New York: Family Violence Project, Urban Justice Center.Google Scholar
Heller, J. 2016. A framework connecting criminal justice and public health. Human Impact Partners and the National Criminal Justice and Public Health Alliance. www.humanimpact.org/from-the-hip-blog/a-framework-connecting-criminal-justice-and-public-health/.Google Scholar
Heller, S., Pollack, A. H. A., Ander, R., and Ludwig, J.. 2013. Preventing youth violence and dropout: A randomized field experiment. Working Paper 19014. National Bureau of Economic Research, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Hemenway, D. and Miller, M.. 2013. Public health approach to the prevention of gun violence. New England Journal of Medicine 368: 2033–2035.Google Scholar
Hemphill, J. F., Hare, R. D., and Wong, S.. 1988. Psychopathy and recidivism: A review. Legal Criminology and Psychology 3(1): 139–170.Google Scholar
Hibbeln, J. R. 2001. Seafood consumption and homicide mortality: A cross-national ecological analysis. World Review of Nutrition and Dietetics 88: 41–46.Google Scholar
Holzer, H. J., Raphael, S., and Stoll, M. A.. 2003. Employment Barriers Facing Ex-Offenders. Washington, DC: The Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Human Rights Watch. 2004. No Second Chance: People with Criminal Records Denied Access to Public Housing. www.hrw.org/report/2004/11/17/no-second-chance/people-criminal-records-denied-access-public-housing.Google Scholar
Hummelstein, D. U., Warren, E., Thome, D., and Woolhandler, S.. 2005. Market Watch: Illness and injury as contributors to bankruptcy. Health Affairs. Available at: http://content.healthaffairs.org/content/suppl/2005/01/28/hlthaff.w5.63.DC1.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 2002. Care without Coverage: Too Little, Too Late. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Institute of Medicine. 2009. American’s Uninsured Crisis: Consequences for Health and Health Care. Washington, DC: National Academy Press.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014a. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/syr/.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014b. Climate Change 2014: Impacts, Adaptions, and Vulnerability. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg2/.Google Scholar
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). 2014c. Climate Change 2014: Mitigation of Climate Change. www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg3/.Google Scholar
Irwin, A., Valentine, N., Brown, C., Loewenson, R., Solar, O., Brown, H., Koller, T., and Vega, J.. 2006. The commission on social determinants of health: Tackling the social roots of health inequalities. PLos Med 3(6): e106.Google Scholar
Irwin, J. 1980. Prison in Turmoil. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
Jaffee, S. R., Strait, L. B., and Odgers, C. L.. 2012. From correlates to causes: Can quasi-experimental studies and statistical innovation bring us closer to identifying the causes of antisocial behavior? Psychological Bulletin 138: 272–295.Google Scholar
James, D. J. and Glaze, L. E.. 2006. Mental Health Problems of Prison and Jail Inmates. Washington, DC: Bureau of Justice Statistics. Available at: bjs.gov/content/pub/pdf/mhppji.pdf.Google Scholar
Jenkins, E. J. and Bell, C. C.. 1994. Adolescent violence: Can it be curbed? Adolescent Medicine 1: 71–86.Google Scholar
Johnson, S. L., Wibbels, E., and Wilkinson, R.. 2015. Economic inequality is related to cross-national prevalence of psychotic symptoms. Social Psychiatry Psychiatric Epidemiology 50: 1799–1807.Google Scholar
Jones, A. P., Laurens, K. R., Herba, C. M., Barker, G. J., and Viding, E.. 2009. Amygdala hypoactivity to fearful faces in boys with conduct problems and callous unemotional traits. American Journal of Psychiatry 166(1): 95–102.Google Scholar
Jones, O. D. 2013. Seven ways neuroscience aids law. In Neuroscience and the Human Person: New Perspectives on Human Activities, eds. Battro, A., Deheane, S., and Singer, W., pp. 181–194. Vatican City: The Pontifical Academy of Sciences.Google Scholar
Jones, O. D., Marois, R., Farah, M. J., and Greely, H. T.. 2013a. Law and neuroscience. Journal of Neuroscience 33(45): 17624–17630.Google Scholar
Jones, O. D., Wagner, A. D., Faigman, D. L., and Raichle, M. E.. 2013b. Neuroscientists in court. National Review of Neuroscience 14(10): 730–736.Google Scholar
Jones, Peter, and Emma, De Zoete. 2018. What does a “public health” approach to violence really mean? Catch 22, October 02. Available at: www.catch-22.org.uk/news/public-health-approach-to-violence/.Google Scholar
Kahn, R. S., Wise, P. H., and Kawachi, I.. 2000. State income inequality, household income, and maternal mental and physical health: Cross sectional national survey. BMJ 321(7272): 1311–1215.Google Scholar
Katsiyannis, A., Ryan, J. B., Zhang, D., and Spann, A.. 2008. Juvenile delinquency and recidivism: The impact of academic achievement. Reading and Writing Quarterly 24(2): 177–196.Google Scholar
Kawachi, I., Kennedy, B. P., Lochner, K., and Prothrow-Stith, D.. 1997. Social capital, income inequality, and mortality. American Journal of Public Health 87: 1491–1498.Google Scholar
Kearney, M. S., Harris, B. H., Jacome, E., and Parker, L.. 2014. Ten economic facts about crime and incarceration in the United States. Policy memo for The Hamilton Project. Available at: www.brookings.edu/research/ten-economic-facts-about-crime-and-incarceration-in-the-united-states/.Google Scholar
Kelly, M. 2000. Inequality and crime. Review of Economics and Statistics 82(4): 530–539.Google Scholar
Kendler, K. S., Sunquist, K., Ohisson, H., Palmer, K., Maes, H.. Winkleby, M. A., and Sundquist, J.. 2012. Genetic and family environmental influences on the risk for drug abuse: A national Swedish adoption study. Archives of General Psychiatry 69: 690–697.Google Scholar
Kennedy, B. O., Kawachi, I., and Prothrow-Stith, D.. 1996. Income distribution and mortality: Cross sectional ecological study of the Robin Hood index in the United States. BMJ 312: 1004–1007.Google Scholar
Kiehl, K. A. and Hoffman, M. B.. 2011. The criminal psychopath: History, neuroscience, treatment, and economics. Jurimetrics 51(4): 355–397.Google Scholar
Keihl, K. A., Smoth, A. M., Hare, R. D., Mendrek, A., Forster, B. B., Brink, J., and Liddle, P. F.. 2001. Limbic abnormalities in affective processing by criminal psychopaths as revealed by functional magnetic resonance imaging. Biological Psychiatry 50(9): 677–684.Google Scholar
Kinney, P. L. 2008. Climate change, air quality, and human health. American Journal of Preventive Medicine 35(5): 459–467.Google Scholar
Koop, C. E. 1985. Surgeon General’s workshop on violence and public health. Available at: www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/confrontingviolence/materials/OB10998.pdf.Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. K. 2007. Is speech learning “gated” by the social brain? Developmental Science 10: 110–120.Google Scholar
Kuhl, P. K., Tsao, F. M., and Liu, H. M.. 2003. Foreign-language experience in infancy: Effects of short-term exposure and social interaction of phonetic learning. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 100: 9096–9101.Google Scholar
Lambert, S. F., Nylund-Gibson, K., Copeland-Linder, N., and Lalongo, N. S.. 2010. Patterns of community violence exposure during adolescence. American Journal of Community Psychology 46(3–4): 289–302.Google Scholar
Lavelle, M. and Coyle, M.. 1992. Unequal protection. National Law Review 21: 1–2.Google Scholar
Lawson, G. M., Duda, J. T., Avants, B. B., Wu, J., and Farah, M. J.. 2013. Associations between children’s socioeconomic status and prefrontal cortical thickness. Developmental Science 16: 641–652.Google Scholar
Lee, J. W. 2005. Public health is a social issue. Lancet 365: 1005–1006.Google Scholar
