Abadie, Alberto, Diamond, Alexis, and Hainmueller, Jens. 2015. “Comparative Politics and the Synthetic Control Method,” American Journal of Political Science 59(2): 495–510.Google Scholar

Acemoglu, Daron, Robinson, James A., and Santos, Rafael J.. 2013. “The Monopoly of Violence: Evidence from Colombia,” Journal of the European Economic Association 11(1): 5–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aguayo, Sergio, Sánchez, Delia, Pérez, Manuel, and Jacobo, Dayán. 2016. En el Desamparo: Los Zetas, el Estado, la sociedad y las víctimas de San Fernando, Tamaulipas (2010) y Allende, Coahuila (2011). Mexico City: El Colegio de México and CEAV.Google Scholar

Aguilar, Andro. 2011. “Militarizan mandos policiales … y nada,” Reforma, April 7.Google Scholar

Aguilar, Rubén and Jorge, Castañeda. 2009. El Narco: La Guerra Fallida. Mexico City: Punto de Lectura.Google Scholar

Albarracín, Juan. 2018.“Criminalized Electoral Politics. The Socio-Political Foundations of Electoral Coercion in Democratic Brazil,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar

Albertus, Michael. 2015. Autocracy and Redistribution: The Politics of Land Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alegre, Luis. 2004. “Exige Fox sustentar acusaciones ante PGR,” Reforma, April 16.Google Scholar

Alesina, Alberto, Piccolo, Salvatore, and Pinotti, Paolo. 2019. “Organized Crime, Violence, and Politics,” The Review of Economic Studies 86(2): 457–499.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allum, Felia, Merlino, Rosella, and Colletti, Alessandro. 2019. “Facilitating the Italian Mafia: The Grey Zone of Complicity and Collusion,” South European Society and Politics 24(1): 79–101.Google Scholar

Álvarez, Xóchitl. 2009. “Violencia en Guanajuato por venganza de narcos,” El Universal, November 23.Google Scholar

Álvarez, Xóchitl. 2011. “Guanajuato investiga a 66 agentes por narco,” El Universal, May 13.Google Scholar

Animal, Político. 2011. “Los medios están satanizando a Apatzingán: Genaro Guizar, alcalde,” Animal Político, August 5, www.animalpolitico.com/2011/08/%E2%80%9Clos-medios-estan-satanizando-a-apatzingan%E2%80%9D-genaro-guizar-alcalde/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Animal, Político. 2019. “Hay más de 40 mil desaparecidos y 36 mil muertos sin identificar en México, reconoce Gobernación,” Animal Político, 17 January, www.animalpolitico.com/2019/01/40-mil-desaparecidos-mexico-victimas-sin-identificar/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Aparicio, Javier. 2009. “Análisis estadístico de la elección presidencial de 2006: ¿Fraude o errores aleatorios?” Política y Gobierno, Special Issue: 225–243.Google Scholar

Aranda, Jesús. 2002. “Sabía alto mando de los ilícitos de Quirós,” La Jornada, August 12, www.jornada.com.mx/2002/08/12/012n1pol.php?printver=0. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Araujo, Brisa. 2013. “Te sumas al narco, te vas, o te mueres: desplazados en Guerrero,” desinformémonos, July 28, https://desinformemonos.org/te-sumas-al-narco-te-vas-o-te-mueres-desplazados-en-guerrero/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Arellano, Alberto. 2011. “Los gobiernos panistas en Jalisco,” Espacios Públicos 14(30): 138–154.Google Scholar

Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006a. “The Dynamics of Criminal Governance: Networks and Social Order in Rio de Janeiro,” Journal of Latin American Studies 38(2): 293–325.Google Scholar

Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2006b. “Faith in Our Neighbors: Networks and Social Order in Three Brazilian Favelas,” Latin American Politics and Society 46(1): 1–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2009. “Dispatches from the Field: Milícias and Police Corruption in Rio de Janeiro,” Americas Quarterly 3(2): 90–93.Google Scholar

Arias, Enrique Desmond. 2017. Criminal Enterprises and Governance in Latin America and the Caribbean. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Arias, Enrique D. and Goldstein, Daniel. 2010. Violent Democracies in Latin America. Durham, NC: Duke University Press.Google Scholar

Arjona, Ana. 2016. Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arjona, Ana, Kasfir, Nelson, and Mampilly, Zachariah (eds.). 2015. Rebel Governance in Civil War. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Arroyo, Javier. 2008. “Complace respuesta de la Federación,” El Diario, March 28.Google Scholar

Aristegui, Noticias. 2015. “Gobierno federal simula seguridad en la Tierra Caliente de Guerrero,” Aristegui Noticias, December 3, http://aristeguinoticias.com/0312/mexico/gobierno-federal-simula-seguridad-en-la-tierra-caliente-de-guerrero-parte-i/. Accessed December 17, 2019.Google Scholar

Astorga, Luis. 2005. El Siglo de las Drogas: El Narcotráfico, del Porfiriato al Nuevo Milenio. Mexico City: Plaza y Janés.Google Scholar

Astorga, Luis and Shirk, David A.. 2010. “Drug trafficking organizations and counter-drug strategies in the U.S.–Mexican context,” Mexico Institute of the Woodrow Wilson International Center, Working Paper Series, January 2010.Google Scholar

Atuesta, Laura. 2017. “Militarización de la lucha contra el narcotráfico: los operativos militares como estrategia para el combate al crimen organizado,” in Laura, Atuesta and Alejandro, Madrazo Lajous (eds.), Las violencias: en busca de la política pública detrás de la guerra contra las drogas. Mexico City: Editorial CIDE Coyuntura y Ensayo.Google Scholar

Atuesta, Laura H. and Ponce, Aldo F.. 2017. “Meet the Narco: Increased Competition among Criminal Organisations and the Explosion of Violence in Mexico,” Global Crime 18(4): 375–402.Google Scholar

Atuesta, Laura, Sordia, Oscar, and Madrazo, Alejandro. 2018. “The War on Drugs in Mexico: (Official) Dataset of Events between December 2006 and November 2011,” Journal of Conflict Resolution (December 25): 1–25.Google Scholar

Auyero, Javier. 2006. “The Political Makings of the 2001 Lootings in Argentina,” Journal of Latin American Studies 38(2): 241–265.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aviña, Alexander. 2018. “A War Against Poor People: Dirty Wars and Drug Wars in 1970s Mexico,” in Pensado, Jaime M. and Ochoa, Enrique C. (eds.), Mexico Beyond 1968. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Aziz Nassif, Alberto. 2012. “Violencias en el Norte de México: el caso de Ciudad Juárez,” Revista Iberoamericana 12(48): 143–155.Google Scholar

Bagley, Bruce. 2011. “Carteles de la Droga: De Medellín a Sinaloa,” Criterios 4(1): 233–247.Google Scholar

Bagley, Bruce. 2012. Drug-trafficking and Organized Crime in the Americas. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Update on the Americas.Google Scholar

Bailey, John and Taylor, Matthew M.. 2009. “Evade, Corrupt, or Confront? Organized Crime and the State in Brazil and Mexico,” Journal of Politics in Latin America 1(2): 3–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barajas, Abel. 2009. “Indaga PGR fuga … ¡de video!,” Reforma, May 23.Google Scholar

Baranda, Antonio. 2014. “Eliminan (ahora sí) al ‘Chayo’,” Reforma, March 9.Google Scholar

Barnes, Nicholas. 2017. “Criminal Politics: An Integrated Approach to the Study of Organized Crime, Politics, and Violence,” Perspectives on Politics 15(4): 967–987.Google Scholar

Becerra, Lorena and Meza, Mariana. 2015. “Violencia y votos: el caso de Michoacán,” Animal Político, June 3, www.animalpolitico.com/tanque-pensante/violencia-y-votos-el-caso-de-michoacan/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Becerra, Ricardo, Salazar, Pedro, and Woldenberg, José. 2001. La mecánica del cambio político en México. Mexico City: Cal y Arena.Google Scholar

Becker, Gary S. 1968. “Crime and Punishment: An Economic Approach,” Journal of Political Economy 76(2): 169–217.Google Scholar

