Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-cd9895bd7-p9bg8 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-12-23T10:21:05.452Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 11 - Exclusion from Socially Valued Activities

from Section 2 - Participation of People with Mental Health Conditions

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 November 2022

Jed Boardman ,
Helen Killaspy  and
Gillian Mezey
Jed Boardman
Affiliation:
King's College London
Helen Killaspy
Affiliation:
University College London
Gillian Mezey
Affiliation:
St George's Hospital Medical School, University of London
Get access

Summary

This chapter covers three main areas of activity: the labour market, education, and leisure. These three areas all overlap and interact within the scope of the human life course and have important implications for health and socio-economic outcomes. They are also interdependent with the material factors and the social networks examined in other chapters. All are inequitably distributed and are important for the health and well-being of the general population. People with mental health conditions are disadvantaged in all three of these areas, especially those with severe and enduring conditions, and work, leisure, and education can all play a role in causing and perpetuating mental ill-health. Factors that are integral to the mental health condition may contribute to excluding people from these important activities, but there are additional extrinsic factors that also play a part in this exclusion. The existence of such external factors supports the application of a social model of disability for people with mental health conditions and questions the assumptions of an approach that views exclusion solely in terms of a person’s ‘illness’. This has implications for the rehabilitation and the personal and social recovery of people with enduring mental health conditions.

Keywords

EmploymentWorkLabour MarketEducationLeisureSocial Model of DisabilityPersonal RecoverySocial Recovery
Type
Chapter
Information
Social Inclusion and Mental Health
Understanding Poverty, Inequality and Social Exclusion
 , pp. 227 - 248
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

All Party Parliamentary Group on Disability. (2016) Ahead of the Arc: A Contribution to Halving the Disability Employment Gap. All Party Parliamentary Group on Disability.Google Scholar
Andreeva, E., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., Westerlund, H., et al. (2015) Depressive symptoms as a cause and effect of job loss in men and women: Evidence in the context of organisational downsizing from the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health. BMC Public Health, 15, 1045. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015–2377-y.Google Scholar
Avendano, M., de Coulon, A., & Nafilyan, V. (2017) Does More Education Always Improve Mental Health? Evidence from a British Compulsory Schooling Reform. Research report. Health, Econometrics and Data Group, University of York. www.york.ac.uk/media/economics/documents/hedg/workingpapers/1710.pdf.Google Scholar
Bailey, N. (2016) Exclusionary employment in Britain’s broken labour market. Critical Social Policy, 36, 1–22.Google Scholar
Barr, B., Taylor-Robinson, D., Scott-Samuel, A., et al. (2012) Suicides associated with the 2008–10 economic recession in England: Time trend analysis. Br Med J, 345, e5142.Google Scholar
Bartley, M. (1994) Unemployment and ill health: Understanding the relationships. J. Epidemiol. Community Health, 48, 333–7.Google Scholar
Benach, J., Vives, A., Amable, M., et al. (2014) Precarious employment: Understanding an emerging social determinant of health. Annu. Rev. Public Health 35, 229–53Google Scholar
Bennett, D. (1970) The value of work in psychiatric rehabilitation. Social Psychiatry, 5, 224–30.Google Scholar
Birchwood, M., Cochrane, R., Macmillan, F., et al. (1992) The influence of ethnicity and family structure on relapse in first-episode schizophrenia: A comparison of Asian, Afro-Caribbean and white patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 783–90.Google Scholar
