Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-jn8rn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-25T21:08:53.021Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

1 - The role of the public bureaucracy in policy implementation in five ASEAN countries: a comparative overview

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 February 2016

By
Jon S. T. Quah
Edited by
Jon S. T. Quah
Jon S. T. Quah
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Jon S. T. Quah
Affiliation:
National University of Singapore
Get access

Summary

Introduction

The Parable of the Owl and the Centipede

In the forest there lived a centipede who developed foot problems, and for a centipede that means a lot of pain. He asked the other animals what he could do about it, and no one had any suggestion except that he ask the Wise Old Owl.

So he went to the Wise Old Owl. ‘Wise Old Owl, Wise Old Owl’, he said. ‘Tell me what I can do about my aching feet.’ The Wise Old Owl considered the problem and said, ‘Go back to your home and turn into a fish.’ Since a fish has no feet, that seemed like good advice, so the centipede went home and tried it out. But, no matter how hard he tried, he couldn't turn into a fish. He asked the other animals how to do it and none of them knew.

Again he limped back to the Wise Old Owl. ‘Wise Old Owl, Wise Old Owl’, he said. ‘I have tried very hard, every way I can think of, to turn into a fish, but I can't. Please, Wise Old Owl, Wise Old Owl, tell me how to do it.’

The Wise Old Owl looked annoyed. ‘You don't understand my situation. I don't know how to do anything like that; I just make policy.’

(Steve Sachs, Attorney General of Maryland, quoted in Young 1983: 39)

This parable captures accurately the relative ease of formulating a policy on the one hand, as well as the difficulties encountered in policy implementation on the other hand. In their analysis of policy implementation in the Third World, Bertsch, Clark and Wood (1986: 472) observe that many governments ‘operate under administrative, economic, and political constraints that virtually guarantee failure at the point where the policy is applied to the society’. Caiden (1976: 142–64) describes implementation as the ‘Achilles’ heel’ of administrative reform and identifies twelve reasons for the failure of policy implementation in the developing countries. Perhaps the most comprehensive analysis of the difficulties encountered in implementing policies is provided by Chase (1979: 386–435) who has identified forty-four obstacles to the implementation of human services programmes. In their pioneering book, Implementation, Pressman and Wildavsky (1973: xiii) contend that ‘implementation, under the best of circumstances, is exceedingly difficult’.

Type
Chapter
Information
The Role of the Public Bureaucracy in Policy Implementation in Five ASEAN Countries , pp. 1 - 97
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2016

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Acuña-Alfaro, J. (ed.) 2009. Reforming Public Administration in Vietnam: Current Situation and Recommendations. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House.
Acuña-Alfaro, J. and Do, T. H. 2010. ‘Reforming the Public Sector in Vietnam’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Civil Service System and Civil Service Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 347–88.
Ahlers, A. L. 2014. Rural Policy Implementation in Contemporary China: New Socialist Countryside. London: Routledge.
Ali, M. 2013. ‘Efficiency, Wages, Public Service Motivation and Effort in Malaysia: An Empirical Case Study of Universiti Sains Malaysia’, PhD thesis, Murdoch University.
Amara, R. and Siedentopf, H. (eds) 1980. Asian Civil Service: Developments and Trends. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Administration Centre.
Anderson, J. E. 1979. Public Policy-Making, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Asian Intelligence 2014. ‘Regional Overview’, 895 (19 March): 1–5.
Badan Kepegawaian Nasional (BKN) 2014. Statistik Pegawai Negeri Sipil. Jakarta: Pemerintah Republik Indonesia.
Bankoff, G. 2005. ‘Profiting from Disasters: Corruption, Hazard, and Society in the Philippines’. In Tarling, N. (ed.), Corruption and Good Governance in Asia. London: Routledge, pp. 165–85.
Bardach, E. 1977. The Implementation Game: What Happens after a Bill Becomes a Law. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Barenstein, J. 1994. Overcoming Fuzzy Governance in Bangladesh: Policy Implementation in Least Developed Countries. Dhaka: The University Press Ltd.
Bautista, R. Jr 2010. ‘The Philippine Legal System’, available at: https://suite.io/renato-bautista-jr/36zn2j3 (accessed 30 December 2014).
