Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-hc48f Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-27T13:20:06.670Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

13 - A Professional Roman Army?

from Part V - Case Studies of Professions 3: A Profession of Arms?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  18 September 2020

Edmund Stewart
Affiliation:
University of Nottingham
Edward Harris
Affiliation:
University of Durham
David Lewis
Affiliation:
University of Edinburgh
Get access

Summary

This chapter challenges the default use of the language of professionalization with reference to the Roman army of the imperial period and argues that while certain usages of the term ‘professional’ may be valid, there are so many other unhelpful modernising connotations arising from such terminology that it is better avoided.

Type
Chapter
Information
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abercrombie, N., Hill, S., and Turner, B. S., 2006. The Penguin Dictionary of Sociology. London.Google Scholar
Abrahamsson, B., 1972. Military Professionalization and Political Power. Beverly Hills.Google Scholar
Alston, R., 1995. Soldier and Society in Roman Egypt: A Social History. London.Google Scholar
Alston, R., 1998. Arms and the man: soldiers, masculinity and power in Republican and Imperial Rome. In Foxhall, L and Salmon, J, eds., When Men Were Men: Masculinity, Power and Identity in Classical Antiquity. London, pp. 205–23.Google Scholar
Birley, A. R., 2000. Senators as generals. In Alföldy, G, Dobson, B, and Eck, W, eds., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart, pp. 97120.Google Scholar
Birley, E., 1988. The Roman Army: Papers 1929–1986. Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Bispham, E., 2008. Warfare and the army. In Bispham, E, ed., Roman Europe. Oxford, pp. 135–69.Google Scholar
Bradley, K., 2004. On captives under the Principate. Phoenix, 58, pp. 298318.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A., 1962. The army and the land in the Roman revolution. JRS, 52, pp. 6986.Google Scholar
Brunt, P. A., 1988. The Fall of the Roman Republic and Related Essays. Oxford.Google Scholar
Burrage, M., 1990. Introduction: the professions in sociology and history. In Burrage, M and Torstendahl, R, eds., Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions. London, pp. 123.Google Scholar
Burton, G. P., 1996. Rome (history): 2. From Augustus to the Antonines (31 BC–AD 192). In Hornblower, S and Spawforth, A, eds., The Oxford Classical Dictionary, 3rd ed. Oxford, pp. 1327–31.Google Scholar
Campbell, B., 1975. Who were the viri militares? JRS, 65, pp. 1131.Google Scholar
Campbell, B., 1984. The Emperor and the Roman Army, 31 BC–AD 235. Oxford.Google Scholar
Campbell, B., 1987. Teach yourself how to be a general. JRS, 77, pp. 1329.Google Scholar
Carrié, J.-M., 1993. The soldier. In Giardina, A, ed., The Romans, tr. L. G. Cochrane. Chicago, pp. 100–37.Google Scholar
Cherry, D., 2001. The Roman World: A Sourcebook. Malden, MA and Oxford.Google Scholar
Christol, M., 1982. Les réformes de Gallien et la carrière sénatoriale. Epigrafia e ordine senatorio, 1(4), pp. 143–66.Google Scholar
Collins, R., 1990. Market closure and the theory of the professions. In Burrage, M and Torstendahl, R, eds., Professions in Theory and History: Rethinking the Study of the Professions. London, pp. 2443.Google Scholar
Cornell, T. J., 1993. The end of Roman imperial expansion. In Rich, J and Shipley, G, eds., War and Society in the Roman World. London, pp. 139–70.Google Scholar
Coulston, J., 2013. Courage and cowardice in the Roman imperial army. War in History, 20, pp. 731.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Coulston, J., 2015. Training: Principate. In Le Bohec, Y, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Roman Army. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 1012–17.Google Scholar
Crook, J. A., 1995. Legal Advocacy in the Roman World. London.Google Scholar
Davenport, C., 2018. A History of the Roman Equestrian Order. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Davies, R. W., 1974. The daily life of the Roman soldier under the Principate. ANRW, II(1), pp. 299338.Google Scholar
De Blois, L., 1976. The Policy of the Emperor Gallienus. Leiden.Google Scholar
De Blois, L., 2000. Army and society in the Late Roman Republic: professionalism and the role of military cadres. In Alföldy, G, Dobson, B, and Eck, W, eds., Kaiser, Heer und Gesellschaft in der römischen Kaiserzeit. Stuttgart, pp. 1132.Google Scholar
Demandt, A., 1970. Magister militum. RE Suppl. 12, pp. 553790.Google Scholar
