Kantarjian, H, Thomas, D, O’Brien, S, Cortes, J, Giles, F, Jeha, S, et al. Long-term follow-up results of hyperfractionated cyclophosphamide, vincristine, doxorubicin, and dexamethasone (Hyper-CVAD), a dose-intensive regimen, in adult acute lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer. 2004;101(12):2788–801. PubMed PMID: 15481055. Epub 2004/10/14. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rowe, JM, Buck, G, Burnett, AK, Chopra, R, Wiernik, PH, Richards, SM, et al. Induction therapy for adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: results of more than 1500 patients from the international ALL trial: MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993. Blood. 2005;106(12):3760–7. PubMed PMID: 16105981. Epub 2005/08/18. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Weiden, PL, Flournoy, N, Thomas, ED, Prentice, R, Fefer, A, Buckner, CD, et al. Antileukemic effect of graft-versus-host disease in human recipients of allogeneic-marrow grafts. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1979;300(19):1068–73. PubMed PMID: 34792.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oliansky, DM, Larson, RA, Weisdorf, D, Dillon, H, Ratko, TA, Wall, D, et al. The role of cytotoxic therapy with hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in the treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: update of the 2006 evidence-based review. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2012;18(1):18–36. e6. PubMed PMID: 21803017.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

NCCN guidelines for ALL. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology.Google Scholar

Gokbuget, N, Stanze, D, Beck, J, Diedrich, H, Horst, HA, Huttmann, A, et al. Outcome of relapsed adult lymphoblastic leukemia depends on response to salvage chemotherapy, prognostic factors, and performance of stem cell transplantation. Blood. 2012;120(10):2032–41. PubMed PMID: 22493293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fielding, AK, Richards, SM, Chopra, R, Lazarus, HM, Litzow, MR, Buck, G, et al. Outcome of 609 adults after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL); an MRC UKALL12/ECOG 2993 study. Blood. 2007;109(3):944–50. PubMed PMID: 17032921.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yanada, M, Matsuo, K, Suzuki, T, Naoe, T. Allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation as part of postremission therapy improves survival for adult patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a metaanalysis. Cancer. 2006;106(12):2657–63. PubMed PMID: 16703597. Epub 2006/05/17. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Goldstone, AH, Richards, SM, Lazarus, HM, Tallman, MS, Buck, G, Fielding, AK, et al. In adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia, the greatest benefit is achieved from a matched sibling allogeneic transplantation in first complete remission, and an autologous transplantation is less effective than conventional consolidation/maintenance chemotherapy in all patients: final results of the International ALL Trial (MRC UKALL XII/ECOG E2993). Blood. 2008;111(4):1827–33. PubMed PMID: 18048644. Epub 2007/12/01. eng.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cornelissen, JJ, van der Holt, B, Verhoef, GE, van’t Veer, MB, van Oers, MH, Schouten, HC, et al. Myeloablative allogeneic versus autologous stem cell transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: a prospective sibling donor versus no-donor comparison. Blood. 2009;113(6):1375–82. PubMed PMID: 18988865. Epub 2008/11/08. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ram, R, Gafter-Gvili, A, Vidal, L, Paul, M, Ben-Bassat, I, Shpilberg, O, et al. Management of adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission: systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer. 116(14):3447–57. PubMed PMID: 20564092. Epub 2010/06/22. eng.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pidala, J, Djulbegovic, B, Anasetti, C, Kharfan-Dabaja, M, Kumar, A. Allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) in first complete remission. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2011;10:CD008818. PubMed PMID: 21975786. Epub 2011/10/07. eng.Google Scholar

Gupta, V, Richards, S, Rowe, J, Acute Leukemia Stem Cell Transplantation Trialists’ Collaborative G. Allogeneic, but not autologous, hematopoietic cell transplantation improves survival only among younger adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first remission: an individual patient data meta-analysis. Blood. 2013;121(2):339–50. PubMed PMID: 23165481.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Patel, B, Rai, L, Buck, G, Richards, SM, Mortuza, Y, Mitchell, W, et al. Minimal residual disease is a significant predictor of treatment failure in non T-lineage adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: final results of the international trial UKALL XII/ECOG2993. British Journal of Haematology. 2010;148(1):80–9. PubMed PMID: 19863538.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bruggemann, M, Raff, T, Flohr, T, Gokbuget, N, Nakao, M, Droese, J, et al. Clinical significance of minimal residual disease quantification in adult patients with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood. 2006;107(3):1116–23. PubMed PMID: 16195338. Epub 2005/10/01. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gokbuget, N, Kneba, M, Raff, T, Trautmann, H, Bartram, CR, Arnold, R, et al. Adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia and molecular failure display a poor prognosis and are candidates for stem cell transplantation and targeted therapies. Blood. 