Bell, G. F. 1999. ‘The Singapore Legal System in Context – Whither the Concept of the National Legal System’. In Tan, K. Y. L. (ed.), The Singapore Legal System, Singapore: Singapore University Press, pp. 1–25.
Berg, A. 1999. Implementing and Enforcing European Fisheries Law: The Implementation and the Enforcement of the Common Fisheries Policy in the Netherlands and the United Kingdom. The Hague: Kluwer Law International.
Bertsch, G. K., Clark, R. P. and Wood, D. M. 1986. Comparing Political Systems: Power and Policy in Three Worlds. New York: Macmillan Publishing Company.
Blunt, E. 1937. The ICS: The Indian Civil Service. London: Faber and Faber.
Brata, R. A. 2014. Why Did Anticorruption Policy Fail? A Study of Anticorruption Policy Implementation Failure in Indonesia. Charlotte, NC: Information Age Publishing.
Brigham, J. and Brown, D. W. 1980. Policy Implementation: Penalties or Incentives? Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.
Brillantes, A. B. Jr 1988. ‘The Executive’. In de Guzman, R. P. and Reforma, M. A. (eds), Government and Politics of the Philippines. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 113–31.
Brillantes, A. B. Jr and Flores, H. P. 2011. ‘Public Sector Reform in the Philippines’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Public Sector Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 228–66.
Brillantes, A. B. Jr and Sonco, J. O. T. II 2010. ‘Civil Service Reforms in the Philippines: Its Many Faces, Leadership and Politics’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Civil Service System and Civil Service Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 210–52.
Burns, J. P. and Zhou, Z. 2010. Performance Management in the Government of the People's Republic of China: Accountability and Control in the Implementation of Public Policy. Paris: OECD Publishing.
Bussell, J. 2012. Corruption and Reform in India: Public Services in the Digital Age. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Caiden, G. E. 1969. Administrative Reform. London: Allen Lane.
Caiden, G. E. 1976. ‘Implementation – The Achilles Heel of Administrative Reform’. In Leemans, A. F. (ed.), The Management of Change. The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, pp. 142–64.
Chan, A. L. 2001. Mao's Crusade: Politics and Policy Implementation in China's Great Leap Forward. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Chase, G. 1979. ‘Implementing a Human Service Program: How Hard Will it Be?’, Public Policy, 27 (4): 385–435.Google Scholar
Cheema, G. S. and Rondinelli, D. A. (eds) 1983. Implementing Decentralization Programmes in Asia: Local Capacity for Rural Development. Nagoya: United Nations Centre for Regional Development.
Chow, K. W. 1994. ‘Policy Formulation and Implementation in China: Issues and Implications’. In Jun, J. S. (ed.), Development in the Asia Pacific: A Public Policy Perspective. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter, pp. 449–74.
Chung, J. H. 1993. ‘The Politics of Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China: Central Control and Provincial Autonomy under Decentralization’, PhD thesis, University of Michigan.
Cleaves, P. S. 1980. ‘Implementation amidst Scarcity and Apathy: Political Power and Policy Design’. In Grindle, M. S. (ed.), Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press;, pp. 281–303.
Cloete, F. 2000. At Full Speed the Tiger Cubs Stumbled: Lessons from South East Asia about Sustainable Public Service Delivery. Pretoria: Human Sciences Research Council Press.
Corpuz, O. D. 1957. The Bureaucracy in the Philippines. Manila: Institute of Public Administration, University of the Philippines.
Cothran, D. A. 1987. ‘Japanese Bureaucrats and Policy Implementation: Lessons for America?’, Policy Studies Review, 6 (3): 439–58.Google Scholar
Crouch, H. 2003. ‘Political Update 2002: Megawati's Holding Operation’. In Aspinall, E. and Fealy, G. (eds), Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralization and Democratization. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 15–34.
culture360.org 2014. ‘ASEAN Affairs Office’, available at: http://culture360.asef.org/organisation/asean-affairs-office/ (accessed 30 December 2014).
Darling, F. C. 1979. The Westernization of Asia: A Comparative Political Analysis. Cambridge, MA: Schenkman Publishing Company.