Beer, Caroline. 2003. Electoral Competition and Institutional Change in Mexico. Notre Dame, IN: University of Notre Dame Press.Google Scholar

Beltrán, Adriana. 2008. “The captive state: organized crime and human rights in Latin America,” WOLA, February 28.Google Scholar

Berg, Louis-Alexandre and Carranza, Marlon. 2018. “Organized Criminal Violence and Territorial Control: Evidence from Northern Honduras,” Journal of Peace Research 55(5): 566–581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bergman, Marcelo. 2018. More Money, More Crime: Prosperity and Rising Crime in Latin America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blancornelas, Jesús. 2002. El Cártel. Los Arellano Félix, la mafia más poderosa en la historia de América Latina. Mexico City: DeBolsillo.Google Scholar

Blaydes, Lisa. 2010. Elections and Distributive Politics in Mubarak’s Egypt. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Blume, Laura. 2017. “The Old Rules No Longer Apply: Explaining Narco-Assassinations of Mexican Politicians,” Journal of Politics in Latin America 9(1): 59–90.Google Scholar

Braga, Anthony, Brunson, Rod, and Drakulich, Kevin. 2019. “Race, Place, and Effective Policing,” Annual Review of Sociology 45: 535–555.Google Scholar

Bravo Regidor, Carlos. 2011. “La ‘guerra’ en el discurso presidencial,” La Razón, January 31.Google Scholar

Brenneman, Robert. 2013. Homies and Hermanos: God and Gangs in Central America. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Bruhn, Kathleen and Greene, Kenneth. 2007. “Elite Polarization Meets Mass Moderation in Mexico’s 2006 Elections,” PS: Political Science and Politics 40(1): 33–38.Google Scholar

Buchanan, James M. 1973. “A Defense of Organized Crime?,” in Simon, Rottenberg (ed.), The Economics of Crime and Punishment. Washington, DC: American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research.Google Scholar

Burt, Jo-Marie. 2009. “Guilty as Charged: The Trial of Former Peruvian President Alberto Fujimori for Human Rights Violations,” International Journal of Transitional Justice 3(1): 384–405.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caldeira, Teresa and Holston, James. 1999. “Democracy and Violence in Brazil,” Comparative Studies in Society and History 41(4): 691–729.Google Scholar

Calderón, Gabriela, Robles, Gustavo, Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto, and Magaloni, Beatriz. 2015. “The Beheading of Criminal Organizations and the Dynamics of Violence in Mexico,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1455–1485.Google Scholar

Calderón, Verónica and Chouza, Paula. 2014. “El narco cobraba el 10% del dinero federal enviado a Michoacán,” El País, March 14, https://elpais.com/internacional/2014/03/14/actualidad/1394762409_823220.html. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Camp, Roderic Ai. 2005. Mexico’s Military on the Democratic Stage. Westport, CT: Greenwood Publishing Group.Google Scholar

Carey, Sabine C., Colaresi, Michael P., and Mitchell, Neil J.. 2015. “Governments, Informal Links to Militias, and Accountability,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(5): 850–876.Google Scholar

Carrizales, David. 1996. “Renunció Rizzo García en NL,” La Jornada, April 18, www.jornada.com.mx/1996/04/18/rizzo.html. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Castañón, Araly. 2008. “Acciones del Operativo son deficientes: alcalde,” El Diario, August 20.Google Scholar

Castañón, Araly and Gallegos, Rocío. 2011. “Dejaron huella en Juárez,” El Diario, November 12.Google Scholar

Castillo García, Gustavo. 2002. “Acosta y Quirós ordenaron asesinar más de 1,500, dice testigo protegido,” La Jornada, November 18, www.jornada.com.mx/2002/11/18/012n1pol.php?printver=1. Accessed December 17, 2019.Google Scholar

Cedillo, Adela. 2019. “Intersections Between the Dirty War and the War on Drugs in Northwestern Mexico (1969–1985),” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Wisconsin-Madison.Google Scholar

Centro de Derechos Humanos Fray Francisco de Vitoria, Paz y Justicia, multiple years, 1988–1998.Google Scholar

Cervantes, Miguel. 2007. “Designan a military en Policía de BC,” Reforma, December 6.Google Scholar

Chacón, Mario. 2018. “In the line of fire: political violence and decentralization in Colombia,” NYU–Abu Dhabi, Working Paper, July, 2018, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2386667. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Clunan, Anne and Trinkunas, Harold. 2010. Ungoverned Spaces? Territorial Statehood, Contested Authority, and Softened Sovereignty. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Collier, Paul. 2000. “Rebellion as a Quasi-Criminal Activity,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 44(6): 839–853.Google Scholar

Comisión Nacional de Derechos Humanos (CNDH). 2009. Recommendation 72/2009, CNDH, October 30, www.cndh.org.mx/sites/default/files/doc/Recomendaciones/2009/REC_2009_072.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Committee to Protect Journalists (CPJ). 2017. “No excuse: Mexico must break cycle of impunity in journalists’ murders,” May 3, https://cpj.org/x/6c82. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Conger, Lucy. 2014. “The private sector and public security: the cases of Ciudad Juárez and Monterrey,” Wilson Center-University of San Diego, Working Paper Series on Civic Engagement and Public Security in Mexico, March 2014.Google Scholar

Consejo Nacional de Evaluación de la Política de Desarrollo Social (CONEVAL). 2012. Informe de pobreza y evaluación de las entidades federativas 2010–2012. CONEVAL, www.coneval.org.mx/coordinacion/entidades/Paginas/Informes-de-pobreza-y-evaluación-2010–2012.aspx. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Consejo Nacional de Población (CONAPO). 2010. Índice de marginación de CONAPO. 2010. CONAPO, www.conapo.gob.mx/es/CONAPO/Indices_de_Marginacion_2010_por_entidad_federativa_y_municipio. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Contreras, Karina. 2012. “Todos sabemos lo de los halcones porque es cierto: Walton,” El Sur, August 3.Google Scholar

Corchado, Alfredo and Sandoval, Ricardo. 2004. “Gang linked to serial killing,” The Dallas Morning News, May 2, www.google.com/amp/s/www.sun-sentinel.com/news/fl-xpm-2004-05-02-0405010393-story,amp.html. Accessed December 17, 2019.Google Scholar

Corcoran, Patrick. 2011. “Guatemalan mayoral candidate killed,” InSight Crime: Organized Crime in the Americas, June.Google Scholar

Córdova, Abby. 2019. “Living in Gang-Controlled Neighborhoods: Impacts on Electoral and Nonelectoral Participation in El Salvador,” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 201–221.Google Scholar

Cornelius, Wayne A. and Shirk, David A. (eds.). 2007. Reforming the Administration of Justice in Mexico. La Jolla and Notre Dame: Center for US–Mexican Studies and Notre Dame University Press.Google Scholar

Corpus, Aline. 2008. “Dimite funcionaria acusada por Aponte,” Reforma, May 8.Google Scholar

Correa-Cabrera, Guadalupe. 2017. The Zetas Inc.: Criminal Corporations, Energy, and Civil War in Mexico. Austin, TX: The University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Cox, Gary W. and McCubbins, Mathew D.. 1986. “Electoral Politics as a Redistributive Game,” Journal of Politics 48(2): 370–389.Google Scholar

Cribb, Robert. 2009. “Introduction: Parapolitics, Shadow Governance and Criminal Sovereignty,” in Wilson, Eric and Lindsey, Tim (eds.), Government of the Shadows. Parapolitics and Criminal Sovereignty. New York: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Crónica. 2002. “Asume Cárdenas Batel como Gobernador de Michoacán,” Crónica, February 15, www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2002/5376.html. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Cruz, José Miguel. 2011. “Criminal Violence and Democratization in Central America: The Survival of the Violent State,” Latin American Politics and Society 53(4): 1–33.Google Scholar

Dal Bó, Ernesto, Bó, Pedro Dal, and Tella, Rafael Di. 2006. “Plata o Plomo?: Bribe and Punishment in a Theory of Political Influence,” American Political Science Review 100(1): 41–53.Google Scholar