Blakely, T. A., Collings, S. C. D., & Atkinson, J. (2003) Unemployment and suicide: Evidence for a causal association? J Epidemiol Community Health, 57, 594–600.Google Scholar
Boardman, J. (2003) Work, employment and psychiatric disability. Advances in Psychiatric Treatment, 9, 327–34.Google Scholar
Bond, N. & D’Arcy, C. (2020a) Mind the Income Gap: How Work and Social Security Shape the Incomes of People with Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bond, N. & D’Arcy, C. (2020b) Income in Crisis: How the Pandemic Has Affected the Living Standards of People with Mental Health Problems. Money and Mental Health Policy Institute.Google Scholar
Bond, G. R., Drake, R. E., & Becker, D. R. (2012) Generalizability of the Individual Placement and Support (IPS) model of supported employment outside the US. World Psychiatry, 11, 32–9.Google Scholar
Bond, G. R., Resnick, S. G., Drake, R. E., et al. (2001) Does competitive employment improve nonvocational outcomes for people with severe mental illness? J Consult Clin Psych 69, 489–501.Google Scholar
Breslau, J., Lane, M., Sampson, N., & Kessler, R. C (2008) Mental disorders and subsequent educational attainment in a US national sample. Journal of Psychiatric Research 42, 9, 708–16.Google Scholar
Brohan, E., Henderson, C., Wheat, K., et al. (2012). Systematic review of beliefs, behaviours and influencing factors associated with disclosure of a mental health problem in the workplace. BMC Psychiatry, 12, 11.Google Scholar
Burchardt, T. (2003) Employment Retention and the Onset of Sickness or Disability: Evidence from the Labour Force Survey Longitudinal Datasets (Report no. 109). Department for Work and Pensions.Google Scholar
Butterworth, P., Leach, L. S., Strazdins, L., et al. (2011) The psychosocial quality of work determines whether employment has benefits for mental health: Results from a longitudinal national household panel survey. Occup Environ Med, 68, 806–12.Google Scholar
Bynner, J., Parsons, S. & Basic Skills Agency (1997) It Doesn’t Get Any Better: The Impact of Poor Basic Skills on the Lives of 37-year-olds. Basic Skills Agency.Google Scholar
Catty, J., Lissouba, P., White, S., et al. (2008) Predictors of employment for people with severe mental illness: Results of an international six-centre randomised controlled trial. British Journal of Psychiatry, 192, 224–31.Google Scholar
Chevalier, A., & Feinstein, L. (2006) Sheepskin or Prozac: The Causal Effect of Education on Mental Health. Centre for the Economics of Education London School of Economics.Google Scholar
Coope, C., Donovan, J., Wilson, C., et al. (2015) Characteristics of people dying by suicide after job loss, financial difficulties and other economic stressors during a period of recession (2010–2011): A review of coroners’ records. J Affect Disord, 183, 98–105.Google Scholar
Cornaglia, F., Crivellaro, E., & McNally, S. (2015) Mental health and education decisions. Labour Economics 33, 1–12Google Scholar
Craik, C. & Pieris, Y. (2006) Without leisure … ‘It wouldn’t be much of a life’: The meaning of leisure for people with mental health problems. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 69, 5, 209–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cutler, D. M. & Lleras-Muney, A. (2012) Education and Health: Insights from International Comparisons. NBER Working Papers.Google Scholar
Davidson, L., Shahar, G., Stayner, D. A., et al. (2004) Supported socialization for people with psychiatric disabilities: Lessons from a randomized controlled trial. Journal of Community Psychology, 32, 453–77.Google Scholar
De Jonge, J., Bosma, H., Peter, R., et al. (2000) Job strain, effort-reward imbalance and employee well-being: A large-scale cross-sectional study. Soc Sci Med, 50, 1317–27.Google Scholar
De Witte, H., Jaco Pienaar, J., & De Cuyper, N. (2016) Review of 30 Years of Longitudinal Studies on the Association Between Job Insecurity and Health and Well-Being: Is There Causal Evidence? Australian Psychologist, 51, 18–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dunn, E. C., Wewiorski, N. J., & Rogers, E. S. (2008) The meaning and importance of employment to people in recovery from serious mental illness: Results of a qualitative study. Psychiatr. Rehabil. J 32, 59–62.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1952/1897) Suicide. Routledge & Kegan Paul.Google Scholar
