Book contents
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Time Before the 20th Century
- 2 Time from the Earth’s Rotation
- 3 Ephemerides
- 4 Variable Earth Rotation
- 5 Earth Orientation
- 6 Ephemeris Time
- 7 Relativity and Time
- 8 Time and Cosmology
- 9 Dynamical and Coordinate Timescales
- 10 Clock Developments
- 11 Microwave Atomic Clocks
- 12 Optical Atomic Standards
- 13 Definition and Role of a Second
- 14 International Atomic Time (TAI)
- 15 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- 16 Time in the Solar System
- 17 Time and Frequency Transfer
- 18 Modern Earth Orientation
- 19 International Activities
- 20 Time Applications
- 21 Future of Timekeeping
- Acronyms
- Glossary
- Index
- References
10 - Clock Developments
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 01 October 2018
Book contents
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics
- Copyright page
- Dedication
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 Time Before the 20th Century
- 2 Time from the Earth’s Rotation
- 3 Ephemerides
- 4 Variable Earth Rotation
- 5 Earth Orientation
- 6 Ephemeris Time
- 7 Relativity and Time
- 8 Time and Cosmology
- 9 Dynamical and Coordinate Timescales
- 10 Clock Developments
- 11 Microwave Atomic Clocks
- 12 Optical Atomic Standards
- 13 Definition and Role of a Second
- 14 International Atomic Time (TAI)
- 15 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC)
- 16 Time in the Solar System
- 17 Time and Frequency Transfer
- 18 Modern Earth Orientation
- 19 International Activities
- 20 Time Applications
- 21 Future of Timekeeping
- Acronyms
- Glossary
- Index
- References
Summary
The word "clock" comes from a medieval word for bell, and the original purpose of clocks was to ring bells. The division of the day into 24 hours by the ancient Egyptians created hours of different lengths depending on the season of the year. Early devices, designed to measure time intervals, were based on the flow of water, burning candles, incense sticks, and sand flow. Mechanical clocks appeared in the latter part of the 13th century, and the development of pendulum clocks originally conceived by Galileo led to significant improvements in timekeeping. Because of the difficulty in creating clocks marking seasonal hours, however, clocks were made to display equal hours. The pendulum clock went through many developments to achieve improved accuracies. Further improvements in clock technology included the development of chronometers for navigation at sea and quartz crystal clocks. These improvements can be quantified numerically by precision, accuracy, and stability.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Time: From Earth Rotation to Atomic Physics , pp. 148 - 170Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2018
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