Davidsen, S., Ha, N. V., Giao, H. N., Vasavakul, T. and Garrido, M. A. 2009. Implementation Assessment of the Anti-Corruption Law: How Far Has Vietnam Come at the Sector Level? A Case Study of the Construction Sector. Copenhagen: Danish International Development Agency.
de Guzman, R. P., Brillantes, A. B. Jr and Pacho, A. G. 1988. ‘The Bureaucracy’. In de Guzman, R. P. and Reforma, M. A. (eds), Government and Politics of the Philippines. Singapore: Oxford University Press, pp. 180–206.
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Philippines 2014a. ‘Organizational Structure’, available at: http://web.archive.org/web/20141106212405/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/articles/organizational-structure (accessed 30 December 2014).
Department of Foreign Affairs (DFA) Philippines 2014b. ‘Home Office Personnel Directory’, available at: http://web.archive.org/web/20141106212331/https://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/transparency/name-of-officials (accessed 30 December 2014).
Department of Statistics 2014. Yearbook of Statistics, Singapore 2014. Singapore: Ministry of Trade and Industry.
Echeverri-Gent, J. 1993. The State and the Poor: Public Policy and Political Development in India and the United States. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Economic Times 2012. ‘Indian Bureaucracy Rates Worst in Asia, Says a Political and Economic Risk Consultancy Report’. 11 January.
The Economist 2013. Pocket World in Figures, 2014 Edition. London: Profile Books.
Edwards, G. C. 1980. Implementing Public Policy. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Press.
Edwards, G. C. (ed.) 1984. Public Policy Implementation. Greenwich: JAI Press.
Elyas, B. O. 1980. ‘The Civil Service Systems in Malaysia’. In Amara, R. and Siedentopf, H. (eds), Asian Civil Service: Developments and Trends. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Administration Centre, pp. 249–99.
Emmerson, D. K. 1978. ‘The Bureaucracy in Political Context: Weakness in Strength’. In Jackson, K. D. and Pye, L. W. (eds), Political Power and Communications in Indonesia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 82–136.
Endriga, J. N. 1979. ‘Historical Notes on Graft and Corruption in the Philippines’, Philippine Journal on Public Administration, 23(3–4): 241–54.Google Scholar
Esman, M. 1972. Administration and Development in Malaysia. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.
Frazier, M. 1992. Implementing State Government Export Programs. New York: Praeger.
Fritzen, S. 2005. ‘The “Misery” of Implementation: Governance, Institutions and Anti-Corruption in Vietnam’. In Tarling, N. (ed.), Corruption and Good Governance in Asia. London: Routledge, pp. 98–120.
Frost, N. 2002. Indonesia. Oxford: Oxfam Publishing.
Gable, R. W. and Springer, J. F. 1976. Administering Agricultural Development in Asia: A Comparative Analysis of Four National Programs. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
George, C. and Leow, J. 1998. ‘Who Runs Singapore?’, Sunday Times, 26 April, p. 36.
Gillespie, J. 2002. ‘The Political-Legal Culture of Anti-Corruption Reforms in Vietnam’. In Lindsey, T. and Dick, H. (eds), Corruption in Asia: Rethinking the Governance Paradigm. Annandale: Federation Press, pp. 167–200.
Gobel, C. 2011. ‘Uneven Policy Implementation in Rural China’, China Journal, 65: 53–76.Google Scholar
Grindle, M. S. (ed.) (1980). Politics and Policy Implementation in the Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Hanisch, R. 1977. ‘Decision-making Processes and Problems of Implementation of the Land Reform in the Philippines (Part I)’, Asia Quarterly, 4: 305–22.Google Scholar
Hanisch, R. 1978. ‘Decision-making Processes and Problems of Implementation of the Land Reform in the Philippines (Part II)’, Asia Quarterly, 5 (1): 3–38.Google Scholar
Hausman, D. 2010. ‘Policy Leaps and Implementation Obstacles: Civil Service Reform in Vietnam, 1998–2009’, Innovations for Successful Societies. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University.