2012;120(9):1868–76. PubMed PMID: 22442346.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bassan, R, Spinelli, O, Oldani, E, Intermesoli, T, Tosi, M, Peruta, B, et al. Improved risk classification for risk-specific therapy based on the molecular study of minimal residual disease (MRD) in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Blood. 2009;113(18):4153–62. PubMed PMID: 19141862.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ribera, JM, Oriol, A, Morgades, M, Montesinos, P, Sarra, J, Gonzalez-Campos, J, et al. Treatment of high-risk Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adolescents and adults according to early cytologic response and minimal residual disease after consolidation assessed by flow cytometry: final results of the PETHEMA ALL-AR-03 trial. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2014;32(15):1595–604. PubMed PMID: 24752047.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stock, W, La, M, Sanford, B, Bloomfield, CD, Vardiman, JW, Gaynon, P, et al. What determines the outcomes for adolescents and young adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia treated on cooperative group protocols? A comparison of Children’s Cancer Group and Cancer and Leukemia Group B studies. Blood. 2008;112(5):1646–54. PubMed PMID: 18502832. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2518876.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boissel, N, Auclerc, MF, Lheritier, V, Perel, Y, Thomas, X, Leblanc, T, et al. Should adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukemia be treated as old children or young adults? Comparison of the French FRALLE-93 and LALA-94 trials. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2003;21(5):774–80. PubMed PMID: 12610173.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ramanujachar, R, Richards, S, Hann, I, Goldstone, A, Mitchell, C, Vora, A, et al. Adolescents with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: outcome on UK national paediatric (ALL97) and adult (UKALLXII/E2993) trials. Pediatric blood & Cancer. 2007;48(3):254–61. PubMed PMID: 16421910.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Thomas, DA, Kantarjian, H, Smith, TL, Koller, C, Cortes, J, O’Brien, S, et al. Primary refractory and relapsed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: characteristics, treatment results, and prognosis with salvage therapy. Cancer. 1999;86(7):1216–30. PubMed PMID: 10506707.3.0.CO;2-O>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Oriol, A, Vives, S, Hernandez-Rivas, JM, Tormo, M, Heras, I, Rivas, C, et al. Outcome after relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adult patients included in four consecutive risk-adapted trials by the PETHEMA Study Group. Haematologica. 2010;95(4):589–96. PubMed PMID: 20145276. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2857188.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tavernier, E, Boiron, JM, Huguet, F, Bradstock, K, Vey, N, Kovacsovics, T, et al. Outcome of treatment after first relapse in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia initially treated by the LALA-94 trial. Leukemia. 2007;21(9):1907–14. PubMed PMID: 17611565.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Duval, M, Klein, JP, He, W, Cahn, JY, Cairo, M, Camitta, BM, et al. Hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for acute leukemia in relapse or primary induction failure. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2010;28(23):3730–8. PubMed PMID: 20625136. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2917308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Terwey, TH, Massenkeil, G, Tamm, I, Hemmati, PG, Neuburger, S, Martus, P, et al. Allogeneic SCT in refractory or relapsed adult ALL is effective without prior reinduction chemotherapy. Bone Marrow Transplantation. 2008;42(12):791–8. PubMed PMID: 18711350. Epub 2008/08/20. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doney, K, Hagglund, H, Leisenring, W, Chauncey, T, Appelbaum, FR, Storb, R. Predictive factors for outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2003;9(7):472–81. PubMed PMID: 12869961. Epub 2003/07/19. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cornelissen, JJ, Carston, M, Kollman, C, King, R, Dekker, AW, Lowenberg, B, et al. Unrelated marrow transplantation for adult patients with poor-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia: strong graft-versus-leukemia effect and risk factors determining outcome. Blood. 2001;97(6):1572–7. PubMed PMID: 11238093. Epub 2001/03/10. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kiehl, MG, Kraut, L, Schwerdtfeger, R, Hertenstein, B, Remberger, M, Kroeger, N, et al. Outcome of allogeneic hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: no difference in related compared with unrelated transplant in first complete remission. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2004;22(14):2816–25. PubMed PMID: 15254049.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Granados, E, de La Camara, R, Madero, L, Diaz, MA, Martin-Regueira, P, Steegmann, JL, et al. Hematopoietic cell transplantation in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: better long term event-free survival with conditioning regimens containing total body irradiation. Haematologica. 2000;85(10):1060–7. PubMed PMID: 11025598.Google ScholarPubMed