Leutgeb, V., Leitner, M., Wabnegger, A., Klug, D., Scharmuller, W., Zussner, T., and Schienie, A.. 2015. Brain abnormalities in high-risk violent offenders and their association with psychopathic traits and criminal recidivism. Neuroscience 12(308): 194–201.Google Scholar
Leventhal, T. and Brooks-Gunn, J.. 2000. The neighborhoods they live in: The effects of neighborhood residence on child and adolescent outcomes. Psychological Bulletin 126: 309–337.Google Scholar
Lewontin, R. 2000. The Triple Helix: Gene, Organism and Environment. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Liston, C., McEwen, B. S., and Casey, B. J. 2009. Psychosocial stress reversibly disrupts prefrontal processing and attentional control. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, U.S.A. 106: 912–917.Google Scholar
Loring, M. T. and Beaudoin, P.. 2000. Battered women as coerced victim-perpetrators. Emotional Abuse 3: 13.Google Scholar
Love, M. 2016. 50-State Comparison Loss and Restoration of Civil Rights and Firearms Privileges. Washington, DC: National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers.Google Scholar
Love, M., Roberts, J., and Klingele, C.. 2013. Collateral Consequences of Criminal Convictions: Law, Policy and Practice. New York: Thomson West.Google Scholar
Lutham, R. and Klippan, L.. 2016. From expected reoffender to trusted neighbor: Why we should rethink prisons. The Conversation, August 14. http://theconversation.com/from-expected-reoffender-to-trusted-neighbour-why-we-should-rethink-our-prisons-60114.Google Scholar
Mackey, A. P., Finn, A. S., Leonard, J. A., Jacoby-Senghor, D. S., West, M. R., Gabrieli, C. F., and Gabrieli, J. D.. 2015. Neuroanatomical correlates of the income-achievement gap. Psychological Science 26: 925–933.Google Scholar
Martin, G. and Johnson, C. L.. 2005. The boys totem town neurofeedback project: A pilot study of EEG biofeedback with incarcerated juvenile felons. Journal of Neurotherapy 9(3): 71–86.Google Scholar
Martinez, R. 1996. Latinos and lethal violence: The impact of poverty and inequality. Social Problems 43(2): 131–146.Google Scholar
McEwen, B. S. and Gianaros, P. J.. 2010. Central role of the brain in stress and adaption: Links to socioeconomic status, health, and disease. Annals of the N.Y. Academy of Science 1186: 190–222.Google Scholar
McLoyd, V. C. 1998. Socioeconomic disadvantage and child development. American Psychology 53: 185.Google Scholar
McManus, J. 2018. What exactly is a public health approach to crime and disorder reduction? The Commonplace Book. Available at: https://jimmcmanus.wordpress.com/2018/10/03/what-exactly-is-a-public-health-approach-to-crime-and-disorder-reduction/.Google Scholar
McMillan, K. A., Enns, M. W., Asmundson, G. J., and Sareen, J.. 2010. The association between income and distress, mental disorders, and suicide ideation and attempts: Findings from the collaborative psychiatric epidemiology surveys. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 71: 1168–1175.Google Scholar
McWilliams, J. M. 2009. Health consequences of uninsurance among adults in the United States: Recent evidence and implications. Milbank Quarterly 87(2): 443–494.Google Scholar
Meixner, J. B. 2014. Applications of neuroscience in criminal law: Legal and methodological issues. Current Neurology Neuroscience Reports 15: 513.Google Scholar
Mercy, J. A, Rosenberg, M. L., Powell, K. E., Broome, C. V., and Roper, W. L.. 1993. Public health policy for preventing violence. Health Affairs, Winter: 7–29.Google Scholar
Milam, A. J., Furr-Holden, C. D. M., and Leaf, P. J.. 2010. Perceived school and neighborhood safety, neighborhood violence and academic achievement in urban school children. The Urban Review 42: 458–467.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 2016. Safety in custody statistics bulletin: England and Wales. www.gov.uk/government/statistics/safety-in-custody-quarterly-update-to-june-2016.Google Scholar
Montague, B. T., Rosen, D. L., Solomon, L., Nunn, A., Green, T., Costa, M., et al. 2012. Tracking linkage to HIV care for former prisoners: A public health priority. Virulence 3(3): 319–324.Google Scholar
Moore, M. H. 1993. Violence prevention: Criminal justice or public health? Health Affairs 12(4): 34–45.Google Scholar
Muller, J. L., Sommers, M., Dohnel, K., Weber, T.. Schmidt-Wilcke, M. D., and Hajak, G.. 2008. Disturbed prefrontal and temporal brain function during emotion and cognitive interaction in criminal psychopathy. Behavioral Science and Law 26(1): 131–150.Google Scholar
National Coalition for the Homeless. 2009. Why are people homeless? Available at: www.nationalhomeless.org/factsheets/why.html.Google Scholar
National Commission on Correctional Health Care. 2002. The Health Status of Soon-to-Be-Released Prisoners: A Report to Congress. Chicago: National Commission on Correctional Health. www.ncchc.org/health-status-of-soon-to-be-released-inmatesGoogle Scholar
National Immigration Law Center. 2014. Issue brief: The consequences of being uninsured. Available at: www.nilc.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/consequences-of-being-uninsured-2014-08.pdf.Google Scholar
Needleman, H. L., Schell, A., Bellinger, D., Leviton, A., and Allred, E. N.. 1990. The long-term effects of exposure to low doses of lead in childhood: An 11-year follow-up report. New England Journal of Medicine 322(2): 83–88.Google Scholar
Noble, K. G., Engelhardt, L. E., Brito, N. H., Mack, L., Nail, E., Barr, R. F., Fifer, W. P., and Elliot, A.. 2015a. Socioeconomic disparities in neurocognitive development in the first two years of life. Developmental Psycholobiology: DOI: 10.1002/dev.21303. www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4821066/Google Scholar
Noble, K. G., Grieve, S. M., Korgaonkar, M. S., Engelhardt, L. E., Griffith, E., Williams, L. M., and Brickman, A. M.. 2012b. Hippocampal volume varies with educational attainment across the life-span. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience 6: 307.Google Scholar
Noble, K. G., Houston, S. H., Brito, N. H., Bartsch, H., Kan, E., Kuperman, J. M., Akshoomoff, N., Amaral, D. G., Bloss, C. S., Libiger, O., and Schork, N. J.. 2015b. Family income, parental education and brain structure in children and adolescents. Nature Neuroscience 18: 773–778.Google Scholar
Nobel, K. G., Houston, S. M., Kan, E., and Sowell, E. R.. 2012a. Neural correlates of socioeconomic status in the development human brain. Developmental Science 15: 516–527.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Office of the Surgeon General. 2001. Youth Violence: A Report of the Surgeon General. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services.Google Scholar
Ouimet, M. A. 2010. A world of homicides: The effect of economic development. Income inequality, and excess infant mortality on the homicide rate for 165 countries in 2010. Homicide Studies 16: 238–258.Google Scholar
Parker, R. N. 1989. Poverty subculture of violence, and type of homicide. Social Forces 67(4): 983–1007.Google Scholar
Parker, N., Pui-Yee Wong, A., Leonard, G., Perron, M., Pike, B., Richer, L., Veillette, S., Pausova, Z., and Paus, T.. 2017. Income inequality, gene expression, and brain maturation during adolescence. Scientific Reports 7: DOI:10.1038/s41598-017-07735-2.Google Scholar
Patz, J., Campbell-Lendrum, D., Holloway, T., and Foley, J. A.. 2005. Impact of regional climate change on human health. Nature 438(7066): 310–317.Google Scholar
Pew Charitable Trust. 2010. Collateral Costs: Incarceration’s Effect on Economic Mobility. Washington, DC: Pew Charitable Trust.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living Without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Picard-Fritsche, S. and Cerniglia, L.. 2013. Testing a Public Health Approach to Gun Violence: An Evaluation of Crown Heights Save Our Streets, a Replication of the Cure Violence Model. New York: Center for Court Innovation.Google Scholar