Heinelt, H., Malek, T., Smith, R. and Toller, A. E. (eds) 2001. European Union Environment Policy and New Forms of Governance: A Study of the Implementation of the Environmental Impact Assessment Directive and the Eco-management and Audit Scheme Regulation in Three Member States. Aldershot: Ashgate.
Honadle, G. 1999. How Context Matters: Linking Environmental Policy to People and Place. West Hartford, CT: Kumarian Press.
Hsu, P. S. C. 1998. ‘Policy Implementation under Dual Decentralization in the People's Republic of China, 1979–1995: Coalitions, Institutions, and International Economic Links’, PhD thesis, University of Denver.
Huang, J. 1998. ‘Special Zoning Strategy in the People's Republic of China: State Capacity and Policy Implementation’, PhD thesis, University of Tennessee.
Hussain, Z. 2009. ‘PERC: Recession Could Test Singapore's Civil Service’, Straits Times, 5 June, p. C5.
Iglesias, G. U. (ed.) 1976. Implementation: The Problem of Achieving Results. A Casebook on Asian Experiences. Manila: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration.
Jain, R. B. 1984. ‘Parliament and Policy in India’, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 6 (2): 127–52.Google Scholar
Jain, R. B. 1987. ‘The Role of Bureaucracy in Policy Development and Implementation in India’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 20–39.Google Scholar
Jones, D. S. 1998. ‘Law Enforcement in Singapore: An Analysis of the Compliance Strategy’, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 20 (1): 30–56.Google Scholar
Jones, D. S. 2001. ‘Inspection and Enforcement Strategies in Singapore: Food Safety, Pollution Control and Industrial Safety’. In Low, L. and Johnston, D. (eds), Singapore Inc.: Public Policy Options in the Third Millennium. Singapore: Asia Pacific Press, pp. 179–203.
Jordan, L. S. and Koinis, K. 2014. Flexible Implementation: A Key to Asia's Transformation. Honolulu: East-West Center Policy Studies, 70.
Kaufmann, D., Kraay, A. and Mastruzzi, M. 2004. ‘Governance Matters III: Governance Indicators for 1996–2002’. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Kawin, W. 1975. ‘Singapore's Foreign Policy: A Study of the Foreign Policy System of a City-State’, PhD thesis, Georgetown University.
Kim, P. S. (ed.) 2010. Civil Service System and Civil Service Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company.
Kim, P. S. (ed.) 2011. Public Sector Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company.
Kraiyudht, D. 1989. Privatization: An Analysis of the Concept and its Implementation in Thailand. Bangkok: Thailand Development Research Institute Foundation.
Lampton, D. M. (ed.) 1987. Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Lanka Business. 2010. ‘Civil Service: India, Indonesia Worst for Red Tape’, 2 June.
Ledesma, A. J. and Tizon-Montinola, Maria Lourdes (eds) 1988. The Implementation of Agrarian Reform in Negros: Issues, Problems, and Experiences. Bacolod City: Social Research Center, University of St. La Salle.
Lee, B. H. 1980. ‘The Public Personnel System in Singapore’. In Amara, R. and Siedentopf, H. (eds), Asian Civil Service: Developments and Trends. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Administration Centre, pp. 431–79.
Lee, J. Z. 1993. ‘Central-local Political Relationships in Post-Mao China: A Study of Recruitment Policy Implementation in Wuhan’, PhD thesis, Ohio State University.
Lee, P. N. S. 1997. ‘Policy Implementation in Reform China: The Case of Retirement Insurance’. Institute of Asia-Pacific Studies, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Occasional Paper 67. Hong Kong.
Lehmann, M. A. 2000. Negotiating Environmental Quality: Policy Implementation in Germany and the United States. Cheltenham: Edward Elgar.
Leichter, H. M. 1979. A Comparative Approach to Policy Analysis: Health Care in Four Nations. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Leosong, M. and Zimmermann, W. 2005. ‘Limits to Environmental Policy Implementation: The Case of User Charge Implementation in Thailand’, International Public Management Review, 6 (1): 23–58.Google Scholar
Levin, M. A. and Ferman, B. 1985. The Political Hand: Policy Implementation and Youth Employment Programs. New York: Pergamon Press.
Lewis, D. and Wallace, H. (eds) 1984. Policies into Practice: National and International Case Studies in Implementation. London: Heinemann Educational Books.