Data Cívica. 2017. “Personas Desaparecidas,” Data Cívica, http://personasdesaparecidas.mx/db/db. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Dávila, Patricia. 2014. “Un mapa criminal de todos conocido,” Proceso, November 1. www.proceso.com.mx/386442/un-mapa-criminal-de-todos-conocido. Accessed December 19, 2019.Google Scholar

Davis, Diane. 2006. “Undermining the Rule of Law: Democratization and the Dark Side of Police Reform in Mexico,” Latin American Politics and Society 48(1): 55–86.Google Scholar

Daxecker, Ursula E. and Prins, Brandon C.. 2016. “The Politicization of Crime: Electoral Competition and the Supply of Maritime Piracy in Indonesia,” Public Choice 169: 375–393.Google Scholar

de Castro, Rodrigo and Gasparini, Juan. 2000. La delgada línea blanca. Buenos Aires: Ediciones B.Google Scholar

de Loza, Isaak. 2010. “Realiza PGR operativos en Guadalajara,” El Informador, May 2010.Google Scholar

Díaz, Leticia. 2011. “Guerrero: Las comunidades se quedan solas,” Proceso, June 24.Google Scholar

Díaz-Cayeros, Alberto. 2006. Federalism, Fiscal Authority, and Centralization in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dickenson, Matthew. 2014. “The Impact of Leadership Removal on Mexican Drug Trafficking Organizations,” Journal of Quantitative Criminology 30(4): 651–676.Google Scholar

Díez, Jordi. 2008. “Legislative Oversight of the Armed Forces in Mexico,” Mexican Studies 24(1): 113–145.Google Scholar

Díez, Jordi. 2012. “Civil–Military Relations in Mexico: The Unfinished Transition,” in Ai Camp, Roderic (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Mexican Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Dube, Arindrajit, Dube, Oeindrila, and Omar, García-Ponce. 2013. “Cross-border Spillover: US Gun Laws and Violence in Mexico,” American Political Science Review 107(3): 397–417.Google Scholar

Dunning, Thad. 2008. “Improving Causal Inference: Strengths and Limitations of Natural Experiments,” Political Research Quarterly 61(2): 282–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durán-Martínez, Angélica. 2018. The Politics of Drug Violence: Criminals, Cops and Politicians in Colombia and Mexico. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Durkheim, Emile. [1893] 1964. The Division of Labor in Society. New York, NY: Free Press.Google Scholar

Eaton, Kent. 2010. “The Downside of Decentralization: Armed Clientelism in Colombia,” Security Studies 15(4): 533–562.Google Scholar

Eleazar, Daniel. 1997. “Contrasting Unitary and Federal Systems,” International Political Science Review 18(3): 237–251.Google Scholar

Informador, El. 2012. “Policía de Acapulco reconoce ‘posible’ infiltración del crimen,” El Informador, August 1, www.informador.mx/Mexico/Policia-de-Acapulco-reconoceposible-infiltracion-del-crimen-20120801–0134.html. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Norte, El. 1997a. “De Regios,” El Norte, September 30.Google Scholar

Norte, El. 1997b. “Los peros del gabinete,” El Norte, September 30.Google Scholar

El Sol, del Bajío. 2011. “Deslindan al alcalde de Tarandacuao del narco,” El Sol del Bajío, May 2.Google Scholar

Enciso, Froylán. 2015. Nuestra historia narcótica: Pasajes para (re) legalizar las drogas en México. Mexico City: Debate.Google Scholar

English, T. J. 2007. The Havana Mob: Gangsters, Gamblers, Showgirls and Revolutionaries in 1950s Cuba. Edinburgh and London: Mainstream Publishing.Google Scholar

Escalante, Jorge. 2008. “Integran a Ejército en operativos,” Mural, March 25.Google Scholar

Espinosa, Valeria and Rubin, Donald. 2015. “Did the Military Interventions in the Mexican Drug War Increase Violence?,” The American Statistician 69(1): 17–27.Google Scholar

Espinosa, Verónica. 2011. “El ‘guanajuatazo’,” Proceso, July 2.Google Scholar

Espinosa, Verónica. 2012. “Operan en Guanajuato cinco cárteles: Procuraduría,” Proceso, March 16.Google Scholar

Esteban, Rogelio. 2014. “Infiltrada por el crimen la policía de 11 municipios de Guerrero,” Milenio, October 6.Google Scholar

Excélsior. 2011. “Detienen a 130 policías de Acámbaro por nexos con el Narco,” Excélsior, May 4.Google Scholar

Fajnzylber, Pablo, Lederman, Daniel, and Loayza, Norman. 2002. “Inequality and Violent Crime,” Journal of Law and Economics 45(1): 1–40.Google Scholar

Fearon, James. 1995. “Rationalist Explanations for War,” International Organization 49(3): 379–414.Google Scholar

Fearon, James D. and Laitin, David D.. 2003. “Ethnicity, Insurgency, and Civil War,” American Political Science Review 97(1): 75–90.Google Scholar

Ferrer, Eduardo and Ernesto, Martínez. 2010. “Oleada de Asaltos en Apatzingán mientras la policía se ubicaba,” La Jornada, December 14, www.jornada.com.mx/2010/12/14/politica/005n1pol. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Financial Times, . 2005. “Mexico’s own goal: prosecuting the capital city’s mayor will damage democracy,” The Financial Times, April 7.Google Scholar

Fiorentini, Gianluca and Peltzman, Sam (eds.). 1995. The Economics of Organized Crime. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Flávia, Marreiro y Xosé Hermida. 2018. “Conmoción en Brasil por el asesinato de Marielle Franco, concejal y activista de Río,” El País, March 2018, https://elpais.com/internacional/2018/03/15/actualidad/1521080376_531337.html. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Flom, Hernán. 2019. “State Regulation of Organized Crime: Politicians, Police, and Drug Trafficking in Argentina.” Latin American Politics and Society 6(3): 104–128.Google Scholar

Flores, Ezequiel. 2018. “Con René Juárez Cisneros el narco sentó sus reales en Guerrero,” Proceso, May 3, www.proceso.com.mx/532715/con-rene-juarez-cisneros-el-narco-sento-sus-reales-en-guerrero. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Flores, Sergio. 2006a. “Desconoce Salgado Macedonio a Calderón,” Reforma, September 8.Google Scholar

Flores, Sergio. 2006b. “Pretende Salgado coordinarse con AMLO,” Reforma, September 21.Google Scholar

Flores, Sergio. 2007. “Desconoce Salgado operativo en Acapulco,” Reforma, January 10.Google Scholar

Flores, Sergio and Guerrero, J. 2006. “No soy ‘Rambo’, revira Salgado,” Reforma, July 1.Google Scholar

Flores-Macías, Gustavo A. 2018. “The Consequences of Militarizing Anti-Drug Efforts for State Capacity in Latin America: Evidence from Mexico,” Comparative Politics 51(1): 1–20Google Scholar

Fox, Sean R. and Hoelscher, Kristian. 2012. “Political Order, Development and Social Violence,” Journal of Peace Research 49(3): 431–444.Google Scholar

Frantz, Erica. 2018. “The Legacy of Military Dictatorship: Explaining Violent Crime in Democracies,” International Political Science Review 40(3): 1–15.Google Scholar

Fregoso, Juliana. 2017. “México: 16 ex gobernadores investigados por corrupción y la pregunta por la ruta del dinero,” Infobae, 22 April, www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2017/04/22/mexico-16-ex-gobernadores-investigados-por-corrupcion-y-la-pregunta-por-la-ruta-del-dinero/. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Gambetta, Diego. 1996. The Sicilian Mafia: The Business of Private Protection. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Gandhi, Jennifer and Przeworski, Adam. 2007. “Authoritarian Institutions and the Survival of Autocrats,” Comparative Political Studies 40(11): 1279–1301.Google Scholar

García, Adán. 2011. “Dejan contiendas 51 en Michoacán,” Reforma, October 17.Google Scholar

García, Carola and Figueiras, Leonardo. 2006. Medios de comunicación y campañas electorales (1988–2000). Mexico City: Plaza y Valdés.Google Scholar

García, Dennis. 2013. “El amor por Sara Cristina Cosío llevó a prisión al Narco de narcos,” Crónica, August 10, www.cronica.com.mx/notas/2013/774736.html. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