Piccolo, L. R., Merz, E. C., He, X., Sowell, E. R., and Noble, K. G.. 2016. Age-related differences in cortical thickness vary by socioeconomic status. PLos One 11: 1–18.Google Scholar
Pickett, K., Kelly, S., Brunner, E., Lobstein, T., and Wilkinson, R.. 2005. Wider income gaps, wider waistbands? An ecological study of obesity and income inequality. Journal of Epidemiological Community Health 59: 670–674.Google Scholar
Pickett, K. E. and Wilkinson, R. G.. 2010. Inequality: An underacknowledged source of mental illness and distress. British Journal of Psychiatry 197: 426–428.Google Scholar
Poehlmann, J. 2003. New study shows children of incarcerated mothers experience multiple challenges. Policy Institute for Family Impact Seminars. Available at: www.purdue.edu/hhs/hdfs/fii/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/fia_nlarticle_v3i2.pdf.Google Scholar
Porter, S., Birt, A., and Boer, D. P.. 2001. Investigation of the criminal and conditional release profiles of Canadian federal offenders as a function of psychopathy and age. Law and Human Behavior 25(6): 647–661.Google Scholar
Porter, S., Brinke, L., and Wilson, K.. 2009. Profiles and conditional release performance of psychopathic and non-psychopathic sexual offenders. Legal Criminology and Psychology 14(1): 109–111.Google Scholar
Powers, M. and Faden, R.. 2006. Social Justice: The Moral Foundations of Public Health and Health Policy. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pridemore, W. A. 2011. Poverty matters: A reassessment of the inequality-homicide relationship in cross-national studies. British Journal of Criminology 51(5): 739–772.Google Scholar
Pruss-Ustun, A., Kay, D., Fewtell, L., and Bartram, J.. 2004. Unsafe water, sanitation and hygiene. In Comparative Quantification of Health Risks: Global and Regional Burden of Disease Attributable to Selected Major Risk Factors, eds. Ezzati, M., Lopez, A. D., Rodgers, A., and Murray, C. J. L., pp. 1321–1352. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
Public Health England & College of Policing. 2019. Public Health Approaches in Policing: A Discussion Paper. Available at: www.college.police.uk/What-we-do/Support/uniformed-policing-faculty/Documents/Public%20Health%20Approaches.pdf.Google Scholar
Quirk, D. A. 1995. Composite biofeedback conditioning and dangerous offenders: III. Journal of Neurotherapy 1(2): 44–54.Google Scholar
Raine, A. 2014. The Anatomy of Violence: The Biological Roots of Crime. New York: Vintage.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Lencz, T., Bihrle, S., LaCasse, L., and Colletti, P.. 2000. Reduced prefrontal gray matter volume and reduced autonomic activity in antisocial personality disorder. Archives of General Psychiatry 57: 119–127.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Cheney, R. A., Ho, R., Portnoy, J., Liu, J., Soyfer, L., Hibbeln, J., and Richmond, T. S.. 2016. Nutritional supplementation to reduce children aggression: A randomized stratified, single-blind, factorial trial. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 57(9): 1038–1046.Google Scholar
Raine, A., Portnoy, J., Liu, J., Mahoomed, T., and Hibbeln, J.. 2014. Reduction in behavior problems with omega-3 supplementation in children aged 8–16 years: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, stratified, parallel-group trial. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 56(6): 509–520.Google Scholar
Rich, J. D., Chandler, R., Williams, B. A., Dumont, D., Wang, E. A., Taxman, F. S., Allen, S. A., Clarke, J. G., Greifinger, R. B., Wildeman, C., and Osher, F. C.. 2014. How health care reform can transform the health of criminal justice-involved individuals. Health Affairs 33(3): 462–467.Google Scholar
Rich, J. D., Wohl, D. A., Beckwith, C. G., Spaulding, A. C., Lepp, N. E., Baillargeon, J., et al. 2011. HIV-related research in correctional populations: Now is the time. Current HIV/AIDS Reports. 8(4): 288–296.Google Scholar
Richie, B. E. 2000. Challenges incarcerated women face as they return to their communities: Findings from life history interviews. Crime and Delinquency 47(3): 368–389.Google Scholar
Richie, B. E. and Johnsen, C.. 1996. Abuse histories among newly incarcerated women in a New York City jail. Journal of the American Medical Women’s Association 51(3): 111–117.Google Scholar
Rilling, J. K., Glenn, A. L., Jairam, M. R., Pagnoni, G., Goldsmith, D. R., Elfenbein, H. A., and Lilienfeld, S. O.. 2007. Neural correlates of social cooperation and non-cooperation as function of psychopathy. Biological Psychiatry 67(6): 1260–1271.Google Scholar
Rise, M. E. and Harris, G. T.. 1997. Cross-validation and extension of the violent risk-appraisal guide for child molesters and rapists. Law and Human Behavior 21(2): 231–238.Google Scholar
Rogan, W. J., et al. 2001. The effect of chelation therapy with succimer on neuropsychological development in children exposed to lead. New England Journal of Medicine 344(19): 1421–1426.Google Scholar
Rowe, M. L. and Goldin-Meadow, S.. 2009. Early gesture selectively predicts later language learning. Developmental Science 12: 182–187.Google Scholar
Salekin, R. T., Rogers, R., and Sewell, K. W.. 1996. A review and meta-analysis of the psychopathy checklist and psychopathy checklist-revised: Predictive validity of dangerousness. Clinical Psychological Science 3(3): 203–215.Google Scholar
Sampson, R. J. and Laub, J. H.. 2003. Life-course disasters? Trajectories of crime among delinquent boys followed to age 70. Criminology 40: 319–339.Google Scholar
San Francisco Violence Prevention Services. 2019. Coordination. Available at: https://violenceprevention.sfgov.org/coordination.html.Google Scholar
Sareen, J., Afifi, T. O., McMillian, K. A., and Asmundson, G. J.. 2011. Relationship between household income and mental disorders: Findings from a population-based longitudinal study. Archives of General Psychiatry 68: 419.Google Scholar
Sariasian, A., Langstrom, N., D’Onofrio, B., Hallqvist, J., Franck, J., and Lichtenstein, P.. 2013. The impact of neighborhood deprivation on adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: A longitudinal quasi-experimental study of the total Swedish population. International Journal of Epidemiology 42: 1057–1066.Google Scholar
Sariasian, A., Larsson, H., D’Onofrio, B., Langstrom, N., and Lichtenstein, P.. 2014. Childhood family income, adolescent violent criminality and substance misuse: Quasi-experimental total population study. British Journal of Psychiatry 205: 286–290.Google Scholar
Schoenthaler, S. J. 1983a. The Alabama diet-behavior program: An evaluation at the Coosa Valley Regional Detention Center. International Journal of Biosocial Research 5(2): 79–87.Google Scholar
Schoenthaler, S. J. 1983b. Diet and crime: An empirical examination of the value of nutrition in the control and treatment of incarcerated juvenile offenders. International Journal of Biosocial Research 12(4): 25–39.Google Scholar
Schoenthaler, S. J. and Bier, I. D.. 2000. The effect of vitamin-mineral supplementation on juvenile delinquency among American schoolchildren: A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial. Journal of Alternative and Complementary Medicine 6(1): 7–17.Google Scholar
Shackle, S. 2018. These cities are beginning to treat violent crime as a public health issue. Vice, June 24, 2018. Available at: www.vice.com/en_us/article/3kydg5/these-cities-are-beginning-to-treat-violent-crime-as-a-public-health-issue.Google Scholar
Shen, F. X. 2010. The law and neuroscience bibliography: Navigating the emerging field of neurolaw. Internal Journal of Legal Information. 38: 352–399.Google Scholar