Daly, A, Savoie, ML, Geddes, M, Chaudhry, A, Stewart, D, Duggan, P, et al. Fludarabine, busulfan, antithymocyte globulin, and total body irradiation for pretransplantation conditioning in acute lymphoblastic leukemia: excellent outcomes in all but older patients with comorbidities. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2012;18(12):1921–6. PubMed PMID: 22842330.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Santarone, S, Pidala, J, Di Nicola, M, Field, T, Alsina, M, Ayala, E, et al. Fludarabine and pharmacokinetic-targeted busulfan before allografting for adults with acute lymphoid leukemia. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2011;17(10):1505–11. PubMed PMID: 21385623.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kebriaei, P, Basset, R, Ledesma, C, Ciurea, S, Parmar, S, Shpall, EJ, et al. Clofarabine combined with busulfan provides excellent disease control in adult patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia undergoing allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2012;18(12):1819–26. PubMed PMID: 22750645.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mohty, M, Labopin, M, Volin, L, Gratwohl, A, Socie, G, Esteve, J, et al. Reduced-intensity versus conventional myeloablative conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation for patients with acute lymphoblastic leukemia: a retrospective study from the European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. Blood. 2010;116(22):4439–43. PubMed PMID: 20716774.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marks, DI, Wang, T, Perez, WS, Antin, JH, Copelan, E, Gale, RP, et al. The outcome of full-intensity and reduced-intensity conditioning matched sibling or unrelated donor transplantation in adults with Philadelphia chromosome-negative acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first and second complete remission. Blood. 2010;116(3):366–74. PubMed PMID: 20404137. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2913452.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cho, BS, Lee, S, Kim, YJ, Chung, NG, Eom, KS, Kim, HJ, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a potential therapeutic approach for adults with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in remission: results of a prospective phase 2 study. Leukemia. 2009;23(10):1763–70. PubMed PMID: 19440217. Epub 2009/05/15. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Stein, AS, Palmer, JM, O’Donnell, MR, Kogut, NM, Spielberger, RT, Slovak, ML, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning followed by peripheral blood stem cell transplantation for adult patients with high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2009;15(11):1407–14. PubMed PMID: 19822300. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2795637.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ram, R, Storb, R, Sandmaier, BM, Maloney, DG, Woolfrey, A, Flowers, ME, et al. Non-myeloablative conditioning with allogeneic hematopoietic cell transplantation for the treatment of high-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Haematologica. 2011;96(8):1113–20. PubMed PMID: 21508120. Epub 2011/04/22. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Arnold, R, Massenkeil, G, Bornhauser, M, Ehninger, G, Beelen, DW, Fauser, AA, et al. Nonmyeloablative stem cell transplantation in adults with high-risk ALL may be effective in early but not in advanced disease. Leukemia. 2002;16(12):2423–8. PubMed PMID: 12454748.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Eapen, M, Rocha, V, Sanz, G, Scaradavou, A, Zhang, MJ, Arcese, W, et al. Effect of graft source on unrelated donor haemopoietic stem-cell transplantation in adults with acute leukaemia: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol. 2010;11(7):653–60. PubMed PMID: 20558104. Epub 2010/06/19. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Marks, DI, Woo, KA, Zhong, X, Appelbaum, FR, Bachanova, V, Barker, JN, et al. Unrelated umbilical cord blood transplant for adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first and second complete remission: a comparison with allografts from adult unrelated donors. Haematologica. 2014;99(2):322–8. PubMed PMID: 24056817. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3912963.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ferra, C, Sanz, J, de la Camara, R, Sanz, G, Bermudez, A, Valcarcel, D, et al. Unrelated transplantation for poor-prognosis adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia: long-term outcome analysis and study of the impact of hematopoietic graft source. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2010;16(7):957–66. PubMed PMID: 20144909.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bachanova, V, Verneris, MR, DeFor, T, Brunstein, CG, Weisdorf, DJ. Prolonged survival in adults with acute lymphoblastic leukemia after reduced-intensity conditioning with cord blood or sibling donor transplantation. Blood. 2009;113(13):2902–5. PubMed PMID: 19179301. Epub 2009/01/31. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Tomblyn, MB, Arora, M, Baker, KS, Blazar, BR, Brunstein, CG, Burns, LJ, et al. Myeloablative hematopoietic cell transplantation for acute lymphoblastic leukemia: analysis of graft sources and long-term outcome. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2009;27(22):3634–41. PubMed PMID: 19581540. Epub 2009/07/08. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ciceri, F, Labopin, M, Aversa, F, Rowe, JM, Bunjes, D, Lewalle, P, et al. A survey of fully haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in adults with high-risk acute leukemia: a risk factor analysis of outcomes for patients in remission at transplantation. Blood. 2008;112(9):3574–81. PubMed PMID: 18606875. Epub 2008/07/09. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Yan, CH, Jiang, Q, Wang, J, Xu, LP, Liu, DH, Jiang, H, et al. Superior survival of unmanipulated haploidentical hematopoietic stem cell transplantation compared with chemotherapy alone used as post-remission therapy in adults with standard-risk acute lymphoblastic leukemia in first complete remission. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2014;20(9):1314–21. PubMed PMID: 24747334.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Luznik, L, Bolaños-Meade, J, Zahurak, M, Chen, AR, Smith, BD, Brodsky, R, et al. High-dose cyclophosphamide as single-agent, short-course prophylaxis of graft-versus-host disease. Blood. 2010;115(16):3224–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Luznik, L, O’Donnell, PV, Symons, HJ, Chen, AR, Leffell, MS, Zahurak, M, et al. HLA-haploidentical bone marrow transplantation for hematologic malignancies using nonmyeloablative conditioning and high-dose, posttransplantation cyclophosphamide. Biology of Blood and Marrow Transplantation: Journal of the American Society for Blood and Marrow Transplantation. 2008;14(6):641–50. PubMed PMID: S1083-8791(08)00114–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Le Jeune, C, Thomas, X. Antibody-based therapies in B-cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. European Journal of Haematology. 2015;94(2):99–10. PubMed PMID: 24981395.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kantarjian, H, Thomas, D, Wayne, AS, O’Brien, S. Monoclonal antibody-based therapies: a new dawn in the treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Journal of Clinical Oncology: Official Journal of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. 2012;30(31):3876–83. PubMed PMID: 22891271. Pubmed Central PMCID: 3478578.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kantarjian, H, Thomas, D, Jorgensen, J, Jabbour, E, Kebriaei, P, Rytting, M, et al. Inotuzumab ozogamicin, an anti-CD22-calecheamicin conjugate, for refractory and relapsed acute lymphocytic leukaemia: a phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol. 2012;13(4):403–11. PubMed PMID: 22357140.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Kebriaei, P, Wilhelm, K, Ravandi, F, Brandt, M, de Lima, M, Ciurea, S, et al. Feasibility of allografting in patients with advanced acute lymphoblastic leukemia after salvage therapy with inotuzumab ozogamicin. Clinical Lymphoma, Myeloma & Leukemia. 2013;13(3):296–301. PubMed PMID: 23313065. Pubmed Central PMCID: PMC4102410. Epub 2013/01/15. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Topp, MS, Gokbuget, N, Zugmaier, G, Degenhard, E, Goebeler, ME, Klinger, M, et al. Long-term follow-up of hematologic relapse-free survival in a phase 2 study of blinatumomab in patients with MRD in B-lineage ALL. Blood. 2012;120(26):5185–7. PubMed PMID: 23024237.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Topp, MS. Anti-CD19 BiTE Blinatumomab induces high complete remission rate and prolongs overall survival in adult patients with relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). American Society of Hematology Annual Meeting. 2012;670.Google Scholar

Schlegel, P, Lang, P, Zugmaier, G, Ebinger, M, Kreyenberg, H, Witte, KE, et al. Pediatric posttransplant relapsed/refractory B-precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia shows durable remission by therapy with the T-cell engaging bispecific antibody blinatumomab. Haematologica. 2014;99(7):1212–9. PubMed PMID: 24727818. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4077083.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Grupp, SA, Kalos, M, Barrett, D, Aplenc, R, Porter, DL, Rheingold, SR, et al. Chimeric antigen receptor-modified T cells for acute lymphoid leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 2013;368(16):1509–18. PubMed PMID: 23527958. Pubmed Central PMCID: 4058440.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Pui, CH, Evans, WE. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. The New England Journal of Medicine. 1998;339(9):605–15. PubMed PMID: 9718381. Epub 1998/08/27. eng.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Moorman, AV, Harrison, CJ, Buck, GA, Richards, SM, Secker-Walker, LM, Martineau, M, et al. Karyotype is an independent prognostic factor in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL): analysis of cytogenetic data from patients treated on the Medical Research Council (MRC) UKALLXII/Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group (ECOG) 2993 trial. Blood. 2007;109(8):3189–97. PubMed PMID: 17170120. Epub 2006/12/16. eng.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Moorman, AV, Ensor, HM, Richards, SM, Chilton, L, Schwab, C, Kinsey, SE, et al. Prognostic effect of chromosomal abnormalities in childhood B-cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukaemia: results from the UK Medical Research Council ALL97/99 randomised trial. Lancet Oncol.;11(5):429–38. PubMed PMID: 20409752. Epub 2010/04/23. eng.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marks, DI, Paietta, EM, Moorman, AV, Richards, SM, Buck, G, DeWald, G, et al. T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia in adults: clinical features, immunophenotype, cytogenetics, and outcome from the large randomized prospective trial (UKALL XII/ECOG 2993). Blood. 2009;114(25):5136–45. PubMed PMID: 19828704. Pubmed Central PMCID: 2792210.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Orsi, C, Bartolozzi, B, Messori, A, Bosi, A. Event-free survival and cost-effectiveness in adult acute lymphoblastic leukaemia in first remission treated with allogeneic transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant. 2007;40(7):643–9. PubMed PMID: 17660839.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed