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Some Reflections on EU Governance of Critical Infrastructure Risks

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Marjolein B.A. van Asselt ,
Ellen Vos  and
Isabelle Wildhaber
Marjolein B.A. van Asselt
Affiliation:
Maastricht University
Ellen Vos
Affiliation:
Maasstricht University
Isabelle Wildhaber
Affiliation:
St. Gallen University
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Extract

Critical infrastructure (CI) sees to assets that are essential for the functioning of a society and economy, as they provide public services, enhance quality of life, sustain private profits and spur economic growth. Assets of CI differ considerably, ranging from hardware such as cables and wires, through to networks for the generation and supply of energy sources. Critical infrastructures encompass many sectors of the economy, such as banking and finance, transport and distribution, energy, utilities, health, food supply and communications, aswell as key government services.

Type
Symposium on Critical Infrastructures: Risk, Responsibility and Liability
Information
European Journal of Risk Regulation , Volume 6 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 185 - 190
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2015

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References

1 See A. Van Aaken and I. Wildhaber, “State Liability and Critical Infrastructure: A Comparative and Functional Analysis”, EJRR (2015), this issue.

2 A. Boin and A. McConnell, Preparing for Critical Infrastructure Breakdowns: The Limits of Crisis Management and the Need for Resilience, Journal of Contingencies and Crisis Management Volume 15 Number 1 March 2007, p. 50.

3 See Van Aaken and Wildhaber, see supra note 1.

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6 See e.g. Communication From The Commission To The Council And The European Parliament on Critical Infrastructure Protection in the fight against terrorism, COM(2004) 702 final; Communication from the Commission on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, COM(2006) 786 final; Council Directive 2008/114/EC of 8 December 2008 on the identification and designation of European critical infrastructures and the assessment of the need to improve their protection, OJ 2008, L 345/75.

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11 Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 211.

12 Such ‘simple risks’ can be dealt with by a simple cause and response model as the cause for the risk is clearly identified, the potential negative consequences are evident, the uncertainty is low, and there is hardly any ambiguity with regard to the interpretation of the risk. See van Asselt, M.B.A. and Renn, O. (2011) Risk governance, Journal of Risk Research, 14:4, at 436.Google Scholar

13 B. Auerswald, L. M. Branscomb, T. M. La Porte, E. Michel-Kerjan, The Challenge of Protecting Critical Infrastructure, October 2005, Center for Risk Management and Decision Processes – The Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania, Working Paper No. 05-11, p. 3.

14 Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 212.

15 Green Paper on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, COM(2005) 576 final.

16 Communication from the Commission on a European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection, COM(2006) 786 final; Bossong, see supra note 4.

17 Green paper, supra note 15.

18 Directive 2008/114/EC, OJ L 345 of 23.12.2008.

19 Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 214.

20 Idem.

21 Commission of the european communities, 2004. communication from the commission to the council and the european parliament – critical infrastructure protection in the fight against terrorism. com(2004) 702 final.

22 Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 217.

23 Withdrawal of obsolete commission proposals (2012/C 156/06). List of proposals withdrawn. OJ C 156/10.

24 Commission Staff Working Document on a new approach to the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection Making European Critical Infrastructures more secure, SWD(2013) 318 final.

25 Boin, Busuioc, Groenleer, see supra note 8.

26 See https://europa.eu/sinapse/sinapse/index.cfm?fuseaction=login.redirect&redirect=cmtyrestricted.home&CMTY_ID=A0F55C70-0E9E-32D9-E5A7822B96D84471&request=1 (accessed on 1-2-2015).

27 Proposal for a Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council concerning measures to ensure a high common level of network and information security across the Union, COM(2013) 48 final.

28 Commission Staff Working Document on the Review of the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection (EPCIP), SWD(2012) 190 final.

29 See for a discussion, Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 217.

30 Programme ‘Prevention, Preparedness and Consequence Management of Terrorism and other Security Related Risks’ (CIPS) during 2007–2012, see Commission Staff Working Document on a new approach to the European Programme for Critical Infrastructure Protection Making European Critical Infrastructures more secure, SWD(2013) 318 final.

31 Idem, at p. 7.

32 https://erncip-project.jrc.ec.europa.eu (accessed on 1-3-2015).

33 SWD(2013), 318 final, at p. 7.

34 Bossong, see supra note 4, at p. 218.

35 See e.g. the various contributions to van Asselt, M.B.A., Versluis, E. and Vos, E. (eds), Balancing between Trade and Risk, London: Routlegde, 2013.Google Scholar

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37 Van Asselt and Vos 2008, see supra note 36

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39 https://erncip-project.jrc.ec.europa.eu/download-area/finish/3-brochures/10-erncip-general.

40 Boin, Busuioc & Groenleer, see supra note 8, at p. 431.

41 See for a discussion Groenleer, M., The Autonomy of European Union Agencies: A Comparative Study of Institutional Development (Delft: Eburon, 2009).Google Scholar

42 See Vos, E. 2000. EU food safety regulation in the aftermath of the BSE crisis. Journal of Consumer Policy 23: 227–55CrossRefGoogle Scholar. See also Ansell, CK and Vogel, D (eds.) (2006) What's the Beef? The Contested Governance of European Food Safety, Cambridge, MA Google Scholar; Fisher, E. 2009, Risk Regulation and Administrative Constitutionalism, Hart Publishing.Google ScholarPubMed