Siddons, E. 2018. Treating violence like a disease helped cut Colombia’s murder rate by 82%. Apolitical, May 15. Available at: https://apolitical.co/solution_article/treating-violence-like-a-disease-helped-cut-colombias-murder-rate-by-82/.Google Scholar
Skogan, W. G. 2008. Evaluation of CeaseFire, a Chicago-based violence prevention program, 1991–2007. Available at: www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/227181.pdf.Google Scholar
Skowyra, K. R. and Cocozza, J. J.. 2006. Blueprint for Change: A Comprehensive Model for the Identification and Treatment of Youth with Mental Health Needs in Contact with the Juvenile Justice System. Washington, DC: National Center for Mental Health and Juvenile Justice, PRA Associates, Inc. Available at: ncmhjj.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/12/Blueprint.pdf.Google Scholar
Smith, J. R., Brooks-Gunn, J., and Klebanov, P.. 1997. The consequences of living in poverty for young children’s cognitive and verbal ability and early school achievement. In Consequences of Growing Up Poor, eds. Duncan, G. J. and Brooks-Gunn, J., pp. 132–189. New York: Russell Sage Foundation.Google Scholar
Smith, P. N. and Sams, M. W.. 2005. Neurofeedback with juvenile offenders: A pilot study in the use of QEEG-based and analog-based remedial neurofeedback training. Journal of Neurotherapy 9(3): 87–99.Google Scholar
Social Metrics Commission. 2019. Measuring Poverty 2019: A Report of the Social Metrics Commission. Available at: https://socialmetricscommission.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/SMC_measuring-poverty-201908_full-report.pdf.Google Scholar
Solitary Watch. 2012. How many prisoners are in solitary confinement in the United States? http://solitarywatch.com/2012/02/01/how-many-prisoners-are-in-solitary-confinement-in-the-united-states/.Google Scholar
Steadman, H. J., Osher, F., Robbins, P. C., Case, B., and Samuels, S.. 2009. Prevalence of serious mental illness among jail inmates. Psychiatric Services 60: 761–765.Google Scholar
Steenland. 2011. Prisoner survival inside and outside of the institution: Implications for health-care planning. American Journal of Epidemiology 173(5): 479–487.Google Scholar
Storm, I. F., Thoresen, S., Wentzel-Larsen, T., and Dyb, G.. 2013. Violence, bullying, and academic achievement: A study of 15-year-old adolescents and their school environment. Child Abuse and Neglect 37: 243–251.Google Scholar
Stouthamer-Loeber, M., Wei, E. H., Homish, D. L., and Loeber, R.. 2002. Which family and demographic factors are related to both maltreatment and persistent serious juvenile delinquency? Children’s Services: Social Policy, Research, and Practice 5: 261–272.Google Scholar
Stringhini, S., Carmeli, C., Jokela, M., Avendano, M., Muenning, P., Guida, F., Ricceri, F., D’Errico, A., Barros, H., Bochud, M., and Chadeau-Hyam, M.. 2016. Socioeconomic status and the 25 x 25 risk factors as determinants of premature mortality: A multicohort study and meta-analysis of 1.7 million men and women. Lancet 389(10075): 1229–1237.Google Scholar
Tiihonen, J., Rossi, R, Laakso, M., Hidgins, S., Testa, C., and Frisoni, G. B.. 2008. Brain anatomy of persistent violent offenders: More rather than less. Psychiatric Research and Neuroimaging 163(3): 201–212.Google Scholar
Tottenham, N. and Sheridan, M.. 2010. A review of adversity, the amygdala, and the hippocampus: A consideration of developmental timing. Frontier of Human Neuroscience 3: 68.Google Scholar
Uggen, C., Larson, R., and Shannon, S.. 2016. 6 Million Lost Voters: State-Level Estimates of Felony Disenfranchisement. Washington, DC: The Sentencing Project.Google Scholar
United Nations Press Release. 2017. Calling climate change direct threat, multiplier of many others at General Assembly Event, Secretary-General stresses need for urgent, decisive action. www.un.org/press/en/2017/sgsm18470.doc.htm.Google Scholar
United States Census Bureau. 2019. Income and Poverty in the United States: 2019. Available at: www.census.gov/library/publications/2019/demo/p60-266.html.Google Scholar
United States Conference of Mayors. 2015. Hunger and Homelessness Survey: A Status Report on Hunger and Homelessness in American Cities. http://mazon.org/assets/Uploads/Hunger-and-Homelessness-Survey.pdfGoogle Scholar
United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2010. Our Nation’s Air: Status and Trend through 2008. Washington, DC: EPA.Google Scholar
Veit, R., Flor, H., Erb, M., Hermann, C., Lotze, M., Grodd, W., and Birbaumer, N.. 2002. Brain circuits involved in emotional learning in antisocial behavior and social phobia in humans. Neuroscience Letters 328(3): 233–236.Google Scholar
Viding, E., McCroy, E., and Seara-Cardoso, A.. 2014. Psychopathy. Current Biology 24(18): R871–R874.Google Scholar
Visher, C., Debus, S., and Yahner, J.. 2008. Employment after Prison: A Longitudinal Study of Releases in Three States. Washington, DC: Urban Institute.Google Scholar
Viswanath, K. and Bond, K.. 2007. Social determinants and nutrition: Reflections on the role of communication. Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 2: 20–24.Google Scholar
Vives-cases, C., Otero-Garcia, L., and Torrubiano, J.. 2015. Intimate partner violence among women in Spain: The impact of regional-level male employment and income inequality. European Journal of Public Health 25: 1–7.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2011. Against Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2014. The Stubborn System of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Wang, E. A., Wang, Y., and Krumholz, H. M.. 2013. A high risk of hospitalization following release from correctional facilities in Medicare beneficiaries: A retrospective matched cohort study, 2002 to 2010. JAMA Internal Medicine 173(17): 1621–1628.Google Scholar
Weaver, C. M., Borkowski, J. G., and Whitman, T. L.. 2008. Violence breeds violence: Childhood exposure and adolescent conduct problems. Journal of Community Psychology 36(1): 96–112.Google Scholar
Weaver, C. P., Moss, R. H., Ebi, K. L., Gleick, P. H., Stern, P. C., Telbaldi, C., Wilson, R. S., and Arvai, J. L.. 2017. Reframing climate change assessments around risk: Recommendations for the US National Climate Assessment. Environmental Research Letters 12: http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/1748-9326/aa7494/pdf.Google Scholar
Webster, C. and Kingston, S.. 2014. Anti-poverty strategies for the UK: Poverty and crime review. Project report. Joseph Rowntree Foundation. Available at: http://eprints.lancs.ac.uk/71188/1/JRF_Final_Poverty_and_Crime_Review_May_2014.pdf.Google Scholar
Webster, D. W., Whitehill, J. M., Vernick, J. S., and Curriero, F. C.. 2013. Effects of Baltimore’s safe streets program on gun violence: A replication of Chicago’s CeaseFire program. Journal of Urban Health 90: 27–40.Google Scholar
Wilkinson, R. G. 1999. Health, hierarchy, and social anxiety. Annuals of the N.Y. Academy of Science 896: 48–63.Google Scholar
Williams, F. P. and McShane, M. D.. 1998. Criminological Theory: Selected Classic Readings. Cincinnati, Ohio: Anderson Publishing.Google Scholar