García, José. 2008. “Defiende Nati el Operativo NL,” El Norte, February 18.Google Scholar

García, José. 2010a. “Urge cambiar lucha anticrimen … federal,” El Norte, June 30.Google Scholar

García, José. 2010b. “Sostienen reunión Medina y Larrazabal,” El Norte, August 18.Google Scholar

García, José. 2010c. “Asesora Tello Peón a NL,” El Norte, October 8.Google Scholar

García-Ponce, Omar and Lajous, Andrés. 2014. “¿Por qué tardaron tanto en leventarse las autodefensas?,” Nexos: Blog de la redacción, May 22, https://redaccion.nexos.com.mx/?p=6272. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

García Orozco, Rosario. 2015. “Presidentes municipales de Guerrero viven inseguridad: Robell Urióstegui Patiño,” El Financiero, November 8, www.elfinanciero.com.mx/nacional/presidentes-municipales-de-guerrero-viven-inseguridad-robell-uriostegui-patino. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Garzón, Juan Carlos. 2012. Mafia & Co.: The Criminal Networks in Mexico, Brazil, and Colombia. Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center.Google Scholar

Gil, Melina and Julio, Pérez. 2012. “Promete Calderón dar apoyo por ataque,” Mural, March 12.Google Scholar

Gillies, Allan. 2018. “Theorising State–Narco Relations in Bolivia’s Nascent Democracy (1982–1993): Governance, Order and Political Transition,” Third World Quarterly 39(4): 727–746.Google Scholar

Giraudy, Agustina, Moncada, Eduardo, and Snyder, Richard (eds.). 2019. Inside Countries: Subnational Research in Comparative Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gleditsch, Nils Petter, Strand, Havard, Eriksson, Mikael, Sollenberg, Margareta, and Wallensteen, Peter. 2001. “Armed Conflict 1945–99: A New Dataset,” Journal of Peace Research 39(5): 615–637.Google Scholar

Goertz, Gary. 2017. Multimethods Research, Causal Mechanisms, and Case Studies: An Integrated Approach. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Golden, Tim. 1993. “Cardinal in Mexico killed in a shooting tied to drug battle,” The New York Times, May 25, www.nytimes.com/1993/05/25/world/cardinal-in-mexico-killed-in-a-shooting-tied-to-drug-battle.html. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

González, Féliz. 2008. “Estado a la Federación: hay que esclarecer ejecuciones,” Norte de Ciudad Juárez, August 19.Google Scholar

Greene, Kenneth F. 2007. Why Dominant Parties Lose: Mexico’s Democratization in Comparative Perspective. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Greene, Kenneth F. 2010. “The Political Economy of Authoritarian Single-Party Dominance,” Comparative Political Studies 43(7): 807–834.Google Scholar

Greitens, Sheena. 2016. Dictators and their Secret Police: Coercive Institutions and State Violence. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Grillo, Ioan. 2011. El Narco: Inside Mexico’s Criminal Insurgency. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2010. “Pandillas y cárteles: La gran alianza,” Nexos, June 1, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=13690. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2011a. “La raíz de la violencia,” Nexos, June 1, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=14318. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2011b. Security, Drugs, and Violence in Mexico: A Survey. 7th North American Forum. Mexico City: Lantia Consultores.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2012. “Epidemias de violencia,” Nexos, July 1.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2016. “La inseguridad 2013–2015,” Nexos, January 1.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Eduardo. 2018. “La segunda ola de violencia,” Nexos, April 1.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Jesús. 2007. “Critican en Guerrero el operativo antinarco,” Reforma, February 11.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Jesús. 2008. “Denuncia amenazas candidato en Guerrero,” Reforma, October 1.Google Scholar

Guerrero, Jesús. 2009. “Denuncia el PRD 13 ejecuciones,” Reforma, July 6.Google Scholar

Guillén, Alejandra, Torres, Mago, and Turati, Marcela. 2018. “El país de las dos mil fosas,” Quinto Elemento Lab. https://quintoelab.org/project/el-pais-de-las-2-mil-fosas. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Gurrea, José Antonio. 2013. “Acapulco tiene miedo; hasta las autoridades renuncian,” El Financiero, March 11. www.elfinanciero.com.mx/archivo/acapulco-tiene-miedo-hasta-las-autoridades-renuncian. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Gutiérrez, Maribel. 1997. “Caso Aguas Blancas: juicio inconcluso,” La Jornada, June 29.Google Scholar

Heinle, Kimberly, Ferreira, Octavio Rodríguez, and Shirk, David A.. 2014. “Drug violence in Mexico. Data and analysis through 2013,” Justice in Mexico Project: Special Report, University of San Diego, https://justiceinmexico.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/09/2014_DVM.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Hernández, Carlos. 2008. “Cambian de estrategia anticrimen,” El Diario, November 25.Google Scholar

Herrera, Rolando. 2007a. “Enfrenta Salgado amenazas del narco,” Reforma, January 24.Google Scholar

Herrera, Rolando. 2007b. “Revelan disculpa de la SSP a Félix,” Reforma, February 17.Google Scholar

Herrera, Rolando. 2011. “Exhiben pleito Medina-Larrazabal y fallas de Calderón en coordinación,” Reforma, January 13.Google Scholar

Herrera, Rolando and Mayolo, López. 2016. “Pidieron a Alcalde hasta apagar la luz,” Reforma, July 27.Google Scholar

Hidalgo, Jorge Arturo. 2001. “Anuncian megamarcha contra Reforma Fiscal,” Reforma, September 9.Google Scholar

Hobbes, Thomas. [1651] 1968. Leviathan. Baltimore: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Crime, InSight. 2018. “Venezuela: A Mafia State? Venezuela has become a hub of organized crime in the region,” InSight Crime, https://es.insightcrime.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Venezuela-a-Mafia-State-InSight-Crime-2018.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

International Crisis Group. 2018. “Building peace in Mexico: dilemmas facing the López Obrador government,” Report no. 69/Latin America & Caribbean, October 11. www.crisisgroup.org/latin-america-caribbean/mexico/69-building-peace-mexico-dilemmas-facing-lopez-obrador-government. Accessed December 18, 2019Google Scholar

Iqbal, Zaryab and Zorn, Christopher. 2006. “Sic Semper Tyrannis? Power, Repression, and Assassination since the Second World War,” Journal of Politics 68(3): 489–501.Google Scholar

Jaffe, Rivke. 2013. “The Hybrid State: Crime and Citizenship in Urban Jamaica,” American Ethnologist 40(4): 734–748.Google Scholar

Jensen, Nathan and Rosas, Guillermo. 2007. “Foreign Direct Investment and Income Inequality in Mexico, 1990–2000,” International Organization 61(03): 467–487.Google Scholar

Jentzsch, Corina, Kalyvas, Stathis N. and Schubiger, Livia I.. 2015. “Militias in Civil Wars,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(5): 755–769.Google Scholar

Jiménez, Benito. 2009. “Estaban cazando a quien votaba y los intimidaban,” Reforma, July 6.Google Scholar

Jiménez, Benito and Cervantes, Miguel. 2008. “Promete José Osuna depuración,” Reforma, April 25.Google Scholar

Jones, Nathan. 2013. “The Unintended Consequences of Kingpin Strategies: Kidnap Rates and the Arellano-Félix Organization,” Trends in Organized Crime 16(2): 156–176.Google Scholar

Juárez, Alfonso. 2016. “Cierran restaurantes en Acapulco por crimen,” Reforma, March 29.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis. 2006. The Logic of Violence in Civil War. New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis. 2015. “How Civil Wars Help Explain Organized Crime – and How They Do Not,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1517–1540.Google Scholar

Kalyvas, Stathis and Balcells, Laia. 2010. “International System and Technologies of Rebellion: How the End of the Cold War Shaped Internal Conflict,” American Political Science Review 104(3): 415–429.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karl, Terry L. 1986. “Imposing Consent: Electoralism Versus Democratization in El Salvador,” in Drake, Paul and Silva, Eduardo (eds.), Elections in Latin America. San Diego: University of California Press, pp. 9–36.Google Scholar

Karl, Terry L. 2000. “Electoralism: Why Elections are not Democracy,” in Rose, Richard (ed.), The International Encyclopedia of Elections. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly Books.Google Scholar