Dooley, D., Catalano, R., & Wilson, G. (1994) Depression and unemployment: Panel findings from the epidemiologic catchment area study. Am J Community Psychol, 22, 745–65.Google Scholar
Dooley, D., Prause, J., & Ham-Rowbottom, K. A. (2000) Underemployment and depression: Longitudinal relationships. J Health Soc Behav. 41, 421–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drake, R., Bond, G., & Becker, D. R. (2012) Individual Placement and Support: An Evidence-based Approach to Supported Employment. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Durkheim, E. (1897). Suicide: A Study in Sociology (1951 Edition, J. A. Spaulding, & G. Simpson, Trans.). London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, D., Golberstein, E., & Hunt, J. B. (2009) Mental health and academic success in college. B.E. J. Econ. Anal. Policy 9, 40.Google Scholar
Eisenberg, P., & Lazarfeld, P. F. (1938) The psychological effects of unemployment. Psychological Bulletin 35, 358–90.Google Scholar
Eklund, M., Hansson, L., & Bejerholm, U. (2001) Relationships between satisfaction with occupational factors and health-related variables in schizophrenia outpatients. Soc Psych Psych Epid 36, 79–85.Google Scholar
Eliason, M., & Storrie, D. (2009) Job loss is bad for your health: Swedish evidence on cause-specific hospitalisation following involuntary job loss. Soc Sci Med, 68, 1396–406.Google Scholar
Emerson, H., Valiant Cook, A., Polatajko, H., & Segal, R. (1998) Enjoyment experiences as described by persons with schizophrenia. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy, 65, 4, 183–92.Google Scholar
Eurofound (2017) Sixth European Working Conditions Survey – Overview report (2017 update). Publications Office of the European Union.Google Scholar
Evans, S. (2004) Further Analysis of IOP Community Data. Report prepared for the Social Exclusion unit, quoted in Mental Health and Social Exclusion – Social Exclusion Unit Report Social Exclusion Unit (2004), Office of the Deputy Prime Minister, p. 72.Google Scholar
Evensen, S., Wisløff, T., Ullevoldsæter-Lystad, J., et al. (2016) Prevalence, employment rate, and cost of schizophrenia in a high-income welfare society: A population-based study using comprehensive health and welfare registers. Schizophrenia Bulletin 42, 2, 476–83. https://doi.org/10.1093/schbul/sbv141.Google Scholar
Fagin, L. & Little, M. (1984) The Forsaken Families. Penguin.Google Scholar
Falret, J. P. (1822) De L’hyponchondrie el du Suicide. Crouillebois.Google Scholar
Farre, L., Fasani, F., & Mueller, H. (2015) Feeling Useless. The effects of unemployment on mental health in the great recession. Working Paper 774. London: Queen Mary University of London.Google Scholar
Fergusson, D. M., & Woodward, L. J. (2002) Mental health, educational, and social role outcomes of adolescents with depression. Archives of General Psychiatry 59, 3, 225–31.Google Scholar
Flint, E., Bartley, M., Shelton, N., et al. (2013) Do labour market status transitions predict changes in psychological well-being? J Epidemiol Community Health 67, 796–802.Google Scholar
Foster, K., Meltzer, H., Gill, B., et al. (1996) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Adults with Psychiatric Disorders. OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain Report No. 8. HMSO.Google Scholar
Fryers, T., Melzer, D., & Jenkins, R. (2003) Social inequalities and the common mental disorders. Social Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 38, 229–237.Google Scholar
Gilbert, E., & Marwaha, S. (2013) Predictors of employment in bipolar disorder: A systematic review. J Affective Disor, 145, 156–64.Google Scholar
Goodman, W. K., Geiger, A. M., & Wolf, J. M. (2016) Leisure activities are linked to mental health benefits by providing time structure: comparing employed, unemployed and homemakers. J Epidemiol Community Health 71, 4–11. https://doi.org/10.1136/jech-2016-207260.Google Scholar
Gossop, M., Marsden, J. & Stewart, D. (1998) NTORS at One Year, The National Outcome Research Study: Changes in Substance Treatment Use, Health and Criminal Behaviour One Year after Intake. Department of Health.Google Scholar
