Abbate, Carolyn, In Search of Opera, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 2001

Abbate, Carolyn “The Parisian ‘Venus’ and the ‘Paris’ Tannhäuser,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 36 (1983), 73–123Google Scholar

Abbate, Carolyn Unsung Voices: Opera and Musical Narrative in the Nineteenth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991

Adorno, Theodor, In Search of Wagner, tr. Rodney Livingstone, Trowbridge: NLB, 1981

Appia, Adolphe, Music and the Art of the Theatre, tr. Robert W. Corrigan and Mary Douglas Dirks, Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1962

Arblaster, Anthony, Viva la Liberta! Politics in Opera, London: Verso, 1992

Barth, Herbert (ed.), Bayreuther Dramaturgie: Der Ring des Nibelungen, Stuttgart and Zurich: Belser, 1980

Barth, Herbert Richard Wagner: Life, Work, Festspielhaus, Bayreuth: Festspielleitung, 1952

Baudelaire, Charles, “Richard Wagner and Tannhäuser in Paris,” in The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, tr. and ed. Jonathan Mayne, London: Phaidon, 1964, pp. 111–46

Bauer, Hans-Joachim, Richard Wagner Lexikon, Bergisch Gladbach: Lübbe, 1988

Bauer, Oswald George, Richard Wagner: The Stage Designs and Productions from the Premieres to the Present, New York: Rizzoli, 1983

Bauer, Oswald George Richard Wagner Goes to the Theatre: Impressions, Experience and Reflections on the Road to Bayreuth, tr. Stewart Spencer, Bayreuth Festival, n.d

Beckett, Lucy, Richard Wagner: Parsifal, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981

Bekker, Paul, Richard Wagner: His Life in His Work, tr. M. M. Bozman, Freeport: Books for Libraries, 1931

Bentley, Eric, The Cult of the Superman: A Study of the Idea of Heroism in Carlyle and Nietzsche, London: Hale, 1947

Bless, Marion, Richard Wagners Oper Tannhäuser im Speigel seiner gesitigen Entwicklung, Eisenach: Dieter, 1997

Borchmeyer, Dieter, Richard Wagner: Theory and Theatre, tr. Stewart Spencer, Oxford: Clarendon, 1991

Borchmeyer, Dieter Das Theater Richard Wagners: Idee – Dichtung – Wirkung, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1982

Bowra, Maurice, Heroic Poetry, London: Macmillan, 1952

Bredvold, Louis, The Natural History of Sensibility, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962

Buller, Jeffrey L., Classically Romantic: Classical Form and Meaning in Wagner's Ring, Xlibris, 2001

Campbell, Joseph, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1956

Carlyle, Thomas, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, rep. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966

Cicora, Mary A., Modern Myths and Wagnerian Deconstructions: Hermeneutic Approaches to Wagner's Music-Dramas, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000

Cooke, Deryck, I Saw the World End, London: Oxford University Press, 1979

Cooke, Deryck—, Correspondence of Wagner and Liszt, tr. Francis Hueffer, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vols., New York: Vienna House, 1973

Corse, Sandra, Wagner and the New Consciousness: Language and Love in the Ring, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar (eds.), Der fliegende Holländer, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar Lohengrin, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar Tannhäuser, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1986

Dahlhaus, Carl, Nineteenth-Century Music, tr. J. Bradford Robinson, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989

Dahlhaus, Carl Richard Wagner's Music Dramas, tr. Mary Whittall, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979

Dahlhaus, Carl (ed.), Richard Wagner Werk und Wirkung, Regensburg: Bosse, 1971

Dahlhaus, Carl, and Voss, Egon (eds.), Wagnerliteratur – Wagnerforschung, Mainz: Schott, 1985

Deathridge, John, Wagner's Rienzi, Oxford: Clarendon, 1977

De Vries, Jan, Heroic Song and Heroic Legend, tr. B. J. Timmer, New York: Arno, 1963

Döhring, Sieghart, and Henze-Döhring, Sabine, Oper und Musikdrama im 19. Jahrhundert, Handbuch der musikalischen Gattungen 13, Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 1997

Dreyfus, Laurence , “Hermann Levi's Shame and Parsifal's Guilt: A Critique of Essentialism in Biography and Criticism,” Cambridge Opera Journal 6/2 (July 1994), 125–45Google Scholar

Eagleton, Terry, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003

Ewans, Michael, Wagner and Aeschylus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Fergusson, Francis, The Idea of a Theater, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949

Fischer-Lichte, E. Kurze Geschichte des deutschen Theaters, Tübingen and Basle: Franke, 1993

Fricke, Richard, Wagner in Rehearsal, 1875–1876: The Diaries of Richard Fricke, Franz Liszt Studies 7, tr. George R. Fricke, Stuyvesant, NY: Pendragon, 1998

Friedlander, Saul, and Rüsen, Jörn (eds.), Richard Wagner im Dritten Reich, Munich: Beck, 2000

Furst, Lilian R., Romanticism in Perspective: A Comparative Study of Aspects of the Romantic Movement in England, France and Germany, London: Macmillan, 1969

Furst, Lilian R. The Contours of Romanticism, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979

Garber, Frederick , “Self, Society, Value, and the Romantic Hero,” Comparative Literature 19/4 (Fall 1967), 321–33Google Scholar

Gerhard, Anselm, The Urbanization of Opera: Music Theater in Paris in the Nineteenth Century, tr. Mary Whittall, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998

Glass, Frank W., The Fertilizing Seed: Wagner's Concept of the Poetic Intent, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1983

Granville-Barker, Frank, The Flying Dutchman: A Guide to the Opera, London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1979

Gregor-Dellin, Martin, Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century, tr. J. Maxwell Brownjohn, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983

Grene, David, Reality and the Heroic Pattern: Last Plays of Ibsen, Shakespeare and Sophocles, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967

Grey, Thomas, Richard Wagner: Der fliegende Holländer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Grimm, Reinhold, and Hermand, Jost (eds.), Re-Reading Wagner, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993

Groos, Arthur, “Appropriation in Wagner's Tristan Libretto,” in Reading Opera, ed. Arthur Groos and Roger Parker, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988

Groos, Arthur “Back to the Future: Hermeneutic Fantasies in Der fliegende Holländer,” 19th-Century Music 19/2 (1995), 191–211Google Scholar

Großmann-Vendrey, Susanna, Bayreuth in der deutschen Presse: Beiträge zur Rezeptionsgeschichte Richard Wagners und seiner Festspiele, 3 vols., Regensburg: Bosse, 1977

Gutman, Robert, Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind, and His Music, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971

Hartford, Robert (ed.), Bayreuth: The Early Years, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980

Hatfield, Henry, Clashing Myths in German Literature, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974

Heldt, Brigitte, Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde: Das Werk und seine Inszenierung, Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 1994

Holman, J. K., Wagner's Ring: A Listener's Companion and Concordance, Portland, OR: Amadeus, 1996

Hutcheon, Linda and Michael, , “Death Drive: Eros and Thanatos in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde,” Cambridge Opera Journal, 11/3 (November 1999), 267–93Google Scholar

Hutcheon, Linda Opera: Desire, Disease, Death, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996

Kämpfer, Frank (ed.), Musiktheater heute: Peter Konwitschny, Regisseur, Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 2001

Kerman, Joseph, Opera and Drama, new and rev. edn., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988

Kirchmeyer, Helmut (ed.), Situationsgeschichte der Musikkritik und des musikalischen Pressewesens in Deutschland, ⅳ Das zeitgenössische Wagner-Bild, 2, Regensburg: Bosse, 1967

Knudsen, Hans, Deutsche Theatergeschichte, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1959

Kohn, Hans, The Mind of Germany: The Education of a Nation, London: Macmillan, 1962

Kunze, Stefan (ed.), Richard Wagner: Von der Oper zum Musikdrama, Bern and Munich: Franke, 1978

Large, David C., and Weber, William (eds.), Wagnerism in European Culture and Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984

Lash, John, The Hero: Manhood and Power, London: Thames & Hudson, 1995

Lindenberger, Herbert, Opera: The Extravagant Art, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984

Liszt, Franz, Lohengrin und Tannhäuser von Richard Wagner. Sämtliche Schriften ⅳ, ed. Detlev Altenberg, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1989

Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, Blood for the Ghosts: Classical Influences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, London: Duckworth, 1982

Mack, Dietrich, Der Bayreuther Inszenierungsstil, Munich: Prestel, 1976

Mann, Thomas, Pro and Contra Wagner, tr. Allan Blunden, London: Faber & Faber, 1985

Mayer, Hans, Richard Wagner: Mitwelt und Nachwelt, Stuttgart and Zurich: Belser, 1978

Magee, Bryan, Aspects of Wagner, rev. and enl. edn., London: Oxford University Press, 1988

