The contemporary prohibition of the use of inter-State force

Yoram Dinstein

doi:10.1017/CBO9780511920622.009

4 - The contemporary prohibition of the use of inter-State force

from Part II - The illegality of war

Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 June 2012

Yoram Dinstein

Show author details

Yoram Dinstein: Affiliation:
Tel-Aviv University

Book contents

Get access

Summary

The Kellogg-Briand Pact

226. 1928 was a watershed date in the history of the legal regulation of the use of inter-State force. That was when the General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy, known as the Kellogg-Briand Pact (after the American Secretary of State and the French Foreign Minister), was signed in Paris. Before the outbreak of World War II, the Pact had 63 Contracting Parties, a record number for that period.

227. The Kellogg-Briand Pact comprised only three Articles, including one of a technical nature. In Article l, the Contracting Parties solemnly declared that ‘they condemn recourse to war for the solution of international controversies, and renounce it as an instrument of national policy in their relations with one another’. In Article 2, they agreed that the settlement of all disputes with each other ‘shall never be sought except by pacific means’.

Information

Type: Chapter
Information: War, Aggression and Self-Defence , pp. 85 - 123

DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511920622.009 [Opens in a new window]

Publisher: Cambridge University Press

Print publication year: 2011

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

Book purchase

Temporarily unavailable

References

33 AJIL 865 1939

Howard, M. ‘: Can War Be Controlled?’ Restraints on War 1 11 Howard, M. 1979 Google Scholar

22 AJIL 109 1928

Wehberg, H. The Outlawry of War 76 1931

Brierly, J. L. ‘Some Implications of the Pact of Paris’ 10 BYBIL 1929 Google Scholar

Waldock, C. H. M. ‘The Regulation of the Use of Force by Individual States in International Law’ 81 RCADI 471 1952 Google Scholar

Randelzhofer, A. ‘Article 2(4)’ The Charter of the United Nations: A Commentary 112 121 Simma, B. 2002 Google Scholar

Schachter, O. ‘International Law in Theory and Practice’ 178 RCADI 138 1982 Google Scholar

Kearney, R. D. Dalton, R. E. ‘The Treaty on Treaties’ 64 AJIL 534 1970 Google Scholar

Reschke, B. ‘Use of Force, Prohibition of’ A Concise Encyclopedia of the United Nations 842 843 Volger, H. 2010 Google Scholar

Dinstein, Y. ‘Computer Network Attacks and Self-Defense’ 76 ILS 103 Schmitt, M. N. Donnell, B. O 2001 Google Scholar

Wehberg, H. ‘L’Interdiction du Recours à la Force. Le Principe et les Problèmes qui se Posent’ 78 RCADI 69 1951 Google Scholar

Stürchler, N. The Threat of Force in International Law 273 2007

Roscini, M. ‘Threats of Armed Force and Contemporary International Law’ 54 NILR 236 2007 Google Scholar

Guyana and Suriname Arbitral Award, Permanent Court of Arbitration 2007

47 ILM 166 2008

Sadurska, R. ‘Threats of Force’ 82 AJIL 241 1988 Google Scholar

White, N. D. Cryer, R. ‘Unilateral Enforcement of Resolution 687: A Threat Too Far?’ 29 Cal.WILJ 253 1998 Google Scholar

Amato, A. International Law: Process and Prospect 58 1987

Stone, J. Aggression and World Order: A Critique of United Nations Theories of Aggression 43 1958

Lachs, M. ‘The Development and General Trends of International Law in Our Time’ 169 RCADI 162 1980 Google Scholar

Charpentier, J. Sierpinski, B. ‘Article 2(3)’ I La Charte des Nations Unies: Commentaire Article par Article 425 Cot, J.-P. Pellet, A. 2005 Google Scholar

Mrazek, J. ‘Prohibition of the Use and Threat of Force: Self-Defence and Self-Help in International Law’ 27 CYIL 90 1989 Google Scholar

Vulcan, C. ‘L’Exécution des Décisions de la Cour Internationale de Justice d’après la Charte des Nations Unies’ 51 RGDIP 195 1947 Google Scholar

Schachter, O. ‘The Enforcement of International Judicial and Arbitral Decisions’ 54 AJIL 15 1960 Google Scholar