Gunnell, D., Donovan, J., Barnes, M., et al. (2015) The 2008 Global Financial Crisis: Effects on mental health and suicide. Policy Report 3/2015. University of Bristol.Google Scholar
Harvey, S. B., Modini, M., Joyce, S., et al. (2017) Can work make you mentally ill? A systematic meta-review of work-related risk factors for common mental health problems. Occup Environ Med, 74, 301–10.Google Scholar
Harvey, S. B., Sellahewa, D. A., Wang, M.-J., et al. (2018) The role of job strain in understanding midlife common mental disorder: A national birth cohort study. Lancet Psychiatry 5, 6, 498–506, http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S2215-0366(18)30137-8Google Scholar
Hayes, R. L. & Halford, W. K. (1996) Time use of unemployed and employed single male schizophrenic subjects. Schizophrenia Bulletin, 22, 659–69.Google Scholar
Hitch, D., Pepin, G., & Stagnitti, K. (2013) Engagement in activities and occupations by people who have experienced psychosis: A metasynthesis of lived experience. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 76, 2, 77–86. https://doi.org/10.4276/030802213X13603244419194.Google Scholar
Health and Safety Executive (HSE) (2019) Work-related stress, depression or anxiety in Great Britain. www.hse.gov.uk/statistics/causdis/stress.pdf.Google Scholar
Home Office (2001) British Crime Survey. Home Office.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, D. S., Anthony, W. A., Ashcraft, L., et al. (2006) The personal and vocational impact of training and employing people with psychiatric disabilities as providers. Psychiatric Rehabilitation Journal, 29, 205–213.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, S. L., Loy, D. P., Kleiber, D. A., & Dattilo, J. (2003). Leisure as a coping resource: Variations in coping with traumatic injury and illness. Leisure Sciences, 25, 2–3, 143–61.Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation (2015) World Employment and Social Outlook 2015: The Changing Nature of Jobs. International Labour Office.Google Scholar
International Labour Organisation (2019) World Employment and Social Outlook: Trends 2019. International Labour Office.Google Scholar
Jahoda, M., Lazarfeld, P. F., & Zeisel, H. (1974) Marienthal: The Sociography of an Unemployed Community (English translation: J. Reginall & T. Elsasser). Tavistock.Google Scholar
James, K. (2003) Access to Adult Education for People with Mental Health Needs. Report of a National Postal Survey of Colleges of Further Education and Local Authority Adult Education Services. NIACE and NIMHE.Google Scholar
Jin, R. L, Shah, C. P., & Svoboda, T. J. (1995) The impact of unemployment on health: A review of the evidence. Can Med Assoc J. 153, 529–40.Google Scholar
Joelson, L., & Wahlquist, L. (1987) The psychological meaning of flexible employment and job loss: Results of a longitudinal study. Soc Sci Med, 25, 179–82.Google Scholar
Johnstone, E. C., Crow, T. J., Johnson, A. L., et al. (1986) The Northwick Park Study of first episodes of schizophrenia. I. Presentation of the illness and problems relating to admission. British Journal of Psychiatry, 148, 115–20.Google Scholar
Joseph Rowntree Foundation (2017) UK Poverty 2017. A Comprehensive Analysis of Poverty Trends and Figures. Joseph Rowntree Foundation.Google Scholar
Kentikelenis, A., Karanikolos, N., Papanicolas, I., et al. (2011) Health effects of financial crisis: Omens of a Greek tragedy. Lancet, 378, 1457–8.Google Scholar
Kim-Cohen, J., Caspi, A., Moffitt, T. E., et al. (2003) Prior juvenile diagnoses in adults with mental disorder: Developmental follow-back of a prospective longitudinal cohort. Arch Gen Psychiatry, 60, 709–17.Google Scholar
Kposowa, A. J. (2001) Unemployment and suicide: A cohort analysis of social factors predicting suicide in the US National Longitudinal Mortality Study. Psychol Med, 31,127–38.Google Scholar
Leach, L. S. & Butterworth, P. (2012) The effect of early onset common mental disorders on educational attainment in Australia. Psychiatry Research 199, 51–7.Google Scholar
Lee, S., Tsang, A., Breslau, J., et al. (2009) Mental disorders and termination of education in high-income and low- and middle-income countries: Epidemiological study. British Journal of Psychiatry 194, 5, 411–17.Google Scholar