Magee, Bryan Wagner and Philosophy, London: Allen Lane, 2000

Magee, Elizabeth, Richard Wagner and the Nibelungs, Oxford: Clarendon, 1990

McCreless, Patrick, Wagner's Siegfried: Its Drama, History, and Music, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1982

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Millington, Barry, and Spencer, Stewart Wagner in Performance, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992

Müller, Ulrich and Peter Wapnewski (eds.), Wagner Handbook, ed. Eng. trans. John Deathridge, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992

Nattiez, Jean-Jacques, Wagner Androgyne, tr. Stewart Spencer, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993

Nemoianu, Virgil, The Taming of Romanticism, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1984

Newman, Ernest, The Wagner Operas, New York: Knopf, 1949

Nietzsche, Friedrich, Nietzsche contra Wagner, vol. ⅷ, The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, tr. J. M. Kennedy, New York: Russell & Russell, 1964

Nietzsche, Friedrich On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, ed. and tr. Walter Kaufmann, New York: Vintage, 1989

Nietzsche, Friedrich Untimely Meditations, tr. R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Nipperdey, Thomas, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866, tr. Daniel Nolan, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996

Nordau, Max, Degeneration, New York: Appleton, 1897

Peckham, Morse, Beyond the Tragic Vision: The Quest for Identity in the Nineteenth Century, New York: Brazillier, 1962

Petzet, Detta and Michael, Die Richard Wagner-Bühne König Ludwigs II, München, Bayreuth, Munich: Prestel, 1970

Pfitzner, Heinrich (ed.), “Vorwort” to Der Vampyr, Berlin: Fürstner, 1925

Porges, Heinrich, Wagner Rehearsing the Ring, tr. Robert L. Jacobs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Praz, Mario, The Romantic Agony, 2nd edn., tr. Angus Davidson, London: Oxford University Press, 1970

Raglan, Lord, The Hero, New York: Oxford University Press, 1937

Raphael, Robert, Richard Wagner, New York: Twayne, 1969

Rather, L. J., The Dream of Self-Destruction: Wagner's Ring and the Modern World, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979

Reed, Walter L., Meditations on the Hero: A Study of the Romantic Hero in Nineteenth Century Fiction, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974

Robinson, Paul, Opera and Ideas: From Mozart to Strauss, New York: Harper & Row, 1985

Rose, Paul Lawrence, Wagner, Race and Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992

Salmu, Hannu, Imagined Germany: Richard Wagner's National Utopia, New York: Peter Lang, 1999

Schaefer, A. T., Der Stuttgarter Ring: Staatsoper Stuttgart 1999/2000, Mönchengladbach: Kühlen, n.d

Shaw, George Bernard, The Perfect Wagnerite: A Commentary on the Nibelung's Ring, 4th edn., London: Constable, 1923

Sheehan, James J., German History: 1770–1866, Oxford: Clarendon, 1989

Skelton, Geoffrey, Wieland Wagner: The Positive Sceptic, London: Gollancz, 1971

Spencer, Stewart, and Millington, Barry, Wagner's Ring of the Nibelung: A Companion, London: Thames & Hudson, 1993

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Abbate, Carolyn “The Parisian ‘Venus’ and the ‘Paris’ Tannhäuser,” Journal of the American Musicological Society 36 (1983), 73–123Google Scholar

Abbate, Carolyn Unsung Voices: Opera and Musical Narrative in the Nineteenth Century, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1991

Adorno, Theodor, In Search of Wagner, tr. Rodney Livingstone, Trowbridge: NLB, 1981

Appia, Adolphe, Music and the Art of the Theatre, tr. Robert W. Corrigan and Mary Douglas Dirks, Coral Gables: University of Miami Press, 1962

Arblaster, Anthony, Viva la Liberta! Politics in Opera, London: Verso, 1992

Barth, Herbert (ed.), Bayreuther Dramaturgie: Der Ring des Nibelungen, Stuttgart and Zurich: Belser, 1980

Barth, Herbert Richard Wagner: Life, Work, Festspielhaus, Bayreuth: Festspielleitung, 1952

Baudelaire, Charles, “Richard Wagner and Tannhäuser in Paris,” in The Painter of Modern Life and Other Essays, tr. and ed. Jonathan Mayne, London: Phaidon, 1964, pp. 111–46

Bauer, Hans-Joachim, Richard Wagner Lexikon, Bergisch Gladbach: Lübbe, 1988

Bauer, Oswald George, Richard Wagner: The Stage Designs and Productions from the Premieres to the Present, New York: Rizzoli, 1983