World Bank. 2015. Global Monitoring Report. Available at: http://pubdocs.worldbank.org/en/503001444058224597/Global-Monitoring-Report-2015.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2002a. World Health Report 2002. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2002b. World Report on Violence and Health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. Available at: www.who.int/violence_injury_prevention/violence/world_report/en/full_en.pdf?ua=1.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2004. World Health Report 2004. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2005. Air Quality Guidelines: Global Update 2005. www.who.int/phe/health_topics/outdoorair/outdoorair_aqg/en/.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2006a. Preventing Disease through Healthy Environments. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2006b. Protecting Groundwater for Health: Managing the Quality of Drinking-water Sources. London: IWA. www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/publications/PGWsection1.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2008. Closing the Gap in a Generation: Health Equity through Action on the Social Determinants of Health. Final Report of the Commission on Social Determinants of Health. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2010. Childhood Lead Poisoning. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2013. IARC: Outdoor air pollution a leading environmental cause of cancer deaths. International Agency for Research on Cancer, WHO. www.iarc.fr/en/media-centre/iarcnews/pdf/pr221_E.pdf.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2016a. Ambient (outdoor) air quality and health: Fact sheet. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs313/en/.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2016b. Lead poising and health: Fact sheet. www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs379/en/.Google Scholar
World Health Organization. 2019. Definition of violence. Available at: www.who.int/violenceprevention/approach/definition/en/. Accessed on January 8, 2019.Google Scholar
World Health Organization (WHO) and Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). 2003. Joint WHO/FAO Expert Report on Diet, Nutrition and the Prevention of Chronic Disease. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO.Google Scholar
World Health Organization and UNICEF. 2000. Global Water Supply and Sanitation Assessment 2000 Report. Geneva and New York: WHO and UNICEF.Google Scholar
Wortley, R. 2005. Situational Prison Control. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wright, B. R. E, Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., Miech, R. A., and Silva, P. A. 1999. Reconsidering the relationship between SES and delinquency: Causation but not correlation. Criminology 37: 175–194.Google Scholar
Wright, J. P., Dietrich, K. N., Ris, M. D., Hornung, R. W., Wessel, S. D., Lanphear, B. P., Ho, M., and Rae, M. N.. 2008. Association of prenatal and childhood blood lead concentrations with criminal arrests in early adulthood. PLoS Medicine 5(5): e101.Google Scholar
Yang, Y., Raine, A., Colletti, P., Toga, A. W., and Narr, K. L.. 2010. Morphological alterations in prefrontal cortex and amygdala in unsuccessful psychopaths. Journal of Abnormal Psychology 119(3): 546–554.Google Scholar
Yu, R., Aaltonen, M., Branje, S., Ristikari, T., Meeus, W., Salmela-Aro, K., Goodwin, G. M., and Fazel, S.. 2017. Depression and violence in adolescence and young adults: Findings from three longitudinal cohorts. Journal of American Academy of Adolescent Psychiatry 56(8): 652–658.Google Scholar
Zaalberg, A., Nijman, H., Bulten, E., Stoosma, L., and Van der Staak, C.. 2010. Effects of nutritional supplements on aggression, rule-breaking, and psychopathology among young adult prisoners. Aggressive Behavior 36(2): 117–126.Google Scholar
Zanarini, M. C. and Frankenburg, F. R.. 2003. Omega-3 fatty acid treatment of women with borderline personality disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study. American Journal of Psychiatry 160(1): 167–169.Google Scholar
Zhang, X., Chen, X., and Zhang, X.. 2018. The impact of exposure to air pollution on cognitive performance. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 115(37): 9193–9197.Google Scholar
Aagaard, L. 2014. Chemical castration of Danish sex offenders. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 11(2): 117–118.Google Scholar
Alexander, L., Ferzan, K. K., and Morse, S.. 2009. Crime and Culpability: A Theory of Criminal Law. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Alliance for Safety and Justice. 2016. Crime survivors: The first-ever national survey of victims’ views on safety and justice. Report available at: www.allianceforsafetyandjustice.org/wp-content/uploads/documents/Crime%20Survivors%20Speak%20Report.pdf.Google Scholar
Amnesty International. 2012. Death Sentences and Executions 2011. London: Amnesty International Publications.Google Scholar
Barryessa, C., Chandler, J. A., and Reiner, P.. 2016. Public attitudes towards legally coerced biological treatments of criminals. Journal of Law and the Biosciences 3(3): 447–467.Google Scholar
Blumstein, A., Tonry, M., and Van Ness, A.. 2005. Cross-national measure of punitiveness. Crime and Justice 33(1): 347–376.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. 1989. Crime, Shame and Reintegration. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Braithwaite, J. 2002. Restorative Justice and Responsive Regulation. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Camp, V. and Wemmers, J. A.. 2013. Victim satisfaction with restorative justice: More than simply procedural justice. International Review of Victimology 19(2): 117–143.Google Scholar
Carey, J. M. and Paulhus, D. L.. 2013. Worldview implication of believing in free will and/or determinism: Politics, morality, and punitiveness. Journal of Personality 81(2): 130–141.Google Scholar
Center for Science and Law. 2012. Deep brain stimulation in rehabilitating criminal psychopaths. www.neulaw.org/blog/1034-class-blog/3972-deep-brain-stimulation-in-rehabilitating-criminal-psychopathsGoogle Scholar
Clark, C. J., Ditto, P. H., Shariff, A. F., Luguri, J. B., Knobe, J., and Baumeister, R. F.. 2014. Free to punish: A motivated account of free will belief. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 105(4): 501–513.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2001. The abolition of punishment. Suffolk Law Review 257.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2013. Why do we resist hard incompatibilism? Thoughts on freedom and punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T, pp. 49–78. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2016. Chapter four: Quarantine and the problem of the third man. UNC Legal Studies Research Paper No. 2849473. Available at SSRN: https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2849473.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2017. Insanity and free will: The humanitarian argument for abolition. In The Insanity Defense: Multidisciplinary Views on Its History, Trends, and Controversies, ed. White, Mark D, pp. 243–270. Praeger.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2018. Criminal quarantine and the burden of proof. Philosophia. Available at: https://doi-org.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/10.1007/s11406-018-0026-2.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019a. Fitche and the psychopath: Criminal justice turned upside down. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 161–176. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019b. Free will fallibilism and the “two-standpoints” account of freedom. Synthese. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02181-1.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019c. Doing without desert. In Free Will and Law: New Perspectives, eds. McCay, A. and Sevel, M., pp. 144–163. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Cowen, N. 2010. Comparison of Crime in OECD Countries. London: CIVITAS Institute for the Study of Civil Society.Google Scholar
Crick, F. 1994. The Astonishing: The Scientific Search for the Soul. New York: Touchstone.Google Scholar
Darwall, S. 1992. Internalism and agency. Philosophical Perspectives 6: 155–174.Google Scholar
Douglas, T. 2014. Criminal rehabilitation through medical intervention: Moral liability and the right to bodily integrity. The Journal of Ethics 18(2): 101–122.Google Scholar