Klesner, Joseph 2005. “Electoral Competition and the New Party System in Mexico,” Latin American Politics and Society 47(2): 103–142.Google Scholar

Kocher, Matthew A. and Monteiro, Nuno P.. 2016. “Lines of Demarcation: Causation, Design-Based Inference, and Historical Research,” Perspectives on Politics 14(4): 952–975.Google Scholar

Koonings, Kees and Kruijt, Dirk (eds.). 2004. Organized Violence and State Failure in Latin America. London: Zed Books.Google Scholar

Kyle, Chris. 2015. “Violence and Insecurity in Guerrero,” in Building Resilient Communities in Mexico: Civic Responses to Crime and Violence. Briefing Paper Series, Woodrow Wilson Center.Google Scholar

Guerrero, La Jornada. 2007. “Diputados perredistas critican amenazas de muerte contra Salgado Macedonio,” La Jornada Guerrero, February 11.Google Scholar

Lagunas, Icela. 2012. “Otro gobernador en la mira,” Reporte Índigo, July 30.Google Scholar

Langston, Joy. 2007. “The PRI’s 2006 Electoral Debacle,” PS: Political Science and Politics 40(1): 21–25.Google Scholar

Langston, Joy. 2018. Democratization and Authoritarian Party Survival: Mexico’s PRI. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Lantia Intelligence. 2019a. “Total de ejecuciones anuales,” November 14. https://bit.ly/2utkPNl. Accessed January 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Lantia Intelligence. 2019b. “Mapa criminal,” November 16. https://bit.ly/2T1ydTa. Accessed January 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Lawson, Chappell. 2000. “Mexico’s Unfinished Transition: Democratization and Authoritarian Enclaves in Mexico,” Mexican Studies/Estudios Mexicanos 16(2): 267–287.Google Scholar

LeCour Graindmason, Romain. 2016. “Vigilar y limpiar: Identification and Self-Help Justice-Making in Michoacán, Mexico,” Politix 3(115): 103–125.Google Scholar

Lessing, Benjamin. 2015. “Logics of Violence in Criminal War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1486–1516.Google Scholar

Lessing, Benjamin. 2017. Making Peace in Drug Wars: Crackdowns and Cartels in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Lessing, Benjamin and Willis, Graham Denyer. 2019. “Legitimate Criminals: How to Build a Drug Empire from Behind Bars,” American Political Science Review 113(2): 584–606.Google Scholar

Levitt, Steven. 2004. “Understanding Why Crime Fell in the 1990s: Four Factors that Explain the Decline and Six that Do Not,” Journal of Economic Perspectives 18(1): 163–190.Google Scholar

Ley, Sandra. 2017. “Security and Crime Issue Voting: Electoral Accountability in the Midst of Violence,” Latin American Politics and Society 59(1): 3–27.Google Scholar

Ley, Sandra. 2018. “To Vote or Not to Vote: How Criminal Violence Shapes Electoral Participation,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 62(9): 1963–1990.Google Scholar

Ley, Sandra and Magdalena, Guzmán. 2019. “Doing Business in the Context of Criminal Violence in Mexico,” in Avant, Deborah, Berrie, Marie, Chenoweth, Erica, Epstein, Rachel, Hendrix, Cullen, Kaplan, Oliver, and Sisk, Timothy (eds.), Civil Action and the Dynamics of Violence, Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Ley, Sandra, Mattiace, Shannan, and Trejo, Guillermo. 2019. “Indigenous Resistance to Criminal Governance: Why Regional Ethnic Autonomy Institutions Protect Communities from Narco Rule,” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 181–200.Google Scholar

Lieberman, Evan. 2005. “Nested Analysis as a Mixed-Method Strategy for Comparative Research,” American Political Science Review 99(3): 435–452.Google Scholar

López, Claudia. 2010. y refundaron la patria … De cómo mafiosos y políticos reconfiguraron el Estado colombiano. Bogotá: Nuevo Arcoiris.Google Scholar

Lucardi, Adrián. 2017. “Building Support from Below? Subnational Elections, Diffusion Effects, and the Growth of the Opposition in Mexico, 1984–2000,” Comparative Political Studies 49(14): 1855–1895.Google Scholar

Luján, Francisco. 2011. “Ataque a Leyzaola rompe relación Municipio-Federal,” Norte de Ciudad Juárez, July 27.Google Scholar

Lupsha, Peter A. 1991. “Drug Lords and Narco-Corruption: The Players Change but the Game Continues,” Crime, Law and Social Change 16, 41–58.Google Scholar

Maerker, Denise. 2014. “Auxilio: ¿Dónde está el Estado?,” Nexos, April 1, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=20052. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2006. Voting for Autocracy: Hegemonic Party Survival and its Demise in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz. 2008. “Credible Power-Sharing and the Longevity of Authoritarian Rule,” Comparative Political Studies 41(4–5): 715–741.Google Scholar

Magaloni, Beatriz, Gustavo Robles, Aila M., Matanock, Alberto Díaz-Cayeros, and Romero, Vidal. 2019. “Living in Fear: The Dynamics of Extortion in Mexico’s Drug War,” Comparative Political Studies. 53(7): 1124–1174.Google Scholar

Mainwaring, Scott. 2012. “From Representative Democracy to Participatory Competitive Autocracy: Hugo Chávez and Venezuelan Politics,” Perspectives on Politics 10(4): 955–967.Google Scholar

Maldonado, Salvador. 2012. “Drogas, Violencia y Militarización en el México Rural. El caso de Michoacán,” Revista Mexicana de Sociología 74(1): 5–39.Google Scholar

Mann, Michael. 1984. “The Autonomous Power of the State: Its origins, mechanisms, and results,” European Journal of Sociology 25(2): 185–213.Google Scholar

Martínez, Fernando. 2007. “Exige la IP a Nati reorientar agenda,” El Norte, April 14.Google Scholar

Martínez, Julieta. 2008. “Carta íntegra del Comandante Sergio Aponte Polito,” El Universal, April 23.Google Scholar

McCauley, John F. and Posner, Daniel N.. 2015. “African Borders as Sources of Natural Experiments Promise and Pitfalls,” Political Science Research and Methods 3(2): 409–418.Google Scholar

McDonnell, Patrick. 2017. “The sordid record of former Mexican governors: 3 in prison, 3 under investigation and 4 wanted by authorities,” Los Angeles Times, March 31, www.latimes.com/world/mexico-americas/la-fg-mexico-governors-20170331-story.html. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Medellín Mendoza, Laura N. 2006. “La travesía de la liberalización política de Nuevo León,” Espiral, Estudios sobre Estado y Sociedad 12(35): 65–91.Google Scholar

Melgar, Ivonne. 2002. “Define Fox derechos desde la concepción,” Reforma, May 11.Google Scholar

Mendez, Patricia. 2002. “Divide al Congreso la reforma eléctrica,” Reforma, December 10.Google Scholar

Mendoza Rockwell, Natalia. 2012. “Crónica de la cartelización,” Nexos, June 1, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=14846. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Merino, José. 2011. “Los operativos conjuntos y la tasa de homicidios: Una medición,” Nexos, June 1. https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=14319. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Merino, José, Zarkin, Jessica, and Fierro, Eduardo. 2013. “Marcado para morir,” Nexos, July. https://www.nexos.com.mx/?p=15375. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Merino, Mauricio. 2003. La transición votada: Crítica a la interpretación del cambio político en México. Mexico City: FCE.Google Scholar

Meyer, Jean. 1976. La Cristiada. Mexico City: Siglo XXI.Google Scholar

Meyerson, Harold. 2005. “Greetings from Mexistan,” The Washington Post, April 13.Google Scholar

Michel, Víctor Hugo and David, Vicenteño. 2007. “Lanzan operativo antinarco en noreste,” Reforma, February 18.Google Scholar

Mizrahi, Yemile. 1996. “¿Administrar o gobernar? El reto del gobierno panista en Chihuahua,” Frontera Norte 8(16): 57–80.Google Scholar

Fragoso, Monarrez, Estela, Julia. 2000. “La cultura del feminicidio en Ciudad Juárez, 1993–1999,” Frontera Norte 12(23): 87–117.Google Scholar