Majone, G. and Wildavsky, A. 1984. ‘Implementation as Evolution (1979)’. In Pressman, J. L. and Wildavsky, A. (eds), Implementation. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press, pp. 163–80.
Manion, M. 1991. ‘Policy Implementation in the People's Republic of China: Authoritative Decisions versus Individual Interests’, Journal of Asian Studies, 50 (2): 253–79.Google Scholar
Mann, D. E. (ed.) 1982. Environmental Policy Implementation. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Manuel, M. J. 1999. ‘Philippine Government and its Separation and Coordination of Powers’. In Yu-Jose, L. N. (ed.), Politics and Governance: Theory and Practice in the Philippine Context. Quezon City: Department of Political Science, Ateneo de Manila University, pp. 77–116.
Manurung, C. 1980. ‘The Public Personnel System in Indonesia’. In Amara, R. and Siedentopf, H. (eds), Asian Civil Service: Developments and Trends. Kuala Lumpur: Asian and Pacific Development Administration Centre, pp. 131–77.
May, P. J. and Williams, W. 1986. Disaster Policy Implementation: Managing Programs under Shared Governance. New York: Plenum Press.
Mazmanian, D. A. and Sabatier, P. A. (eds) 1981. Effective Policy Implementation. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books.
Mazmanian, D. A. and Sabatier, P. A. 1983. Implementation and Public Policy. Glenview, IL: Scott, Foresman and Company.
Meyer, P. B. (ed.) 1993. Comparative Studies in Local Economic Development: Problems in Policy Implementation. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press.
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Indonesia 2014. ‘Directorate General of ASEAN Cooperation’. Jakarta, available at: www.kemlu.go.id/Pages/Orgz.aspx?IDP=4&l=en (accessed 30 December 2014).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Malaysia 2014. ‘ASEAN-Malaysia National Secretariat’. Putrajaya, available at: www.kln.gov.my/web/guest/dd-asean_malaysia (accessed 30 December 2014).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Singapore 2014. ‘ASEAN Directorate’. Singapore, available at: http://app.sgdi.gov.sg/ (accessed 30 December 2014).
Ministry of Foreign Affairs (MFA), Vietnam 2012. ‘Organizational Structure’. Hanoi, available at: www.mofahcm.gov.vn/vi/mofa/bng_vietnam/nr070622153725/ (accessed 30 December 2014).
Muramatsu, M. and Krauss, E. S. 1984. ‘Bureaucrats and Politicians in Policy-making: The Case of Japan’, American Political Science Review, 78 (1): 126–46.Google Scholar
Nakamura, R. T. and Smallwood, F. 1980. The Politics of Policy Implementation. New York: St Martin's Press.
Neo, B. S. and Chen, G. 2007. Dynamic Governance: Embedding Culture, Capabilities and Change in Singapore. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing.
Ness, G. D. 1967. Bureaucracy and Rural Development in Malaysia. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Nik Rosnah, Wan Abdullah 2011. ‘public sector Reform in Malaysia’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Public Sector Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 160–87.
Peabody, R. L. and Rourke, F. E. 1965. ‘Public Bureaucracies’. In March, J. G. (ed.), Handbook of Organizations. Chicago, IL: Rand McNally, pp. 802–37.
Peck, E. and Six, Perri. 2006. Beyond Delivery: Policy Implementation as Sense-making and Settlement. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Philippine Civil Service Commission 2010. ‘Inventory of Government Personnel’. Quezon City.
Pluvier, J. 1974. South-East Asia from Colonialism to Independence. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Political and Economic Risk Consultancy (PERC) 2011. Emerging Asia SWOT Report. Hong Kong.
Poon, Y., Nguyen, K. H. and Do, X. T. 2009. ‘The Reform of the Civil Service System as Viet Nam Moves into the Middle-income Country Category’. In Acuña-Alfaro, J. (ed.), Reforming Public Administration in Vietnam: Current Situation and Recommendations. Hanoi: National Political Publishing House, pp. 199–251.
Prasojo, E. 2010. ‘A Review of Civil Service System and Civil Service Reform in Indonesia’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Civil Service System and Civil Service Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 89–125.