Douglas, T. 2019. Nonconsensual neurocorrectives and bodily integrity: A reply to Shaw and Barn. Neuroethics 12(1): 107–118.Google Scholar
Douglas, T., Bonte, P., Focquaert, F., Devolder, K., and Sterckx, S.. 2013. Journal of Bioethical Inquiry 10(3): 393–405.Google Scholar
Enns, P. 2006. Incarceration Nation: How the United States Became the Most Punitive Democracy in the World. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Everett, J. A., Clark, C. J., Meindl, P., Luguri, J. B., Earp, B. D., Graham, J., Ditto, P. H., and Shariff, A. F.. 2019. Political differences in free will belief are driven by differences in moralization. Available at: www.researchgate.net/publication/318842505_Political_differences_in_free_will_belief_are_driven_by_differences_in_moralization.Google Scholar
Farrell, G. and Clarke, K.. 2004. What does the world spend on criminal justice? The European Institute for Crime Prevention and Control, affiliated with the United Nations. NEUNI Paper No. 20. www.heuni.fi/material/attachments/heuni/papers/6KtlkZMtL/HEUNI_papers_20.pdfGoogle Scholar
Fischer, J. M. and Ravizza, M.. 1998. Responsibility and Control: A Theory of Moral Responsibility. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fletcher, G. 2000. Rethinking Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Floud, J. E. and Young, W.. 1981. Dangerousness and Criminal Justice. London: Heinemann.Google Scholar
Gross, H. 1979. A Theory of Criminal Justice. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Henning, K. R. and Christopher Frueh, B.. 1996. Cognitive-behavioral treatment of incarcerated offenders. Criminal Justice and Behavior 23: 523–541.Google Scholar
Huff Post. 2016. Norway proves that treating prison inmates as human beings actually works. August 3, 2016: www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/norway-prison_us_578418b6e4b0e05f05232cb7.Google Scholar
James, E. 2013. The Norwegian prison where inmates are treated like people. The Guardian, Monday, February 25: www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/25/norwegian-prison-inmates-treated-like-people.Google Scholar
Kant, I. 1785/1981. Grounding for the Metaphysics of Morals, trans. J. Ellington. Indianapolis: Hackett.Google Scholar
Kristoffersen, R. 2010. Relapse study in the correctional services of the Nordic countries. EuroVista 2(3): 168–176.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2013. Freedom, Responsibility, and Determinism: A Philosophical Dialogue. Indianapolis, IN: Hackett.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2016. Moral concerns about responsibility denial and the quarantine of violent criminals. Law and Philosophy. DOI: 10.1007/s10982-016-9266-0.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2018. A Pragmatic Approach to Libertarian Free Will. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lewis, C. S. 1953. The humanitarian theory of punishment. Twentieth Century: An Australian Quarterly Review 3. Reprinted in C. S. Lewis, God in the Dock, ed. Hooper, Walter, pp. 224–230. Grand Rapids: Willian B. Eerdmans.Google Scholar
Losen, D., Hodson, C., Keith II, M. A., Morrison, K, and Belway, S. 2015. Are we closing the school discipline gap? The Center for Civil Rights Remedies, February 23. https://civilrightsproject.ucla.edu/resources/projects/center-for-civil-rights-remedies/school-to-prison-folder/federal-reports/are-we-closing-the-school-discipline-gapGoogle Scholar
Losen, D., Martinez, T., and Okelola, V.. 2014. Keeping California’s kids in school: Fewer Students of color missing school for minor misbehavior. The Center for Civil Rights Remedies, June 10. https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3687h8gzGoogle Scholar
Matthews, R. 2006. Reintegrative shaming and restorative justice: Reconciliation or divorce? In Institutionalizing Restorative Justice, eds. Aertson, I., Daems, T., and Robert, L., pp. 237–260. Cullompton, Devon UK: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar
Morris, A. 2001. Revisiting reintegrative shaming. Criminology Aotearoa/New Zealand 16: 10–12.Google Scholar
Morris, A. 2002. Critiquing the critics: A brief response to critics of restorative justice. British Journal of Criminology 42: 596–615.Google Scholar
Morris, H. 1968. Persons and punishment. Monist 52: 475–501.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 1999. Neither desert nor disease. Legal Theory 5: 265–309.Google Scholar
Morse, S. J. 2018. The neuroscientific non-challenge to meaning, morals, and purpose. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 333–358. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Nadelhoffer, T., Bibas, S., Grafton, S., Kiehl, K. A., Mansfield, A., Sinnott-Armstrong, W., and Gazzaniga, M.. 2012. Neuroprediction, violence, and the law: Setting the stage. Neuroethics 5: 67–99.Google Scholar
Nussbaum, M. 2011. Creating Capabilities: The Human Development Approach. Cambridge, MA: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Oldenquist, A. 1988. An explanation of retribution. Journal of Philosophy 85: 464–478.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., and Reid, J.. 1982. A comparative evaluation of a parent training program. Behavior Therapy 13: 638–650.Google Scholar
Paulhus, D. L. and Carey, J. M.. 2011. The FAD-Plus: Measuring lay beliefs regarding free will and related constructs. Journal of Personality Assessment 93: 96–104.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2001. Living without Free Will. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2013. Free will skepticism and criminal punishment. In The Future of Punishment, ed. Nadelhoffer, T., pp. 49–78. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2014. Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2016. Replies to Victor Tadros, Saul Smilansky, Michael McKenna, and Pereboom, D. 2019. Free will skepticism and preventions of crime. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 99–115. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. and Caruso, G. D.. 2018. Hard-incompatibilist existentialism: Neuroscience, punishment, and meaning in life. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 193–222. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Quirk, D. A. 1995. Composite biofeedback conditioning and dangerous offenders: III. Journal of Neurotherapy 1(2): 44–54.Google Scholar
Retzinger, S. M. and Scheff, T. J.. 1996. Strategy for community conferences. In Restorative Justice, eds. Galaway, B. and Ryan, J., pp. 315–336. Monsey, NY: Criminal Justice Books.Google Scholar
Richmond, E. 2015. When restorative justice in schools works. The Atlantic. December 29. www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/12/when-restorative-justice-works/422088/Google Scholar
Robinson, P. H. 2008. Competing conceptions of modern desert: Vengeful, deontological, and empirical. Cambridge Law Journal 67(1): 145–175.Google Scholar
Schoeman, F. 1979. On incapacitating the dangerous. American Philosophical Quarterly 16: 27–35.Google Scholar
Scott, C. L. and Holmberg, T.. 2003. Castration of sex offenders: Prisoners’ rights versus public safety. The Journal of the American Academy of Psychiatry and the Law 31(4): 502–509.Google Scholar
Sentencing Project. 2017. Still Life: America’s Increasing Use of Life and Long-Term Sentences. Washington, DC. Report available at: www.sentencingproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/Still-Life.pdf.Google Scholar
Shafer-Landau, R. 1996. The failure of retributivism. Philosophical Studies 82: 289–316.Google Scholar