Fragoso, Monarrez, Estela, Julia. 2013. Trama de una Injusticia: Feminicidio Sexual Sistémico en Ciudad Juárez. Tijuana: El Colegio de la Frontera Norte.Google Scholar

Morales, Alberto y Juan Manuel Cruz. 2011. “Suspenden a Cd. Juárez subsidio para seguridad,” El Universal, July 29.Google Scholar

Moran, Jon. 2011. Crime and Corruption in New Democracies: The politics of (in)security. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.Google Scholar

Moreno, Alejandro and Roberto, Gutiérrez. 2005. “Prevén triunfo perredista,” Reforma, May 30.Google Scholar

Mural. 2010. “Tiene Jalisco reunión de seguridad,” Mural, June 19.Google Scholar

Neumayer, Eric. 2003. “Good Policy Can Lower Violent Crime: Evidence from a Cross-National Panel of Homicide Rates, 1980–97,” Journal of Peace Research 40(6): 619–640.Google Scholar

New York Times. 2005. “Let Mexico’s voters decide,” The New York Times, April 7.Google Scholar

Oates, Wallace. 1972. Fiscal Federalism. New York: Harcourt.Google Scholar

Ochoa, Rolando. 2019. Intimate Crimes: Kidnapping, Gangs, and Trust in Mexico City. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo. 1993. “On the state, democratization, and some conceptual problems,” Kellogg, Working Paper Series 192, April 1993.Google Scholar

O’Donnell, Guillermo and Schmitter, Philippe. 1986. Transitions from Authoritarian Rule: Tentative Conclusions about Uncertain Democracies. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press.Google Scholar

Oliveri, Elisabetta and Sberna, Salvatore. 2014. “Set the night on fire! Mafia violence and elections in Italy,” Paper presented at the Conference of the American Political Science Association, August 18.Google Scholar

Olson, Mancur. 2000. Power and Prosperity: Outgrowing Communist and Capitalist Dictatorships. New York: Basic Books.Google Scholar

O’Neil, Shannon K. 2009. “The Real War in Mexico,” Foreign Affairs 88(4): 63–77.Google Scholar

Open Society Justice Initiative. 2016. Atrocidades Innegables. Confrontando Crímenes de Lesa Humanidad en México. New York: Open Society.Google Scholar

O’Shaughnessy, Hugh. 2000. Pinochet: The Politics of Torture. New York: New York University Press.Google Scholar

Osorio, Javier. 2015. “The Contagion of Drug Violence: Spatiotemporal Dynamics of Mexican War on Drugs,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1403–1432.Google Scholar

Osorno, Diego Enrique. 2012. La guerra de los Zetas. Mexico City: Grijalbo.Google Scholar

Pachico, Elyssa. 2011. “Why violence could boil over in Guatemala elections,” InSight Crime, June 20, www.insightcrime.org/news/analysis/why-violence-could-boil-over-in-guatemala-elections/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Padgett, Humberto. 2014. “Imposible decirle ‘no’ a los Templarios,” SinEmbargo, March 14, www.sinembargo.mx/14-03-2014/931679. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Pansters, Wil. 2018. “Drug Trafficking, the Informal Order, and Caciques. Reflections on the Crime–Governance Nexus in Mexico,” Global Crime 19(3–4): 315–338.Google Scholar

Parametría. 2005. “El desafuero de López Obrador,” Parametría, www.parametria.com.mx/carta_parametrica.php?cp=81. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Patiño, Martín. 2010. “Capturan a líder del cártel de ‘Los Valencia’,” El Informador, May 10.Google Scholar

Peacock, Susan and Beltrán., Adriana 2003. Hidden Powers: Illegal Armed Groups in Post-Conflict Guatemala and the Forces Behind Them. Washington, DC: WOLA.Google Scholar

Pensamiento, Daniel, Salazar, Claudia, and Pacón, Carolina. 2004. “Prevé PRD rompimiento con el Ejecutivo,” Reforma, April 16.Google Scholar

Petersen, Paul. 1995. The Price of Federalism. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution.Google Scholar

Phillips, Brian J. 2015. “How Does Leadership Decapitation Affect Violence? The Case of Drug Trafficking Organizations in Mexico,” Journal of Politics 77(2): 324–336.Google Scholar

Plascencia, Ángel. 2013. “El Oscuro Pasado del Director,” Reporte Índigo, September 23, www.reporteindigo.com/reporte/el-oscuro-pasado-del-director/. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Ponce, Aldo. 2016. “Cárteles de Droga, Violencia y Competitividad Electoral a Nivel Local: Evidencia del Caso Mexicano,” Latin American Research Review (LAAR) 51(4): 62–85.Google Scholar

Popper, Karl. 1962. The Open Society and Its Enemies (vol. I). Princeton: Princeton University PressGoogle Scholar

Prado, Henia. 2011. “Impulsan talleres de sensibilidad,” Reforma, May 29.Google Scholar

Presidencia de la República. 2006. “Palabras al Pueblo de México desde el Auditorio Nacional,” Presidencia de la República, December 1, http://calderon.presidencia.gob.mx/2006/12/palabras-al-pueblo-de-mexico-desde-el-auditorio-nacional. Accessed February 7, 2015.Google Scholar

Proceso. 1992a. “‘No voy a renunciar,’ decía Cosío, y al día siguiente se fue, su relevo, impugnado antes de llegar,” Proceso, May 2, www.proceso.com.mx/159267/no-voy-a-renunciar-decia-cosio-y-al-dia-siguiente-se-fue-su-relevo-impugnado-antes-de-llegar. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 1992b. “Al fondo a la investigación sobre Elías Ramírez, ‘caiga quien caiga’: Barrio,” Proceso, October 17, www.proceso.com.mx/160309/al-fondo-en-la-investigacion-sobre-elias-ramirez-caiga-quien-caiga-barrio. Accessed December 19, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 1994. “Acusaciones de corrupción, presunta responsabilidad de la tragedia de Guadalajara,” Proceso, June 18, www.proceso.com.mx/165618/acusaciones-de-corrupcion-presunta-responsabilidad-de-la-tragedia-de-guadalajara. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 1997. “Canales Clariond iniciará una nueva forma de gobierno, con ‘un PRI como alma en pena’,” Proceso, July 5, www.proceso.com.mx/175905/canales-clariond-iniciara-una-nueva-forma-de-gobierno-con-un-pri-como-alma-en-pena. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2004. “Narcogobierno en Chihuahua,” Proceso, March 7, www.proceso.com.mx/191188/narcogobierno-en-chihuahua. Accessed December 19, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2006. “De paraíso a cubil de narcos,” March 26, www.proceso.com.mx/97387/de-paraiso-a-cubil-de-narcos. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2008. “Jalisco: las entrañas de la narcopolicía,” Proceso, September 27, www.proceso.com.mx/88882/jalisco-las-entranas-de-la-narcopolicia. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2009. “Guanajuato. La matazón, una historia maquillada,” Proceso, July 6.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2010a. “Presenta Calderón plan para Juárez; se disculpa con padres masacrados,” Proceso, February 11, www.proceso.com.mx/109865/presenta-calderon-plan-para-juarez-se-disculpa-con-padres-de-masacrados. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2010b. “Calderón y Amalia ‘perdieron’ Zacatecas,” Proceso, August 22, www.proceso.com.mx/81075/81075-calderon-y-amalia-perdieron-zacatecas. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Proceso. 2010c. “Termina la tregua y Guadalajara vuelve a ensangrentarse,” Proceso, May 30.Google Scholar

Przeworski, Adam. 1991. Democracy and the Market. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Quiñones, Sam. 2015. Dreamland: The True Tale of America’s Opiate Epidemic. New York: Bloomsbury Publishing.Google Scholar

Ramírez, Arturo and Ruiz, Reyes. 2016. Security Strategies: Experiences of the Mexican States of Chihuahua and Nuevo León. Stanford: Hoover Institution Press.Google Scholar

Ramírez, Ignacio. 2002. “Surge Monterrey como nuevo asiento del narco,” El Universal, January 6.Google Scholar