Lewis, G. and Sloggett, A. (1998). Suicide, deprivation, and unemployment: Record linkage study. Br Med J, 317, 1283–6.Google Scholar
Lipskaya-Velikovsky, L., Jarus, T., Easterbrook, A., & Kotler, M. (2016) Participation in daily life of people with schizophrenia in comparison to the general population. Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy 83, 5, 297–305. https://doi.org/10.1177/0008417416647158.Google Scholar
Luciano, A., & Meara, E. (2014) The employment status of people with mental illness: National survey data from 2009 and 2010. Psychiatr Serv, 65, 1201–9.Google Scholar
Lunau, T., Bambra, C., Eikemo, T. A., van der Wel, K. A., & Dragano, N. (2014) A balancing act? Work-life balance, health and well-being in European welfare states. Eur J Publ Health 24, 422–47.Google Scholar
Lundin, A., Lundberg, I., Hallsten, L., et al. (2010) Unemployment and mortality: A longitudinal prospective study on selection and causation in 49321 Swedish middle-aged men. J Epidemiol Community Health, 64, 22–8.Google Scholar
Lloyd-Evans, B., Marwaha, S., Burns, T., et al. (2013). The nature and correlates of paid and unpaid work among service users of London Community Mental Health Teams. Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences 22, 169–80. https://doi.org/10.1017/S2045796012000534.Google Scholar
Marmot Review Team (2010) Fair Society, Healthy Lives: Strategic Review of Health Inequalities in England post-2010. Marmot Review Team.Google Scholar
Marmot, M., Allen, J., Boyce, T., et al. (2020) Health Equity in England: The Marmot Review 10 Years On. Institute of Health Equity.Google Scholar
Marwaha, S., Durrani, A., & Singh, S. (2013) Employment outcomes in people with bipolar disorder: A systematic review. Acta Psychiatr Scand, 128, 179–93.Google Scholar
Marwaha, S. & Johnson, S. (2004) Schizophrenia and employment. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol, 39, 337–49.Google Scholar
Marwaha, S., Johnson, S., Bebbington, P., et al. (2007) Rates and correlates of employment in people with schizophrenia in the UK, France and Germany. Br J Psychiatry, 191, 30–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayers, C. A. (2000) Quality of life: Priorities for people with enduring mental health problems. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 63, 591–7.Google Scholar
McManus, S., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R., & Brugha, T. (2016) Mental Health and Wellbeing in England: Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey 2014. NHS Digital 2016.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Gill, B., Petticrew, M., et al. (1995a) The Prevalence of Psychiatric Morbidity among Adults Living in Private Households (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain, Report No. 1). HMSO.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Gill, B., Petticrew, M., et al. (1995b) Economic Activity and Social Functioning of Adults with Psychiatric Disorders (OPCS Surveys of Psychiatric Morbidity in Great Britain. Report No. 3). HMSO.Google Scholar
Melzer, D., Fryers, T. & Jenkins, R. (2004) Social inequalities and the distribution of the common mental disorders (Maudsley Monographs 44). Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Meltzer, H., Singleton, N., Lee, A., et al. (2002) The Social and Economic Consequences of Adults with Mental Disorders. The Stationery Office.Google Scholar
Milner, A., Page, A., & LaMontagne, A. D. (2013) Long-term unemployment and suicide: A systematic review and meta-analysis. PLoS ONE 8, e51333. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0051333.Google Scholar
Montgomery, S. M, Cook, D. G., Bartley, M. J., & Wadsworth, M. E. J. (1999). Unemployment pre-dates symptoms of depression and anxiety resulting in medical consultation in young men. Int J Epidemiol, 28, 95–100.Google Scholar
Mueser, K. T., Becker, D. R., Torrey, W. C., et al. (1997) Work and nonvocational domains of functioning in persons with severe mental illness: A longitudinal analysis. J Nerv Ment Dis 185, 419–26.Google Scholar