Shariff, A. F., Greene, J. D., Karremans, J. C., Luguri, J., Clark, C. J., Schooler, J. W., Baumesiter, R. F. and Vohs, K. D. 2014. Free will and punishment: A mechanistic view of human nature reduces retribution. Psychological Science published online June 10 1–8.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2018. Against the mandatory use of neurointerventions in criminal sentencing. In Treatment for Crime: Philosophical Essays on Neurointerventions in Criminal Justice, eds. Birks, D. and Douglas, T., pp. 321–337. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019a. Justice without more responsibility? Journal of Information Ethics 28(1): 95–114.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019b. The implications of free will skepticism for establishing criminal liability. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 192–206. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Shaw, E. 2019c. The right to bodily integrity and the rehabilitation of offenders through medical interventions: A reply to Thomas Douglas. Neuroethics 12(1): 97–106.Google Scholar
Sommers, T. 2016. The three r’s: Retribution, revenge, and reparation. Philosophia 44: 327–342.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2009. Free will skepticism and personhood as a desert base. Canadian Journal of Philosophy 39(3): 489–511.Google Scholar
Vilhaeur, B. 2013a. The people problem. In Exploring the Illusion of Free Will and Moral Responsibility, ed. Caruso, G. D., pp. 141–160. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar
Vilhauer, B. 2013b. Persons, punishment, and free will skepticism. Philosophical Studies 162(2): 143–163.Google Scholar
Von Hirsch, A. and Ashworth, A.. 2005. Proportionate Sentencing: Exploring the Principles. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
United States Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. 2014. Civil rights data collection: Data snapshot: School Discipline. Issue Brief No. 1, March 2014. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED577231.pdfGoogle Scholar
Walen, A. 2010. Crime, culpability and moral luck: Comment on Alexander, Ferzan and Morse. Law and Philosophy 29: 373–384.Google Scholar
Walen, A. 2014. Retributive justice. Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/justice-retributive/#Pro.Google Scholar
Walgrave, L. (ed.) 2002. Restorative Justice and the Law. Devon, UK: Willan Publishing.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2011. Against Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2014. The culture of moral responsibility. Southwest Philosophical Review 30(1): 3–17.Google Scholar
Waller, B. 2015. The Stubborn System of Moral Responsibility. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Weatherburn, D. 2010. The effects of prison on adult re-offending. Crime and Justice Bulletin NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice 143: 1–12.Google Scholar
White, R. 1994. Shame and reintegration strategies: Individuals, state power and social interests. In Family Conferencing and Juvenile Justice: The Way Forward or Misplaced Optimism? eds. Alder, C. and Wundersitz, J., pp. 181–196. Canberra ACT: Australian Institute of Criminology.Google Scholar
Whitman, J. Q. 1998. What is wrong with inflicting shame sanctions? Yale Law Journal 107: 1055–1092.Google Scholar
Yochelson, S. and Samenow, S.. 1976. The Criminal Personality: A Profile for Change. New York: Aronson.Google Scholar
Yochelson, S. and Samenow, S.. 1977. The Criminal Personality: A Change Process. New York: Aronson.Google Scholar
Austin, J., Eisen, L. B., Cullen, J., and Frank, J.. 2016. How Many Americans Are Unnecessarily Incarcerated? Brennan Center for Justice at New York University School of Law. Available at: www.brennancenter.org/sites/default/files/publications/Unnecessarily_Incarcerated_0.pdf.Google Scholar
Barber, G., Stone, R., Deck, S., Morris, V., Seelye, S., and Clark, A.. 2008. Cost of Homelessness in Metropolitan Louisville. Louisville, KY: Coalition for the Homeless.Google Scholar
Boonin, D. 2008. The Problem of Punishment. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bowker, L. 1980. Prison Victimization. New York: Elsevier.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2018. Criminal quarantine and the burden of proof. Philosophia. Available at: https://doi-org.libproxy.lib.unc.edu/10.1007/s11406-018-0026-2.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019a. Fitche and the psychopath: Criminal justice turned upside down. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 161–176. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Corrado, M. L. 2019b. Free will fallibilism and the “two-standpoints” account of freedom. Synthese. Available at: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11229-019-02181-1.Google Scholar
Donovan, S. and Shinseki, E. K.. 2013. Homelessness is a public health issue. American Journal of Public Health 103(Supplement 2): S180.Google Scholar
Double, R. 2002. The moral hardness of libertarianism. Philo 5(2): 226–234.Google Scholar
Economic Roundtable. 2009. Where we sleep: Costs when homeless and housed in Los Angeles. www.economicrt.org.Google Scholar
Greenberg, G. A. and Rosenheck, R. A.. 2008. Jail incarceration, homelessness, and mental health: A national study. Psychiatry Service 59(2): 170–177.Google Scholar
Gulcur, L., Stefancic, A., Shinn, M., Tsemberis, S., and Fischer, S.. 2003. Housing, hospitalization and cost outcomes for homeless individuals with psychiatric disabilities participating in continuum of care housing first programmes. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology 13:171–186.Google Scholar
Huff Post. 2016. Norway proves that treating prison inmates as human beings actually works. August 3, 2016: www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/norway-prison_us_578418b6e4b0e05f05232cb7.Google Scholar
Irwin, J. 1980. Prison in Turmoil. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar
James, E. 2013. The Norwegian prison where inmates are treated like people. The Guardian, Monday, February 25: www.theguardian.com/society/2013/feb/25/norwegian-prison-inmates-treated-like-people.Google Scholar
Justice Policy Institute. 2011. Finding direction: Expanding criminal justice options by considering policies of other nations. Available at: www.justicepolicy.org/uploads/justicepolicy/documents/sentencing.pdf.Google Scholar
Kay, C. 2019. Short prison sentences as a last resort won’t work unless the probation service is fixed. The Conversation, January 29. Available at: https://theconversation.com/short-prison-sentences-as-a-last-resort-wont-work-unless-the-probation-service-is-fixed-110480.Google Scholar
Kim, K. and Peterson, B.. 2014. Aging Behind Bars: Trends and Implication of Graying Prisoners in the Federal Prison System. Urban Institute. Available at: www.urban.org/sites/default/files/publication/33801/413222-Aging-Behind-Bars-Trends-and-Implications-of-Graying-Prisoners-in-the-Federal-Prison-System.PDF.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2016. Moral concerns about responsibility denial and the quarantine of violent criminals. Law and Philosophy. DOI: 10.1007/s10982-016-9266-0.Google Scholar
Lemos, J. 2018. A Pragmatic Approach to Libertarian Free Will. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar
Lutham, R. and Klippan, L.. 2016. From expected reoffender to trusted neighbour: Why we should rethink our prisons. The Conversation, August 14: https://theconversation.com/from-expected-reoffender-to-trusted-neighbour-why-we-should-rethink-our-prisons-60114.Google Scholar
Mauer, M. 2016. A 20-year maximum for prison sentences. Democracy: A Journal of Idea. No. 39. Available at: https://democracyjournal.org/magazine/39/a-20-year-maximum-for-prison-sentences/.Google Scholar