Ramírez, Valeria. 2011. “¿Silenciarse ante la violencia? La autocensura y la cobertura de narcoviolencia. Caso Reforma 2006–2009,” B.A. Thesis, Centro de Investigación y Docencia Económicas (CIDE).Google Scholar

Rea, Daniela. 2011. “Lanzan ahora ‘Convivir Mejor’,” Reforma, September 18.Google Scholar

Redacción, AN. 2013. “Matan a alcalde de Michoacán que denunciaba pagos de cuotas al ‘narco’,” Aristegui Noticias, November 8, https://aristeguinoticias.com/0811/mexico/matan-a-alcalde-de-michoacan-que-denunciaba-al-narco/. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2004. “Aprueban panistas programa político,” Reforma, May 1.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2005. “Moviliza ‘tropas’ y regresa al GDF,” Reforma, April 25.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2007. “Indaga SSP vínculos de Salgado con narco,” Reforma, February 12.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2008a. “Respalda Gobernador de BC a Procurador,” Reforma, April 23.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2008b. “Denuncia Aponte ‘complot’ en su contra,” Reforma, August 3.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2011a. “No hay plena prueba sobre ‘Chayo’. Godoy,” Reforma, January 17.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2011b. “Legalmente, ‘Chayo’ no está muerto,” Reforma, January 18.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2011c. “Amenazan a votantes,” Reforma, November 13.Google Scholar

Reforma. 2011d. “Votan entre amenazas,” Reforma, November 13.Google Scholar

Reforma, . 2012. “Niega base de datos y crimen lo ejecuta,” Reforma, October 30.Google Scholar

Reforma, . 2013. “Pide Edil Ayuda y Lo Matan,” Reforma, November 8.Google Scholar

Remes, Alain. 1999. “Gobiernos yuxtapuestos en México: Hacia un marco analítico para el estudio de las elecciones municipales,” Política y Gobierno 6(1): 225–253.Google Scholar

Reuter, Peter. 2009. “Systemic Violence in Drug Markets,” Crime, Law and Social Change 52(3): 275–284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Riker, William. 1964. Federalism: Origins, Operations, and Significance. Boston: Little Brown.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. 1975. “Federalism,” in Greenstein, Fred I. and Polsby, Nelson W. (eds.), Handbook of Political Science: Governmental Institutions and Processes. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley.Google Scholar

Riker, William H. and Schaps, Ronald. 1957. “Disharmony in Federal Government,” Systems Research and Behavioral Science 2(4): 276–290.Google Scholar

Ríos, Viridiana. 2012. “El asesinato de periodistas y alcaldes en México y su relación con el crimen organizado,” in Aguilar, José Antonio (ed.), Las Bases Sociales del Crimen Organizado y la Violencia en México. Mexico City: CIES-SSP.Google Scholar

Ríos, Viridiana. 2013. “Why Did Mexico Become So Violent? A Self-reinforcing Violent Equilibrium Caused by Competition and Enforcement,” Trends in Organized Crime 16(2): 138–155.Google Scholar

Ríos, Viridiana. 2015. “How Government Coordination Controlled Organized Crime: The Case of Mexico’s Cocaine Markets,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1433–1454.Google Scholar

Ríos-Figueroa, Julio and Aguilar, Paloma. 2018. “Justice Institutions in Autocracies: A Framework for Analysis,” Democratization 25(1): 1–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rivera, Mauricio. 2016. “The Sources of Social Violence in Latin America: An Empirical Analysis of Homicide Rates, 1980–2010,” Journal of Peace Research 53(1): 84–99.Google Scholar

Ross, Michael. 2004. “How Does Natural Resource Wealth Influence Civil Wars? Evidence from Thirteen Cases,” International Organization 58(1): 35–67.Google Scholar

Rubio, Laura. 2015. Desplazamiento interno inducido por la violencia: Una experiencia global, realidad mexicana. Mexico City: ITAM-CMPDH.Google Scholar

Rubio, Laura and Brenda, Pérez. 2016. “Desplazados por violencia. La tragedia invisible,” Nexos, January 1, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=27278. Accessed December 18, 2019.Google Scholar

Ruiz-González, Reyes. 2018. “Don’t Rush to Judgment: Justice Reform and the Rise of Violence in Mexico,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar

Sáenz-Rovner, Eduardo. 2008. The Cuban Connection: Drug Trafficking, Smuggling, and Gambling in Cuba from the 1920s to the Revolution. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar

Sánchez, Fabio and María del, Mar Palau. 2006. “Conflict, decentralization and local governance in Colombia, 1974–2004,” HiCN, Working Paper 14, May 2006.Google Scholar

Sánchez, Murillo, Fernando, Luis and Jesús, Francisco de González, Aceves. 2008. “Campañas políticas y configuración del voto electoral en 2006. Encuestas electorales y publicidad política,” Revista Mexicana de Ciencias Políticas y Sociales 50(202): 93–116.Google Scholar

Sabet, Daniel. 2012. Police Reform in Mexico. California: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar

Salazar, Claudia and Fuentes, Víctor. 2002. “Reavivan PAN y PRD debate por aborto,” Reforma, January 31.Google Scholar

Salmón, Alejandro and Orlando, Chávez. 2010. “Truena Reyes Baeza contra Gabinete de Seguridad,” El Diario, February 6.Google Scholar

Sambanis, Nicholas. 2004. “What is Civil War? Conceptual and Empirical Complexities of an Operational Definition,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 48(6): 814–858.Google Scholar

Sampson, Robert. 1993. “The Community Context of Violent Crime,” in William, J. Wilson (ed.), Sociology and the Public Agenda. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.Google Scholar

Sampson, Robert and Groves, Byron. 1989. “Community Structure and Crime: Testing Social-Disorganization Theory,” American Journal of Sociology 94(4): 774–802.Google Scholar

Schatz, Sara. 2011. Murder and Politics in Mexico: Political Killings in the Partido de la Revolución Democrática and Its Consequences. Columbus, OH: Springer.Google Scholar

Schedler, Andreas. 2007. “The Mexican Standoff: The Mobilization of Distrust,” Journal of Democracy 18(1): 88–102.Google Scholar

Schelling, Thomas C. 1971. “What is the Business of Organized Crime?,” The American Scholar 40(4): 643–652.Google Scholar

Schumpeter, Joseph. 1943. Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy. London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd.Google Scholar

Scott, Peter. 2009. “Drugs, Anti-Communism and Extra-Legal Repression in Mexico,” in Wilson, Eric and Lindsey, Tim (eds.), Government of the Shadows. Parapolitics and Criminal Sovereignty. New York: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (Sedena). 2009. “Detención de Óscar Orlando Nava Valencia (a) ‘EL LOBO,’ líder de la Organización Delictiva ‘LOS VALENCIA’,” Sedena, October 30.Google Scholar

Secretaría de la Defensa Nacional (Sedena). 2015. Information request to Sedena regarding the number of marijuana and poppy plantations and hectares eradicated by municipality. Sedena. Request number: 0000700002215.Google Scholar

Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP). 2011. “Reporte de los Programas y Proyectos de Prevención Social de la Violencia y la Delincuencia con Participación Ciudadana,” SESNSP, October 19, www.secretariadoejecutivosnsp.gob.mx/work/models/SecretariadoEjecutivo/Resource/378/1/images/ProgramasXinstitucionesConsultoras_2.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Secretariado Ejecutivo del Sistema Nacional de Seguridad Pública (SESNSP). 2016. “Tasa por cada 100 mil habitantes 1997–2016,” SNSNSP, February 20.Google Scholar

Shirk, David and Wallman, Joel. 2015. “Understanding Mexico’s Drug Violence,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 59(8): 1348–1376.Google Scholar

Sierra, Jorge Luis. 2012. “Mexico’s Anti-insurgency Policies in the 1970s and 1980s,” in Herrera, Fernando and Cedillo, Adela (eds.), Challenging Authoritarianism in Mexico: Revolutionary Struggles and the Dirty War, 1964–1982. New York: Routledge.Google Scholar

SinEmbargo. 2013a. “FCH es oportunista, ahora tuitea pero ni nos recibió,” SinEmbargo, November 8, www.sinembargo.mx/08-11-2013/808887. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