Myer, L., Stein, D. J., Jackson, P. B., et al. (2009) Impact of common mental disorders during childhood and adolescence on secondary school completion. South African Medical Journal 99, 5, 354–56.Google Scholar
NHS Health Scotland (2016) Good work for all: Inequality Briefing 2. NHS Health Scotland.Google Scholar
Niedhammer, I., Goldberg, M., Leclerc, A., et al. (1998) Psychosocial factors at work and subsequent depressive symptoms in the Gazel cohort. Scand J Work Environ, 24, 197–205.Google Scholar
Nohe, C., Meier, L. L., Sonntag, K., & Michel, A. (2015) The chicken or the egg? A meta-analysis of panel studies of the relationship between work-family conflict and strain. J Appl Psychol 100, 522–36.Google Scholar
Nordt, C., Warnke, I., Seifritz, E., et al. (2015) Modelling suicide and unemployment: A longitudinal analysis covering 63 countries, 2000–11. Lancet Psychiatry, 2, 239–45.Google Scholar
Norström, T. & Grönqvist, H. (2015) The Great Recession, unemployment, and suicide. J Epidemiol Community Health 69, 110–16.Google Scholar
Norström, T. & Ramstedt, M. (2005) Mortality and population drinking: A review of the literature. Drug Alcohol Rev 24, 537–47.Google Scholar
OECD (2008) Are All Jobs Good for Your Health? The Impact of Work Status and Working Conditions on Mental Health. In OECD Employment Outlook. OECD Publications, pp. 203–62.Google Scholar
OECD (2014) Mental Health and Work United Kingdom. OECD Publications. www.oecd.org/els/mental-health-and-work-united-kingdom-9789264204997-en.htm.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2002) The UK 2000 Time Use Survey. Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2017) Sickness Absence in the Labour Market: 2016. Analysis Describing Sickness Absence Rates of Workers in the UK Labour Market. Office for National Statistics.Google Scholar
Office of the Deputy Prime Minister (2004) Mental Health and Social Exclusion – Social Exclusion Unit Report. ODPM.Google Scholar
Payne, S. (2006) Mental health, poverty and social exclusion. In Poverty and Social Exclusion in Britain (ed. Pantazis, P., Gordon, D. & Levitas, R.). Policy Press, pp. 285–311.Google Scholar
Perkins, R. & Rinaldi, M. (2002) Unemployment rates among patients with long-term mental health problems: A decade of rising unemployment. Psychiatric Bulletin, 26, 295–8.Google Scholar
Pieris, Y. & Craik, C. (2004) Factors enabling and hindering participation in leisure for people with mental health problems. British Journal of Occupational Therapy 67, 6, 240–7.Google Scholar
Platt, J. (1995) Vocational rehabilitation of drug users. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 416–33.Google Scholar
Platt, S. (1984) Unemployment and suicidal behaviour: A review of the literature. Soc Sci Med, 19, 93–115.Google Scholar
Poulsen, P. H., Biering, K., & Andersen, J. H. (2016) The association between leisure time physical activity in adolescence and poor mental health in early adulthood: A prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health 16, 3. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-015–2658–5.Google Scholar
Priebe, S., Warner, R., Hubschmid, T., & Eckle, I. (1998) Employment, attitudes toward work, and quality of life among people with schizophrenia in three countries. Schizophr Bull 24, 469–77.Google Scholar
Public Health England (2015) Local Action on Health Inequalities: Promoting Good Quality Jobs to Reduce Health Inequalities. Public Health England.Google Scholar
Rinaldi, M., Perkins, R., Hardisty, J., Glynn, E., & Souza, T. (2006) Not just stacking shelves. A Life in the Day 10, 8–14.Google Scholar
Rudkjoebing, L. A., Bunghum, A. B., Flachs, E. M., et al. (2020) Work-related exposure to violence or threats and risk of mental disorders and symptoms: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Scand J Work Environ Health 46, 4, 339–49.Google Scholar
Rüesch, P., Graf, J., Meyer, P.C, Rössler, W., & Hell, D. (2004) Occupation, social support and quality of life in persons with schizophrenic or affective disorders. Soc Psychiatry Psychiatr Epidemiol 39, 686–94.Google Scholar
Secker, J., Grove, B., & Seebohm, P. (2001) Challenging barriers to employment, training and education for mental health clients: The client’s perspective. Journal of Mental Health 10, 395–404.Google Scholar
