Introduction

In the last chapter, we considered the attempts of three successive schools of linguists, the Neogrammarians, Structuralists and early Generativists, to describe and explain sound change. We saw that all these theories are inadequate for much the same reason: although they may produce very elegant and ingenious descriptions, and although they all propose explanations for change, none comes very close to being truly explanatory. This is because none successfully tackles either the problem of actuation (why sound change begins) or the issue of implementation or transmission (how the change spreads): of course, these issues do overlap, since transmission can be interpreted as actuation for previously unaffected speakers. We shall return to the actuation issue in Chapter 9, when we consider the relationship between change and variation, and the transmission of a change through a speech community.

In this chapter, our main concern in Section 2 is the implementation of change in the grammar of the individual native speaker; this leads naturally to a discussion of the relationship between synchrony and diachrony, and specifically between synchronic phonological rules and diachronic sound changes, in Section 3.

Lexical diffusion

The issue of transmission

The issue of transmission involves the spread of a change, through the speech output and internalised grammar of the native speaker, and through the speech community as a whole. As we have seen, the Neogrammarians, with their methodological assumption of the imperceptibility of sound change, believed implementation to be beyond the scope of investigation.