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5 - Tick toxins: perspectives on paralysis and other forms of toxicoses caused by ticks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 August 2009

By
B. J. Mans ,
R. Gothe  and
A. W. H. Neitz
Edited by
Alan S. Bowman  and
Patricia A. Nuttall
B. J. Mans
Affiliation:
Old Main Building, Rm 35 Parasites, Vectors and Vector-Borne Diseases Onderstepoort Veterinary Institute Agricultural Research Council Onderstepoort 0110 South Africa
R. Gothe
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
A. W. H. Neitz
Affiliation:
Department of Biochemistry University of Pretoria Pretoria 0002 South Africa
Alan S. Bowman
Affiliation:
University of Aberdeen
Patricia A. Nuttall
Affiliation:
Centre for Ecology and Hydrology, Swindon
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Summary

INTRODUCTION

Tick toxicosis has been a research focus for almost 80 years and during this time, several excellent reviews on this subject have been written that cover the history of toxicosis research as well as its aetiology and pathology (Gregson, 1943, 1973; Stampa, 1959; Neitz, 1962; Murnaghan & O'Rouke, 1978; Gothe, Kunze & Hoogstraal, 1979; Gothe, 1984, 1999; Wikel, 1984; Gothe & Neitz, 1991; Sonenshine, 1993; Masina & Broady, 1999). A comprehensive monograph on tick toxicoses of all forms has also been published (Gothe, 1999).

FUNCTIONAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TICK TOXINS

While arthropods such as spiders and scorpions are notoriously venomous organisms that utilize their toxins for protection as well as predation, the advantages for ticks being toxic is unclear. It has been suggested that tick paralysis may be a vestigial function conserved in ticks, when ticks evolved a parasitic lifestyle (Stone et al., 1989). Paralysis toxins have been attributed to functional significance during feeding of the tick, in that host mobility and grooming is impaired. This might be relevant, as tick paralysis sets in at the later stages of tick engorgement, when the tick is most liable to be killed by grooming practices. Paralysis would also affect the respiratory system leading to elevated breathing rates and an increase in carbon dioxide expiration. This together with pheromone secretion could attract ticks to the paralysed animal, which accelerates the finding and feeding of ticks.

Type
Chapter
Information
Ticks
Biology, Disease and Control
 , pp. 108 - 126
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

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