Oellers-Frahm, K. ‘Article 94 UN Charter’ The Statute of the International Court of Justice: A Commentary 159 174 Zimmermann, A. Tomuschat, C. Oellers-Frahm, K. 2006 Google Scholar

Schachter, O. ‘The Right of States to Use Armed Force’ 82 Mich.LR 1627 1984 Google Scholar

45 RDSC 20 1990

Zourek, J. ‘Enfin une Définition de l’Agression’ 20 AFDI 24 1974 Google Scholar

Henkin, L. How Nations Behave 144 1979

Schachter, O. ‘Just War and Human Rights’ 1 PYIL 8 1989 Google Scholar

Reisman, W. M. ‘Coercion and Self-Determination: Construing Charter Article 2(4)’ 78 AJIL 642 1984 Google Scholar

Schachter, O. ‘The Legality of Pro-Democratic Invasion’ 78 AJIL 645 1984 Google Scholar

Fonteyne, J.-P. L. ‘The Customary International Law Doctrine of Humanitarian Intervention: Its Current Validity under the U.N. Charter’ 4 Cal.WILJ 253 1973 Google Scholar

Lillich, R. B. Forcible Self-Help by States to Protect Human Rights’ 53 Io.LR 332 1967 Google Scholar

D’Angelo, J. R. ‘Resort to Force by States to Protect Nationals: The U.S. Rescue Mission to Iran and Its Legality under International Law’ 21 Vir.JIL 496 1980 Google Scholar

Levitin, M. J. ‘The Law of Force and the Force of Law: Grenada, the Falklands, and Humanitarian Intervention’ 27 Har.ILJ 652 1986 Google Scholar

72 AIDI 237 Santiago 2007

Simma, B. ‘NATO, the UN and the Use of Force: Legal Aspects’ 10 EJIL 5 1999 Google Scholar

Dinstein, Y. ‘The Interaction between Customary International Law and Treaties’ 322 RCADI 346 2006 Google Scholar

Brierly, J. L. ‘Règles Générales du Droit de la Paix’ 58 RCADI 223 1936 Google Scholar

Roxburgh, R. F. International Conventions and Third States 74 1917

Villiger, M. E. Customary International Law and Treaties 181 186 1997

Mendelson, M. H. The and Customary International Law The Non-Use of Force in International Law 85 95 Butler, W. E. 1989 Google Scholar

Rosenstock, R. ‘The Declaration of Principles of International Law Concerning Friendly Relations: A Survey’ 65 AJIL 717 1971 Google Scholar

Kirgis, F. L. ‘Custom on a Sliding Scale’ 81 AJIL 147 1987 Google Scholar

, T. M. ‘Who Killed Article 2(4)? Or: Changing Norms Governing the Use of Force by States’ 64 AJIL 835 1970 Google Scholar

Franck, T. M. Recourse to Force: State Action against Threats and Armed Attacks 174 2002

Franck, T. M. ‘What Happens Now? The United Nations after Iraq’ 97 AJIL 610 2003 Google Scholar

d’Aspremont, J. ‘Mapping the Concepts behind the Contemporary Liberalization of the Use of Force in International Law’ 31 UPJIL 1089 2010 Google Scholar

Henkin, L. ‘The Reports of the Death of Article 2(4) Are Greatly Exaggerated’ 65 AJIL 547 1971 Google Scholar

42 RGA 287 1987

Schachter, O. ‘In Defense of International Rules on the Use of Force’ 53 UChi.LR 131 1986 Google Scholar

Meron, T. ‘The Geneva Conventions as Customary Law’ 81 AJIL 369 1987 Google Scholar

Kelsen, H. The Law of the United Nations: A Critical Analysis of Its Fundamental Problems 106 110 1950

Bindschedler, R. L. ‘La Délimitation des Compétences des Nations Unies’ 108 RCADI 404 1963 Google Scholar

Fitzmaurice, G. G. ‘Fifth Report on Law of Treaties’ 1960 II ILC Ybk 88 Google Scholar

60 RGA 3 2005

D’Amato, A. ‘Trashing Customary International Law’ 81 AJIL 104 1987 Google Scholar

