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Published online by Cambridge University Press: 21 October 2015
INTRODUCTION
Mathla'ul Anwar (Matlaʿu al-Anwar) along with its madrasah was founded in 1916 by a group of Bantenese religious teachers (kiyai) as an immediate response towards both the massive introduction of secular schools by the Dutch colonial government following the issuance of the Ethical Policy and the declining effectiveness of the pesantren- (traditional Islamic boarding school) based education in providing an attractive place to study religion for Muslim youth in Banten. Mathla'ul Anwar's madrasah was to be the first modern Islamic school in the Banten region before the foundation of the Al-Khairiyah (al-Khairiyya) in Serang in 1923. From its foundation to the present, there have been seven different leaders who have acted as the general chairman of the central board of Mathla'ul Anwar, including Kiyai Haji Muhammad Yasin (1916–37), Kiyai Haji Abdul Mu'thi (1937–39), Kiyai Haji Uwes Abu Bakar (1939–72), Kiyai Haji Muslim Abdurrahman (1972–74), Haji Nafsirin Hadi (1974–85), Kiyai Haji Burhani (1985–91) and Haji Irsyad Djuwaeli (1991–up to now). Except Nafsirin Hadi and Irsyad Djuwaeli, all leaders have a similar education background, pesantren. Meanwhile, both Nafsirin Hadi and Irsyad Djuwaeli represented the alumni of the madrasah. For instance, Irsyad Djuwaeli spent his early studies at the madrasah of the Anwarul Hidayah (Anwar al-Hidaya) before continuing his study at the Religious Teacher Training (Pendidikan Guru Agama, PGA) of Mathla'ul Anwar in Jakarta. Educational background is important to see the style and orientation, as well as their acceptability among traditional members of Mathla'ul Anwar. Members of this organization would not qualify Nafsirin Hadi as a true leader of Mathla'ul Anwar due to his lack of religious expertise, while they highly admired Kiyai Uwes Abu Bakar as an example of the perfect leader due to his exceptional expertise in religious matters. Yet, authoritative knowledge in religious matters as the only referred parameter for judging the leadership in Mathla'ul Anwar does not do justice to reality as is shown in the case of Irsyad Djuwaeli's leadership.
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