Besides synthetic derivation of deverbal verb stems, Turkic languages have developed systems of analytic derivation, postverbial constructions consisting of a lexical verb in converbial form followed by an auxiliary verb of a restricted class (Johanson 1971, 1995a, 1995b, 1998b, 2000c, 2002a, 2011b). These constructions have largely replaced the old synthetic actional markers. They express actionality (‘Aktionsart’), operating on various types of verbs and actional phrases, modifying their intrinsic actional values, and describing the manner of action in differentiated ways. They are often called ‘descriptive constructions’. In terminologies that do not distinguish between aspect and actionality, they are described as serving ‘aspectual composition’ with auxiliary verbs functioning as ‘aspect verbs’.