Murphy, S. D. ‘Protean ’ 27 By.JIL 26 2009 Google Scholar

1946 1 IMT 171

Taylor, T. ‘The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials’ 450 Int.Con 340 1949 Google Scholar

46 ILM 173 2007

14 ILM 1292 1975

30 ILM 190 1991

5 ILM 320 1966

27 ILM 581 1988

Danilenko, G. M. ‘International Jus Cogens: Issues of Law-Making’ 2 EJIL 49 1991 Google Scholar

Gaja, G. Beyond the Vienna Convention 172 RCADI 284 1981 Google Scholar

Gómez Robledo, A. Le International: Sa Genèse, Sa Nature, Ses Fonctions 172 RCADI 106 1981 Google Scholar

Orakhelashvili, A. Peremptory Norms in International Law 112 2006

Prosecutor v. Furundzija ICTY Trial Chamber 1998

38 ILM 317 1999

Sztucki, J. Jus Cogens and the Vienna Convention on the Law of Treaties 67 1974

Fitzmaurice, G. G. Third Report on Law of Treaties 1958 ILC Ybk 40 Google Scholar

Spiermann, O. Humanitarian Intervention as a Necessity and the Threat or Use of Jus Cogens 71 NJIL 535 2002 Google Scholar

Rozakis, C. L. The Concept of Jus Cogens in the Law of Treaties 89 1976

Glennon, M. De l’Absurdité du Droit Impératif (Jus Cogens) 110 RGDIP 533 2006 Google Scholar

Hannikainen, L. Peremptory Norms (Jus Cogens) in International Law: Historical Development, Criteria, Present Status 266 1988

Danilenko, G. M. Law-Making in the International Community 252 1993

Meron, T. Human Rights Law-Making in the United Nations 184 1986

Joyner, D. H. in the Age of WMD Proliferation 40 GWILR 245 2008 Google Scholar

1928 1 WCR 646

49 UNTS 3

Wright, Q. The Outlawry of War and the Law of War 47 AJIL 372 1953 Google Scholar

Wolfrum, R. Fleck, D. Enforcement of International Humanitarian Law The Handbook of International Humanitarian Law 707 Fleck, D. 2008 Google Scholar

Lillich, R. B. Weston, B. H. International Claims: Their Settlement by Lump Sum Agreements I 167 1975

1923 7 RIAA 23

Cottereau, G. De la Responsabilité de l’Iraq selon la Résolution 687 du Conseil de Sécurité 37 AFDI 99 1991 Google Scholar

Domb, F. Human Rights and War Reparation 23 IYHR 94 1993 Google Scholar

Thomson, D. Europe since Napoleon 566 1962

Keynes, J. M. The Economic Consequences of the Peace 23 1971

45 RDSC 25 1990

46 RDSC 18 1991

Caron, D. D. Introductory Note 35 ILM 939 1996 Google Scholar

46 ILM 1121 2007

Koppe, E. V. Compensation for War Damages under The 1998–2000 War between Eritrea and Ethiopia: An International Legal Perspective 417 431 de Guttry, A. Post, H. H. G. Venturini, G. 2009 Google Scholar

Pella, V. V. Towards an International Criminal Court 44 AJIL 50 1950 Google Scholar

Marek, K. Criminalizing State Responsibility 14 RBDIL 483 1978 Google Scholar

Dupuy, P.-M. Observations sur le “Crime International de l‘Etat” 84 RGDIP 449 1980 Google Scholar

Henkin, L. Pugh, R. C. Schachter, O. Smit, H. International Law Cases and Materials 559 1993

Pella, V. V. Plan d’Un Code Répressif Mondial 12 RIDP 369 1935 Google Scholar

Schwarzenberger, G. The Judgment of Nuremberg 21 Tul.LR 351 1946 Google Scholar

Drost, P. N. I The Crime of State 292 1959

Allain, J. Jones, J. R. W. D. A Patchwork of Norms: A Commentary on the 1996 Draft Code of Crimes against the Peace and Security of Mankind 8 EJIL 108 1997 Google Scholar

Antonopoulos, C. Whatever Happened to Crimes against Peace? 6 JCSL 40 2001 Google Scholar