Dobson, B., 1986. The Roman army: wartime or peacetime army? In Eck, W and Wolff, H, eds., Heer und Integrationspolitik: Die römische Militärdiplome als historische Quelle. Cologne, pp. 1025.Google Scholar
Eck, W., 2014. Milites et pagani: La posizione dei soldati nella società romana. Rationes Rerum: Rivista di filologia e storia, 3, pp. 1154.Google Scholar
Frank, R. I., 1969. Scholae Palatinae: The Palace Guards of the Later Roman Empire. Rome.Google Scholar
Freidson, E., 1988. Profession of Medicine: A Study of the Sociology of Applied Knowledge, 2nd ed. Chicago.Google Scholar
Garnsey, P. and Saller, R., 1987. The Roman Empire: Economy, Society and Culture. London.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, A., 1996. The Roman Army at War, 100 BC–AD 200. Oxford.Google Scholar
Goldsworthy, A., 2007. The Late Republic and Principate: War. In Sabin, P, Van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire. Cambridge, pp. 76121.Google Scholar
Goodman, M., 1997. The Roman World, 44 BC–AD 180. London.Google Scholar
Harper, K., 2017. The Fate of Rome: Climate, Disease, and the End of an Empire. Princeton and Oxford.Google Scholar
Harries, J., 2006. Cicero and the Jurists. London.Google Scholar
Harris, W. V., 1979. War and Imperialism in Republican Rome, 327–70 BC. Oxford.Google Scholar
Haynes, I., 2013. Blood of the Provinces: The Roman Auxilia and the Making of Provincial Society from Augustus to the Severans. Oxford.Google Scholar
Hermanowicz, J. C. and Johnson, D. R., 2014. Professions. In Sasaki, M et al., eds, Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology. Leiden and Boston, MA, pp. 209–16.Google Scholar
Hölscher, T., 2003. Images of war in Greece and Rome: between military practice, public memory, and cultural symbolism. JRS, 93, pp. 117.Google Scholar
Hope, V. 2003. Trophies and tombstones: commemorating the Roman soldier. World Archaeology, 35, pp. 7997.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K., 1968. Structural differentiation in Rome (200–31 BC): the genesis of an historical bureaucratic society. In Lewis, I. M., ed., History and Social Anthropology. London, pp. 63–7.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K., 1978. Conquerors and Slaves. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hopkins, K., 2017. Sociological Studies in Roman History, ed. Kelly, C. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Horsmann, G., 1991. Untersuchungen zur militärischen Ausbildungen im republikanischen und kaiserzeitlichen Rom. Boppard am Rhein.Google Scholar
Howard, M., 1976. War in European History. Oxford.Google Scholar
Howarth, R. S., 2013. War and warfare in ancient Rome. In Campbell, B and Tritle, L, eds., The Oxford Handbook of Warfare in the Classical World. Oxford, pp. 2945.Google Scholar
Huntington, S. P., 1957. The Soldier and the State: The Theory and Politics of Civil-Military Relations. Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
Isaac, B., 1995. Hierarchy and command-structure in the Roman army. In Le Bohec, Y, ed., La Hiérarchie (Rangordnung) de l’armée romaine sous le Haut-Empire. Actes du Congrès de Lyon 1994. Paris, pp. 2331.Google Scholar
Jackson, R., 1988. Doctors and Diseases in the Roman Empire. London.Google Scholar
James, S., 2002. Writing the legions: the development and future of Roman military studies in Britain. Arch. Journ., 159, pp. 158.Google Scholar
James, S., 2011. Rome and the Sword: How Warriors and Weapons Shaped Roman History. London.Google Scholar
Janowitz, M., 1960. The Professional Soldier. Glencoe, IL.Google Scholar
Jones, A. H. M., 1964. The Later Roman Empire, 284–602. Oxford.Google Scholar
Keppie, L., 1984. The Making of the Roman Army from Republic to Empire. London.Google Scholar
Keppie, L., 1996. The army and the navy. In Bowman, A. K., Champlin, E, and Lintott, A, eds., The Cambridge Ancient History, X: The Augustan Empire, 43 BC–AD 69, 2nd ed. Cambridge, pp. 371–96.Google Scholar
Kniskern, M. K. and Segal, D. R., 2015. Military sociology. In Wright, J. D., ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences. 2nd ed. Amsterdam, pp. 511–17.Google Scholar
Lang, K., 1972. Military Institutions and the Sociology of War. Beverly Hills and London.Google Scholar
Larson, M. S., 2006. Professions. In Beckert, J and Zafirovski, M, eds., International Encyclopedia of Economic Sociology, London and New York, pp. 539–43.Google Scholar
Larson, M. S., 2013. The Rise of Professionalism: Monopolies of Competence and Sheltered Markets, 2nd ed. London.Google Scholar
Le Bohec, Y., 1994. The Imperial Roman Army. London.Google Scholar
Lennon, J. J., 2015. Victimarii in Roman religion and society. PBSR, 83, pp. 6589.Google Scholar