Metraux, S. and Culhane, D. P.. 2006. Recent incarceration history among a sheltered homeless population. Crime and Delinquency 52(3): 504–517.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 2013. Compendium of re-offending statistics and analysis. Available at: https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/278133/compendium-reoffending-stats-2013.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 2016. Safety in custody statistics bulletin: England and Wales. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/562897/safety-in-custody-bulletin.pdf.Google Scholar
Ministry of Justice. 2018. Offender management statistics quarterly: April to June 2018. Available at: www.gov.uk/government/statistics/offender-management-statistics-quarterly-april-to-june-2018.Google Scholar
Morisson, D. S. 2009. Homelessness as an independent risk factor for mortality: Results from a retrospective cohort study. International Journal of Epidemiology 38(3): 977–983.Google Scholar
Morse, S. S. J. 2018. The neuroscientific non-challenge, to meaning, morals and purpose. In Neuroexistentialism: Meaning, Morals, and Purpose in the Age of Neuroscience, eds. Caruso, G. D. and Flanagan, O., pp. 333–358. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
National Health Care for the Homeless Council. 2011. Homelessness and health: What’s the connection. Available at: www.nhchc.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/09/Hln_health_factsheet_Jan10.pdf.Google Scholar
Nazworth, S. 2014. Ability housing of northeast Florida. Cost Benefit Analysis of Permanent Supportive Housing. https://shnny.org/uploads/Florida-Homelessness-Report-2014.pdfGoogle Scholar
Nelkin, D. 2019. Duties, desert, and the justification of punishment. Criminal Law and Philosophy 13(3): 425–438.Google Scholar
O’Connell, J. J. (ed.) 2004. The health care of homeless persons: A manual of communicable diseases and common problems in shelters and on the streets. The Boston Health Care for the Homeless Program.Google Scholar
Patterson, G. R., Chamberlain, P., and Reid, J.. 1982. A comparative evaluation of a parent training program. Behavior Therapy 13: 638–650.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2017. A defense of free will skepticism: Replies to commentaries by Victor Tadros, Saul Smilansky, Michael McKenna, and Alfred R. Mele. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(3): 617–636.Google Scholar
Mele, A. R. 2017. On Pereboom’s disapprearing agent argument. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(3): 561–574.Google Scholar
McKenna, M. 2017. Manipulation arguments, basic desert, and moral responsibility: Assessing Derk Pereboom’s Free Will, Agency, and Meaning in Life. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(3): 575–589.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2017. Doing without desert. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11(3): 605–616.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2019. Free will skepticism and preventions of crime. In Free Will Skepticism in Law and Society: Challenging Retributive Justice, eds. Shaw, E., Pereboom, D., and Caruso, G. D., pp. 99–115. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Pereboom, D. 2020. Incapacitation, reintegration, and limited general deterrence. Neuroethics 31(1): 87–97.Google Scholar
Prison Reform Trust. 2018. Bromley Briefings Prison Factfile. Autumn 2018. Available at: www.prisonreformtrust.org.uk/Portals/0/Documents/Bromley%20Briefings/Autumn%202018%20Factfile.pdf.Google Scholar
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. 2009. Housing for Homeless Alcoholics Can Reduce Costs to Taxpayers, March 31, 2009, JAMA. www.rwjf.org/en/library/articles-and-news/2009/03/housing-for-homeless-alcoholics-can-reduce-costs-to-taxpayers.htmlGoogle Scholar
Robinson, P. H. 2008. Competing conceptions of modern desert: Vengeful, deontological, and empirical. Cambridge Law Journal 67(1): 145–175.Google Scholar
Scottish Government. 2019. Criminal Proceedings in Scotland 2017-18. Available at: www.gov.scot/publications/criminal-proceedings-scotland-2017-18/.Google Scholar
Singer, J. 2003. Taking it to the streets: Homelessness, health, and health care in the United States. Journal of General Internal Medicine 18(11): 964–965.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 1990. Utilitarianism and the “punishment” of the innocent: The general problem. Analysis 50: 256–261.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 2000. Free Will and Illusion. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 2011. Hard determinism and punishment: A practical reduction. Law and Philosophy 30: 353–367.Google Scholar
Smilansky, S. 2016. Pereboom on punishment: Funishment, innocence, motivation, and other difficulties. Criminal Law and Philosophy. DOI:10.1007/s11572-016-9396-3.Google Scholar
Song, J., Ratner, E. R., Bartels, D. M., Alderton, L., Hudson, B., and Ahluwalia, J. S.. 2007. Experiences with and attitudes toward death and dying among homeless persons. Journal of General Internal Medicine 22: 427–434.Google Scholar
Stewart, R. 2019. Reducing the use of short prison sentences in favour of a smarter approach. Revolving Door Agency. Available at: www.revolving-doors.org.uk/file/2347/download?token=e9wtT41q.Google Scholar
Stromberg, P., et al. 2007. The Relative Cost of Supportive Housing Services for Chronically Homeless Populations in Tulsa, Oklahoma. Q2 Consulting, www.Q2consulting.com.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2011. The End of Harm: The Moral Foundations of Criminal Law. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2016. Wrongs and Crimes. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Tadros, V. 2017. Doing without desert. Criminal Law and Philosophy 11: 605–616.Google Scholar
Tejani, N., Rosenheck, R., Tsai, J., Kasprow, W., and McGuire, J. F.. 2014. Incarceration histories of homeless veterans and progression through a national support housing program. Community Mental Health Journal 50: 514–519.Google Scholar
Tsai, J., Mares, A. S., Rosenheck, R. A. 2012. Does housing chronically homeless adults lead to social integration? Psychiatric Services 63(5): 427–434.Google Scholar
Tsai, J., Rosenhack, R. A., Kasprow, W. J., and McGuire, J. F.. 2013. Risk of incarceration and other characteristics of Iraq and Afghanistan era veterans in state and federal prisons. Psychiatric Services 64(1): 36–43.Google Scholar
Tsemberis, S. 2014. Housing First defined on Pathways to Housing.org, www.pathwaystohousingx.org.Google Scholar
United States Department of Education Office for Civil Rights. 2014. Civil rights data collection: Data snapshot: School Discipline. Issue Brief No. 1, March 2014. http://ocrdata.ed.gov/Downloads/CRDC-School-Discipline-Snapshot.pdf.Google Scholar
United States Sentencing Commission. 2017. The Effects of Aging on Recidivism among Federal Offenders. Washington, DC: United States Sentencing Commission.Google Scholar
Weatherburn, D. 2010. The effects of prison on adult re-offending. Crime and Justice Bulletin NSW Bureau of Crime Statistics and Research: Contemporary Issues in Crime and Justice 143: 1–12.Google Scholar
Wortley, R. 2005. Situational Prison Control. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Wrezel, O. 2009. Respiratory infections in the homeless. UWO Medical Journal 78(2): 61–65.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, M. J. 2011. The Immorality of Punishment. Buffalo, NY: Broadview Press.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Gregg D. Caruso
  • Book: Rejecting Retributivism
  • Online publication: 06 May 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108689304.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Gregg D. Caruso
  • Book: Rejecting Retributivism
  • Online publication: 06 May 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108689304.010
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Gregg D. Caruso
  • Book: Rejecting Retributivism
  • Online publication: 06 May 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108689304.010
Available formats
×