Ago, R. Fifth Report on State Responsibility 1976 II ILC Ybk 32 Google Scholar

37 ILM 440 1998

Bowett, D. W. Crimes of State and the 1996 Report of the International Law Commission on State Responsibility 9 EJIL 163 1998 Google Scholar

Tomuschat, C. International Crimes by States: An Endangered Species International Law: Theory and Practice (Essays in Honour of Eric Suy) 253 Wellens, K. 1998 Google Scholar

Dinstein, Y. The Erga Omnes Applicability of Human Rights 30 Ar.V 18 1992 Google Scholar

Obligations in International Law 71 AIDI 287 Krakow 2005

Simma, B. International Crimes: Injury and Countermeasures. Comments on Part 2 of the ILC Work on State Responsibility International Crimes of States 283 Weiler, J. H. H. Cassese, A. Spinedi, M. 1989 Google Scholar

Ragazzi, M. The Concept of International Obligations 72 1997

Gaja, G. Obligations and Rights in International Law 71 AIDI 192 2005 Google Scholar

Zemanek, K. New Trends in the Enforcement of Erga Omnes Obligations 4 MPYUNL 6 2000 Google Scholar

Tams, C. J Enforcing Obligations in International Law 151 2005

Malekian, F. International Criminal Responsibility of States 179 196 1985

Tams, C. J. Do Serious Breaches Give Rise to Any Specific Obligations of the Responsible State? 13 EJIL 1169 2002 Google Scholar

Williams, J. F. A Legal Footnote to the Story of German Reparations 13 BYBIL 31 1932 Google Scholar

The Principle of Non-Intervention in Civil Wars 56 AIDI 545 Wiesbaden 1975

Garner, J. W. Questions of International Law in the Spanish Civil War 31 AJIL 67 1937 Google Scholar

Doswald-Beck, L. The Legal Validity of Military Intervention by Invitation of the Government 56 BYBIL 189 1985 Google Scholar

Australian Practice in International Law 2003 24 AYBIL 337 2005

Thürer, D. The “Failed State” and International Law 81 IRRC 733 1999 Google Scholar

Baxter, R. R. Ius in Bello Interno: The Present and Future Law Law and Civil War in the Modern World 518 525 Moore, J. N. 1974 Google Scholar

Gray, C. International Law and the Use of Force 96 2008

Schmitt, M. N. Counter-Terrorism and the Use of Force in International Law 32 IYHR 111 2002 Google Scholar

Abass, A. Consent Precluding State Responsibility: A Critical Analysis 53 ICLQ 224 2004 Google Scholar

Orakhelashvili, A. Legal Stability and Claims of Change: The International Court’s Treatment of and 75 NJIL 381 2006 Google Scholar

Wright, Q. Intervention, 1956 51 AJIL 275 1957 Google Scholar

Reisman, W. M. Silk, J. Which Law Applies to the Afghan Conflict? 82 AJIL 472 1988 Google Scholar

Chesterman, S. Rethinking Panama: International Law and the US Invasion of Panama, 1989 The Reality of International Law: Essays in Honour of Ian Brownlie 57 85 Goodwin-Gill, G. S. Talmon, S. 1999 Google Scholar

Cassese, A. International Law 371 2005

Africa: Selected Documents on Constitutive, Conflict and Security, Humanitarian, and Judicial Issues 261 Levitt, J. I. 2003

Levitt, J. African Interventionist States and International Law African Interventionist States 15 Furley, O. May, R. 2001 Google Scholar

Levitt, J. Humanitarian Intervention by Regional Actors in Internal Conflicts: The Cases of ECOWAS in Liberia and Sierra Leone 12 Tem.ICLJ 343 1998 Google Scholar

Kioko, B. The Right of Intervention under the African Union’s Constitutive Act: From Non-Interference to Non-Intervention 85 IRRC 817 2003 Google Scholar

Allain, J. The True Challenge to the United Nations System of the Use of Force: The Failures of Kosovo and Iraq and the Emergence of the African Union 8 MPYUNL 287 2004 Google Scholar

Accessibility standard: Unknown

Accessibility compliance for the PDF of this book is currently unknown and may be updated in the future.