SinEmbargo. 2013b. “La extorsión generalizada alcanza a los alcaldes; ya no es asunto de ciudadanos, comerciantes y agricultores,” SinEmbargo, November 16.Google Scholar

Skaperdas, Stergios. 2001. “The Political Economy of Organized Crime: Providing Protection When the State Does Not,” Economics of Governance 2(3): 173–202.Google Scholar

Skarbek, David. 2014. The Social Order of the Underworld: How Prison Gangs Govern the American Penal System. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Smith, Douglas A., Visher, Christy A., and Davidson, Laura A.. 1984. “Equity and Discretionary Justice: The Influence of Race on Police Arrest Decisions,” Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology 75(1): 234–249.Google Scholar

Snyder, Richard and Angélica, Durán-Martínez. 2009. “Does Illegality Breed Violence? Drug Trafficking and State-Sponsored Protection Rackets,” Crime, Law and Social Change 52(3): 253–273.Google Scholar

Sobering, Katherine and Auyero, Javier. 2019. “Collusion and Cynicism at the Urban Margins,” Latin American Research Review 54(1): 222–236.Google Scholar

Spring, Karen. 2013. “Context of the Honduran electoral process 2012–2013: incomplete list of killings and armed attacks related to political campaigning in Honduras,” Rights Action, http://rightsaction.org/sites/default/files/Honduras-Violence-Political-Campaign.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Staniland, Paul. 2012. “States, Insurgents, and Wartime Political Orders,” Perspectives on Politics 10(2): 243–264.Google Scholar

Steele, Abbey. 2011. “Electing Displacement: Political Cleansing in Apartadó, Colombia,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 55(3): 423–445.Google Scholar

Stokes, Susan. 2014. “A Defense of Observational Research,” in Teele, Dawn (ed.), Field Experiments and their Critics. New Haven: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Svolik, Milan W. 2012. The Politics of Authoritarian Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Tarrow, Sidney. 1998. Power in Movement: Social Movements and Contentious Politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Greco, Témeris and Espino, David. 2015. “Disputan 10 cárteles Mercado de amapola,” El Universal, February 3.Google Scholar

Tiscornia, Lucía. 2019. “Who Calls the Shots? Police Reform and Criminal Violence in the Aftermath of Internal Armed Conflict,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Notre Dame.Google Scholar

Torres, Bernardo. 2019. “Escapa joven de campo de concentración en Guerrero; lo querían convertir en sicario,” Redes del Sur, December 2, http://redesdelsur.com.mx/index.php/es/seguridadyjusticia-pag1/escapa-joven-de-campo-de-concentracion-en-guerrero-lo-querian-convertir-en-sicario. Accessed April 7, 2020.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo. 2012. Popular Movements in Autocracies: Religion, Repression, and Indigenous Collective Action in Mexico. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo. 2014. “The Ballot and the Street: An Electoral Theory of Social Protest in Autocracies,” Perspectives on Politics 12(2): 332–352.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo and Ley, Sandra. 2015. “Municipios bajo fuego (1995–2014),” Nexos, February, www.nexos.com.mx/?p=24024. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo and Ley, Sandra. 2016. “Federalism, Drugs, and Violence. Why Intergovernmental Partisan Conflict Stimulated Inter-Cartel Violence in Mexico,” Política y Gobierno 23(1): 9–52.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo and Ley, Sandra. 2018. “Why Did Drug Cartels Go to War in Mexico? Subnational Party Alternation, the Breakdown of Criminal Protection, and the Onset of Large-Scale Violence,” Comparative Political Studies 51(7): 900–937.Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo and Ley, Sandra. 2019. “High-Profile Criminal Violence: Why Drug Cartels Murder Government Officials and Party Candidates in Mexico,” British Journal of Political Science. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0007123418000637Google Scholar

Trejo, Guillermo, Albarracín, Juan, and Tiscornia, Lucía. 2018. “Breaking State Impunity in Postauthoritarian Regimes: Why Transitional Justice Mechanisms Deter Criminal Violence in New Democracies,” Journal of Peace Research 55(6): 787–809.Google Scholar

Treviño Rangel, Javier. 2009. “Pánico moral en las campañas electorales de 2006: la elaboración del ‘peligro para México’,” Foro Internacional 49(3): 638–689.Google Scholar

Tunander, Ola. 2009. “Democratic State vs. Deep State: Approaching the Dual State of the West,” in Wilson, Eric and Lindsey, Tim (eds.), Government of the Shadows. Parapolitics and Criminal Sovereignty. New York: Pluto Press.Google Scholar

United National Development Program. 2013. Citizen Security with a Human Face. New York: United Nations.Google Scholar

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2008. World Drug Report. New York: UNODC.Google Scholar

United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime (UNODC). 2012. “Transnational Organized Crime in Central America and the Caribbean. A Threat Assessment,” UNODC, www.unodc.org/documents/data-and-analysis/Studies/TOC_Central_America_and_the_Caribbean_english.pdf. Accessed December 4, 2019.Google Scholar

Univisión. 2009. “12 sicarios muertos tras enfrentarse con autoridades en Guanajuato,” Univisión, June 26.Google Scholar

Univisión. 2011. “Denuncian que ‘narcovoto’ llegó a Michoacán,” Univisión, November 22.Google Scholar

Urrusti Frenk, Sinaia. 2012. “La Violencia como Consecuencia de la Falta de Coordinación Política,” in Aguilar, José Antonio (coord.), Las Bases Sociales del Crimen Organizado y la Violencia en México. Mexico City: Secretaría de Seguridad Pública.Google Scholar

Valdés, Guillermo. 2013. Historia del narcotráfico en México. Mexico City: Aguilar.Google Scholar

Varese, Federico. 2001. The Russian Mafia. Private Protection in a New Market Economy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Varese, Federico. 2010. “What is Organized Crime?,” in Varese, Federico (ed.), Organized Crime. London: Routledge.Google Scholar

Varese, Federico. 2011. Mafias on the Move: How Organized Crime Conquers New Territories. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Vargas, Robert. 2016. Wounded City: Violent Turf Wars in a Chicago Barrio. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Villarreal, Andrés. 2002. “Political Competition and Violence in Mexico,” American Sociological Review 67(4): 477–498.Google Scholar

Waldern, David. 2015. “What Makes Process Tracing Good? Causal Mechanisms, Causal Inference, and the Completeness Standard in Comparative Politics,” in Bennett, Andrew and Checkel, Jeffrey (eds.), Process Tracing: From Metaphor to Analytic Tool. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Weber, Max. [1918] 1994. “Politics as a Vocation,” in Garth, Hans Heinrich and Mills, Charles Wright (eds.), Essays in Sociology. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Weingast, Barry R. 2014. “Second Generation Fiscal Federalism: Political Aspects of Decentralization and Economic Development,” World Development 53: 14–25.Google Scholar

Wilkinson, Steven I. 2004. Votes and Violence: Electoral Competition and Ethnic Riots in India. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Wolf, Sonja. 2018. Mano Dura: The Politics of Gang Control in El Salvador. Austin, TX: University of Texas Press.Google Scholar

Wood, Elisabeth. 2011. “The Social Process of Civil War: The Wartime Transformation of Social Networks,” Annual Review of Political Science 11: 539–561.Google Scholar

Yashar, Deborah. 2018. Homicidal Ecologies: Illicit Economies and Complicit States in Latin America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Zakaria, Fareed. 2003. The Future of Freedom: Illiberal Democracy at Home and Abroad. New York: W. W. Norton & Company Inc.Google Scholar

Zamarripa, Roberto. 2007. “Es un asunto de seguridad nacional,” Reforma, December 16.Google Scholar

Zepeda, Guillermo. 2004. Crimen sin castigo: Procuración de justicia penal y ministerio público en México. Mexico City: CIDAC/FCE.Google Scholar

Zepeda, Raúl. 2018. “Violencia en Tierra Caliente: desigualdad, desarrollo y escolaridad en la guerra contra el narcotráfico,” Estudios Sociológicos 36(106): 125–159.Google Scholar

Zubía García, Ángel. 2008. “Confía Reyes Baeza en el apoyo federal,” Norte de Ciudad Juárez, February 20.Google Scholar