Lewis, N. and Reinhold, M. 1955. Roman Civilization. Sourcebook II: The Empire. New York.Google Scholar
MacMullen, R., 1984. The legion as society. Historia, 33, pp. 440–56.Google Scholar
Mattern, S. P., 1999. Rome and the Enemy: Imperial Strategy in the Principate. Berkeley.Google Scholar
Matthews, J., 1989. The Roman Empire of Ammianus. London.Google Scholar
McLynn, N., 2005. Genere Hispanus: Theodosius, Spain and Nicene orthodoxy. In Bowes, K and Kulikowski, M, eds., Hispania in Late Antiquity. Leiden, pp. 77120.Google Scholar
Naiden, F. S., 2007. The invention of the officer corps. Journal of the Historical Society, 7, pp. 3560.Google Scholar
Nutton, V., 1985. Murders and miracles: lay attitudes towards medicine in classical antiquity. In Porter, R, ed., Patients and Practitioners: Lay Perceptions of Medicine in Pre-Industrial Society. Cambridge, pp. 2353.Google Scholar
Peddie, J. 1994. The Roman War Machine. Stroud.Google Scholar
Phang, S. E., 2001. The Marriage of Roman Soldiers (13 BC–AD 235): Law and Family in the Imperial Army. Leiden.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Phang, S. E., 2008. Roman Military Service: Ideologies of Discipline in the Late Republic and Early Principate. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Pollard, N., 2006. The Roman army. In Potter, D. S., ed., A Companion to the Roman Empire. Malden, MA and Oxford, pp. 206–27.Google Scholar
Raaflaub, K., 1980. The political significance of Augustus’ military reforms. In Hanson, W. S. and Keppie, L. J. F., eds., Roman Frontier Studies 1979. Oxford, pp. 1005–25.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2000. Simulacra pugnae: the literary and historical tradition of mock battles in the Roman and early Byzantine army. GRBS, 41, pp. 223–75.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2004. The fulcum, the late Roman and Byzantine testudo: the Germanization of Roman infantry tactics? GRBS, 44, pp. 265326.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2007a. The later Roman Empire: battle. In Sabin, P, Van Wees, H, and Whitby, M, eds., The Cambridge History of Greek and Roman Warfare, II: Rome from the Late Republic to the Late Empire. Cambridge, pp. 342–78.Google Scholar
Rance, P., 2007b. Campidoctores vicarii vel tribuni: the senior regimental officers of the late Roman army and the rise of the campidoctor. In Lewin, A. S. and Pellegrini, P, eds., The Late Roman Army in the Near East from Diocletian to the Arab Conquest. Oxford, pp. 395409.Google Scholar
Rathbone, D., 2009. Earnings and costs: living standards and the Roman economy (first to third centuries AD). In Bowman, A and Wilson, A, eds., Quantifying the Roman Economy: Methods and Problems. Oxford, pp. 299326.Google Scholar
Rawson, E., 1971. The literary sources for the pre-Marian army. PBSR, 39, pp. 1331.Google Scholar
Rawson, E., 1991. Roman Society and Culture: Collected Papers. Oxford.Google Scholar
Rich, J. W., 1990. Cassius Dio: The Augustan Settlement (Roman History 53–55.9). Warminster.Google Scholar
Rosenstein, N., 2004. Rome at War: Farms, Families, and Death in the Middle Republic. Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Saller, R. P., 1982. Personal Patronage under the Early Empire. Cambridge.Google Scholar
Sandhoff, M. and Segal, D. R., 2014. Comparative military organization. In Sasaki, M et al., eds., Concise Encyclopedia of Comparative Sociology. Leiden and Boston, pp. 262–71.Google Scholar
Scheidel, W., 1996. Measuring Sex, Age and Death in the Roman Empire: Explorations in Ancient Demography. Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Shaw, B. D., 1983. Soldiers and society: the army in Numidia. Opus, 2, pp. 133–59.Google Scholar
Sidebottom, H., 2004. Ancient Warfare: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford.Google Scholar
Siegrist, H., 2015. Professionalization/professions in history. In Wright, J. D, ed., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioural Sciences, 2nd ed. Amsterdam, 19, pp. 95100.Google Scholar
Speidel, M. A. 2001. Specialisation and promotion in the Roman imperial army. In de Blois, L, ed., Administration, Prosopography and Appointment Policies in the Roman Empire. Amsterdam, pp. 5061.Google Scholar
Stoll, O., 2001. Zwischen Integration und Abgrenzung: Die Religion des römischen Heeres im Nahen Osten. St Katharinen.Google Scholar
Syme, R., 1983. The Augustan Aristocracy. Oxford.Google Scholar
Trim, D. J. B., 2003. Introduction. In Chivalric Ethos and the Development of Military Professionalism. Leiden, pp. 138.Google Scholar
Williams, S. and Friell, G., 1994. Theodosius: The Empire at Bay. London.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×