Prasojo, E. 2011. ‘Exploring Public Sector Reform in Indonesia’. In Kim, P. S. (ed.), Public Sector Reform in ASEAN Member Countries and Korea. Seoul: Daeyoung Moonhwasa Publishing Company, pp. 82–128.
Pressman, J. L. and Wildavsky, A. B. 1973. Implementation. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
Puthucheary, M. 1970. ‘The Operations Room in Malaysia as a Technique in Administrative Reform’. In Lee, H. B. and Samonte, A. G. (eds), Administrative Reforms in Asia. Manila: Eastern Regional Organization for Public Administration, pp. 165–98.
Puthucheary, M. 1978. The Politics of Administration: The Malaysian Experience. Kuala Lumpur: Oxford University Press.
Pyper, R. 1995. The British Civil Service. London: Prentice Hall/ Harvester Wheatsheaf.
Quah, J. S. T. 1982a. ‘The Public Bureaucracy and National Development in Singapore’. In Tummala, K. K. (ed.), Administrative Systems Abroad. Washington, DC: University Press of America, pp. 42–75.
Quah, J. S. T. 1982b. ‘Bureaucratic Corruption in the ASEAN Countries: A Comparative Analysis of their Anti-Corruption Strategies’, Journal of Southeast Asian Studies, 13 (1): 153–77.Google Scholar
Quah, J. S. T. 1984. ‘The Public Policy-Making Process in Singapore’, Asian Journal of Public Administration, 6 (2): 108–26.Google Scholar
Quah, J. S. T. (ed.) 1987a. ‘The Public Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation in Asia’, Special Issue, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2).Google Scholar
Quah, J. S. T. 1987b. ‘Public Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation in Asia: An Introduction’, Southeast Asia Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): vii–xvi.Google Scholar
Quah, J. S. T. 1987c. ‘Public Bureaucracy and Policy Implementation in Singapore’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 77–95.Google Scholar
Quah, J. S. T. 2001. ‘Singapore: Meritocratic City-State’. In Funston, J. (ed.), Government and Politics in Southeast Asia. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 291–327.
Quah, J. S. T. 2009. ‘Public Administration: Change in Style and Continuity in Policy’. In Welsh, B., Chin, J., Mahiznan, A. and Tan, T. H. (eds), Impressions of the Goh Chok Tong Years in Singapore. Singapore: NUS Press, pp. 50–60.
Quah, J. S. T. 2010. Public Administration Singapore-Style. Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Quah, J. S. T. 2011. Curbing Corruption in Asian Countries: An Impossible Dream? Bingley: Emerald Group Publishing.
Radin, B. A. 1977. Implementation, Change, and the Federal Bureaucracy: School Desegregation Policy in H[ealth]E[ducation and]W[elfare], 1964–1968. New York: Teachers College Press.
Rajenthran, A. 2002. ‘Indonesia: An Overview of the Legal Framework for Foreign Direct Investment’, Economic and Finance Paper No. 4, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
Reyes, V. C. 2007. ‘Corruption and Policy Implementation in the Philippines: A Comparative Analysis of the Teacher Training and Textbook Delivery Programmes’, Asian Journal of Political Science, 15 (1): 97–125.Google Scholar
Reyes, V. C. 2009a. ‘Case Study of Implementation amidst Corruption Linkages: The National Textbook Delivery Programme (TDP) of the Philippine Department of Education’, Journal of Educational Policy, 24 (4): 515–35.Google Scholar
Reyes, V. C. 2009b. Corruption and Implementation: Case Studies in Philippine Public Administration. Quezon City: National College of Public Administration and Governance, University of the Philippines.
Richter, L. K. 1980. ‘Priorities in National Development: A Comparative Analysis of Philippine Policy Implementation under Martial Law’, Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 24 (1): 1–25.Google Scholar
Richter, L. K. 1982. ‘Bureaucracy by Decree: Public Administration in the Philippines’. In Tummala, K. K. (ed.), Administrative Systems Abroad. Washington, DC: University Press of America, pp. 76–95.
Richter, L. K. 1987. ‘Public Bureaucracy in Post-Marcos Philippines’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 57–76.Google Scholar
Riedinger, J. M. 1995. Agrarian Reform in the Philippines: Democratic Transitions and Redistributive Reform. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.