Sen, A. (2000) Social exclusion: Concept, application, and scrutiny. Social Development Papers No. 1. Office of Environment and Social Development Asian Development Bank. Manila, Philippines.Google Scholar
Shand, F. & Mattick, R. P. (2002) Results from the 4th National Clients of Treatment Service Agencies census: Changes in clients’ substance use and other characteristics. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 26, 352–7.Google Scholar
Shimitras, L., Fossey, E. & Harvey, C. (2003) Time use of people living with schizophrenia in a north London catchment area. British Journal of Occupational Therapy, 66, 46–54.Google Scholar
Skantze, K., Malm, U., Denker, S. J., et al. (1992) Comparison of quality of life with standards of living in schizophrenic out-patients. British Journal of Psychiatry, 161, 797–801.Google Scholar
Stansfeld, S. A., Fuhrer, R., Shipley, M. J., et al. (1999) Work characteristics predict psychiatric disorder: Prospective results from the Whitehall II study. Occup Environ Med, 56, 302–7.Google Scholar
Stuckler, D., Basu, S., Suhrcke, M., et al. (2009) The public health effect of economic crises and alternative policy responses in Europe: An empirical analysis. Lancet, 374, 315–23.Google Scholar
Stuckler, D., Reeves, A., Loopstra, R., et al. (2017) Austerity and health: The impact in the UK and Europe. Eur J Public Health, 27, 18–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tapia Granados, J. A. (2005) Increasing mortality during the expansions of the US economy, 1900–1996. Int J Epidemiol, 34, 1194–202.Google Scholar
Tinson, A. (2020) What the Quality of Work Means for Our Health. The Health Foundation.Google Scholar
TUC (2018) 1 in 9 workers are in insecure jobs, says TUC. www.tuc.org.uk/news/1-9-workers-are-insecure-jobs-says-tuc.Google Scholar
Thomas, K. (1999) The Oxford Book of Work. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Thornicroft, G. (2006) Shunned: Discrimination Against People with Mental Illness. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Trauer, T., Duckmanton, R. A. & Chiu, E. (1998) A study of the quality of life of the severely mentally ill. International Journal of Social Psychiatry, 44, 79–91.Google Scholar
Van der Stoep, A., Weiss, N., Kuo, E., Cheney, D., & Cohen, P. (2003) What proportion of failure to complete secondary school in the US population is attributable to adolescent psychiatric disorder? Journal of Behavioral Health Services and Research 30, 1, 119–24.Google Scholar
Van Dongen, C. J. (1996) Quality of life and self-esteem in working and nonworking persons with mental illness. Community Ment Hlt J 32, 535–48.Google Scholar
van Stolk, C., Hofman, J., Hafner, M., & Janta, B. (2014). Psychological Wellbeing and Work: Improving Service Provision and Outcomes. RAND Europe.Google Scholar
Virtanen, M., Kivimäki, M., Joensuu, M., et al. (2005). Temporary employment and health: A review. Int J Epidemiol, 34, 610–22.Google Scholar
Voss, M, Nylén, L., Floderus, B. et al. (2004) Unemployment and early cause-specific mortality: A study based on the Swedish twin registry. Am. J. Public Health, 94, 2155–61.Google Scholar
Warr, P. (1987) Work, Unemployment and Mental Health. Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Weeder, T. (1986) Comparison of temporal patterns and meaningfulness of the daily activities of schizophrenic and normal adults. Occupational Therapy in Mental Health, 6, 27–48.Google Scholar
Weich, S., & Lewis, G. (1998) Poverty, unemployment and common mental disorders: Population-based cohort study. Br Med J, 314, 591–5.Google Scholar
West, P. (1984) Social stigma and community recreational participation by the mentally and physically handicapped. Therapeutic Recreation Journal, 18, 41–9.Google Scholar
Winkelmann, L, & Winkelmann, R. (1998) Why are the unemployed so unhappy? Evidence from panel data. Economica, 65, 1–15.Google Scholar
Yang, L. H., Phillips, M. R., Li, X., et al. (2013) Employment outcome for people with schizophrenia in rural v. urban China: Population-based study. Br J Psychiatry, 203, 272–9.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure no-reply@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×