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Chapter 3.1 - Head and Neck

from Chapter 3 - Fetal Anatomy

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 June 2023

Edited by
Zarko Alfirevic ,
Seshadri Suresh  and
Jonathan Hyett
Zarko Alfirevic
Affiliation:
Liverpool Women's Hospital
Seshadri Suresh
Affiliation:
Mediscan, Chennai
Jonathan Hyett
Affiliation:
Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney
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Summary

This chapter covers definitions and characteristics, ultrasound assessment, investigations, counselling and management of fetal anomalies encountered in the second and third trimesters. The chapter has seven sections (head and neck, fetal heart, thoracic and pulmonary abnormalities, spine, abdomen, genitourinary tract and skeletal abnormalities). All sections are richly illustrated with ultrasound pictures, X-ray fetograms and pathological specimens.

Type
Chapter
Information
Fetal Medicine
An Illustrated Textbook
 , pp. 59 - 100
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

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References

Primary Sources

Griffiths, PD, Brackley, K, Bradburn, M, et al. Anatomical subgroup analysis of the MERIDIAN cohort: ventriculomegaly. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2017;50(6):736–744.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haratz, KK, Shulevitz, SL, Leibovitz, Z, et al. Fourth ventricle index: sonographic marker for severe fetal vermian dysgenesis/agenesis. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2019;53(3):390–395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maduram, A, Farid, N, Rakow-Penner, R, et al. Fetal ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging findings in suspected septo-optic dysplasia: a diagnostic dilemma. J Ultrasound Med 2020;39(8):1601–1614.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paladini, D. Fetal micrognathia: almost always an ominous finding. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2010;35(4):377–384.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pasquier, L, Marcorelles, P, Loget, P, et al. Rhombencephalosynapsis and related anomalies: a neuropathological study of 40 fetal cases. Acta Neuropathol 2009;117(2):185–200.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Viñals, F, Correa, F, Gonçalves-Pereira, PM. Anterior and posterior complexes: a step towards improving neurosonographic screening of midline and cortical anomalies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;46(5):585–594.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vos, FI, De Jong-Pleij, EA, Bakker, M, et al. Nasal bone length, prenasal thickness, prenasal thickness-to-nasal bone length ratio and prefrontal space ratio in second- and third-trimester fetuses with Down syndrome. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2015;45(2):211–216.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Secondary Sources

Burns, NS, Iyer, RS, Robinson, AJ, Chapman, T. Diagnostic imaging of fetal and pediatric orbital abnormalities. Am J Roentgenol 2013;201(6):W797–W808.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Paladini, D, Malinger, G, Birnbaum, R, et al. ISUOG Practice Guidelines (updated): sonographic examination of the fetal central nervous system. Part 2: performance of targeted neurosonography. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2021;57(4):661–671.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sacco, A, Pannu, D, Ushakov, F, Dyet, L, Pandya, P. Fetal dural sinus thrombosis: a systematic review. Prenat Diagn 2021;41(2):248–257.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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