Ripley, R. B. and Franklin, G. A. 1986. Policy Implementation and Bureaucracy,. Chicago, IL: Dorsey Press.
Rohdewohld, R. 1995. Public Administration in Indonesia. Melbourne: Montech.
Rohdewohld, R. 2003. ‘Decentralization and the Indonesian Bureaucracy: Major Changes, Minor Impact?’ In Aspinall, E. and Fealy, G. (eds), Local Power and Politics in Indonesia: Decentralization and Democratization. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 259–74.
Rondinelli, D. A. 1983. ‘Implementing Decentralization Programmes in Asia: A Comparative Analysis’, Public Administration and Development, 2 (3): 181–203.Google Scholar
Rose, D. L. and Vu, V. H. 1961. The Vietnamese Civil Service System. East Lansing, MI: Vietnam Advisory Group, Michigan State University.
Rose, R. 2005. Learning from Comparative Public Policy: A Practical Guide. London: Routledge.
Rose-Ackerman, S. 1995. Controlling Environmental Policy: The Limits of Public Law in Germany and the United States. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
Ross, L. 1984. ‘The Implementation of Environmental Policy in China: A Comparative Analysis’, Administration and Society, 15 (4): 489–516.Google Scholar
Schwab, K. (ed.) 2011. The Global Competitiveness Report, 2011–2012. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Schwab, K. (ed.) 2014. The Global Competitiveness Report, 2014–2015. Geneva: World Economic Forum.
Scott, I. 1986. ‘Policy-making in a Turbulent Environment: The Case of Hong Kong’, International Review of Administrative Sciences, 52 (4): 447–69.Google Scholar
Scott, I. 1987. ‘Policy Implementation in Hong Kong’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 1–19.Google Scholar
Scott, I. 2005. Public Administration in Hong Kong: Regime Change and its Impact on the Public Sector. Singapore: Marshall Cavendish Academic.
Shamsul, A. B. 1983. ‘The Politics of Poverty Eradication: The Implementation of Development Projects in a Malaysian District’, Pacific Affairs, 56 (3): 455–76.Google Scholar
Shumavon, D. H. and Hibbeln, H. K. (eds). 1986. Administrative Discretion and Public Policy Implementation. New York: Praeger.
Sidik, M. 2007. A New Perspective of Intergovernmental Fiscal Relations: Lessons from Indonesia's Experience. Jakarta: Ripelge.
Sinkule, B. J. and Ortolano, L. 1995. Implementing Environmental Policy in China. Westport, CT: Praeger.
Spector, B. I. 2012. Detecting Corruption in Developing Countries: Identifying Causes/Strategies for Action. Sterling, VA: Kumarian Press.
Springer, J. F. and Gable, R. W. 1980. ‘The Impact of Informal Relations on Organizational Rewards: Comparing Bureaucracies in Southeast Asia’, Comparative Politics, 12 (2): 191–210.Google Scholar
Suhardiman, D. 2015. Bureaucracy and Development: Reflections from the Indonesian Water Sector. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Synnerstrom, S. 2007. ‘The Civil Service: Towards Efficiency, Effectiveness and Honesty’. In McLeod, R. H. and MacIntyre, A. (eds), Indonesia: Democracy and the Promise of Good Governance. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, pp. 159–77.
Tadem, E. C. 1993. ‘Agrarian Reform Implementation in the Philippines: Disabling a Centerpiece Program’. In Angeles, J. I. A. (ed.), International Conference on Agrarian Reform: Proceedings and Documentation. Quezon City: Conference Secretariat, pp. 79–109.
Tan, E. and Chan, G. 2011. ‘Overview: Chapter 1. The Singapore Legal System’, SingaporeLaw.sg, available at: www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/overview/chapter-1 (accessed 10 December 2014).
Tan, G. 2000. Asian Development: An Introduction to Economic, Social and Political Change in Asia. Singapore: Times Academic Press.
Tarling, N. (ed.) 2005. Corruption and Good Governance in Asia. London: Routledge.
Tendero, A. P. 2000. Theory and Practice of Public Administration in the Philippines. Mandaluyong City: Fiscal Administration Foundation Inc.
Thandee, D. 1985. Politics of Policy Implementation: A Case Study of Rural Development in Thailand. Bangkok: Social Research Institute, Chulalongkorn University.
Tilman, R. O. 1961. ‘Public Service Commission in the Federation of Malaya’, Journal of Asian Studies, 20 (2): 181–96.Google Scholar
Timberman, D. G. 1991. A Changeless Land: Continuity and Change in Philippine Politics. Singapore: Institute of Southeast Asian Studies.
Transparency International 2014. ‘Corruption Perceptions Index 2014: Results’, available at: www.transparency.org/cpi2014/results (accessed 10 December 2014).
Treisman, D. 2000. The Causes of Corruption: A Cross-National Study. Los Angeles, CA: Department of Political Science, University of California at Los Angeles.
Van Horn, C. E. 1979. Policy Implementation in the Federal System: National Goals and Local Implementers. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath.
Van Meter, D. S. and Van Horn, C. E. 1975. ‘The Policy Implementation Process: A Conceptual Framework’, Administration and Society, 6 (4): 445–88.Google Scholar
Varela, A. P. 1976. ‘Family Planning in the Philippines: Assessment of Program Implementation’, Philippine Journal of Public Administration, 20 (3): 236–60.Google Scholar
Vepa, R. K. 1974. ‘Implementation – The Problem of Achieving Results’, Indian Journal of Public Administration, 20 (2): 257–92.Google Scholar
Von der Mehden, F. R. 1969. Politics of the Developing Nations,. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.
Voradej, C. and Likhit, D. 1987. ‘Policy Implementation in the Thai Public Bureaucracy’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 96–106.Google Scholar
Warwick, D. P. 1978. ‘Civil Service Reform in Indonesia: Problems and Possibilities’, unpublished confidential report, Harvard Institute for International Development, Cambridge, MA.
Warwick, D. P. 1979. ‘Cultural Values and Population Policies: Cases and Contexts’. In Montgomery, J. D., Lasswell, H. D. and Migdal, J. S. (eds), Patterns of Policy: Comparative and Longitudinal Studies of Population Events. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books, pp. 295–337.
Warwick, D. P. 1982. Bitter Pills: Population Policies and their Implementation in Eight Developing Countries. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Warwick, D. P. 1987. ‘The Effectiveness of the Indonesian Civil Service’, Southeast Asian Journal of Social Science, 15 (2): 40–56.Google Scholar
White, B. T. 1985. ‘Population Policy and Rural Reform in China, 1977–1984: Policy Implementation and Interdependency at the Local Level’, PhD thesis, Ohio University.
Williams, W. 1980. The Implementation Perspective: A Guide for Managing Social Service Delivery Programs. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
Wong, J. W. P. 2004. ‘Hong Kong Civil Service Continues to Impress’, Hong Kong: Civil Service Bureau, 3 August.
World Bank 2011. Malaysia, Court Backlog and Delay Reduction Program: A Progress Report. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank 2013. Doing Business 2014: Understanding Regulations for Small and Medium Size Enterprises. Washington, DC: World Bank.
World Bank 2014a. ‘Worldwide Governance Indicators, 2013’, available at: http://info.worldbank.org/governance/wgi/index.aspx#reports (accessed 10 December 2014).
World Bank 2014b. Doing Business 2015: Going Beyond Efficiency. Washington, DC: World Bank.
Wurfel, D. 1977. Philippine Agrarian Policy Today: Implementation and Political Impact. Occasional Paper No. 46. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, Singapore.
Young, J. D. 1983. ‘Implementation: Key to Reform’, Bureaucrat, 12 (1): 35–40.Google Scholar
Yu, Q. Y. 1999. The Implementation of China's Science and Technology Policy. Westport, CT: Quorum.
Zheng, Y., Lu, Y. and White, L. T. (eds) 2009. Politics of Modern China, vol. 1, Policy-making and Policy Implementation. New York: Routledge.
Zweig, D. 1985. ‘Strategies of Policy Implementation: Policy “Winds” and Brigade Accounting in Rural China, 1968–1978’, World Politics, 37: 267–93.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×