Bauer, Oswald George Richard Wagner Goes to the Theatre: Impressions, Experience and Reflections on the Road to Bayreuth, tr. Stewart Spencer, Bayreuth Festival, n.d

Beckett, Lucy, Richard Wagner: Parsifal, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981

Bekker, Paul, Richard Wagner: His Life in His Work, tr. M. M. Bozman, Freeport: Books for Libraries, 1931

Bentley, Eric, The Cult of the Superman: A Study of the Idea of Heroism in Carlyle and Nietzsche, London: Hale, 1947

Bless, Marion, Richard Wagners Oper Tannhäuser im Speigel seiner gesitigen Entwicklung, Eisenach: Dieter, 1997

Borchmeyer, Dieter, Richard Wagner: Theory and Theatre, tr. Stewart Spencer, Oxford: Clarendon, 1991

Borchmeyer, Dieter Das Theater Richard Wagners: Idee – Dichtung – Wirkung, Stuttgart: Reclam, 1982

Bowra, Maurice, Heroic Poetry, London: Macmillan, 1952

Bredvold, Louis, The Natural History of Sensibility, Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1962

Buller, Jeffrey L., Classically Romantic: Classical Form and Meaning in Wagner's Ring, Xlibris, 2001

Campbell, Joseph, The Hero with a Thousand Faces, Cleveland: World Publishing Co., 1956

Carlyle, Thomas, On Heroes, Hero-Worship and the Heroic in History, rep. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1966

Cicora, Mary A., Modern Myths and Wagnerian Deconstructions: Hermeneutic Approaches to Wagner's Music-Dramas, Westport, CT: Greenwood, 2000

Cooke, Deryck, I Saw the World End, London: Oxford University Press, 1979

Cooke, Deryck—, Correspondence of Wagner and Liszt, tr. Francis Hueffer, 2nd rev. ed., 2 vols., New York: Vienna House, 1973

Corse, Sandra, Wagner and the New Consciousness: Language and Love in the Ring, Cranbury, NJ: Associated University Presses, 1990

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar (eds.), Der fliegende Holländer, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1982

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar Lohengrin, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1989

Csampai, Attila, and Holland, Dietmar Tannhäuser, Reinbek bei Hamburg: Rowohlt, 1986

Dahlhaus, Carl, Nineteenth-Century Music, tr. J. Bradford Robinson, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1989

Dahlhaus, Carl Richard Wagner's Music Dramas, tr. Mary Whittall, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979

Dahlhaus, Carl (ed.), Richard Wagner Werk und Wirkung, Regensburg: Bosse, 1971

Dahlhaus, Carl, and Voss, Egon (eds.), Wagnerliteratur – Wagnerforschung, Mainz: Schott, 1985

Deathridge, John, Wagner's Rienzi, Oxford: Clarendon, 1977

De Vries, Jan, Heroic Song and Heroic Legend, tr. B. J. Timmer, New York: Arno, 1963

Döhring, Sieghart, and Henze-Döhring, Sabine, Oper und Musikdrama im 19. Jahrhundert, Handbuch der musikalischen Gattungen 13, Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 1997

Dreyfus, Laurence , “Hermann Levi's Shame and Parsifal's Guilt: A Critique of Essentialism in Biography and Criticism,” Cambridge Opera Journal 6/2 (July 1994), 125–45Google Scholar

Eagleton, Terry, Sweet Violence: The Idea of the Tragic, Oxford: Blackwell, 2003

Ewans, Michael, Wagner and Aeschylus, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Fergusson, Francis, The Idea of a Theater, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1949

Fischer-Lichte, E. Kurze Geschichte des deutschen Theaters, Tübingen and Basle: Franke, 1993

Fricke, Richard, Wagner in Rehearsal, 1875–1876: The Diaries of Richard Fricke, Franz Liszt Studies 7, tr. George R. Fricke, Stuyvesant, NY: Pendragon, 1998

Friedlander, Saul, and Rüsen, Jörn (eds.), Richard Wagner im Dritten Reich, Munich: Beck, 2000

Furst, Lilian R., Romanticism in Perspective: A Comparative Study of Aspects of the Romantic Movement in England, France and Germany, London: Macmillan, 1969

Furst, Lilian R. The Contours of Romanticism, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1979

Garber, Frederick , “Self, Society, Value, and the Romantic Hero,” Comparative Literature 19/4 (Fall 1967), 321–33Google Scholar

Gerhard, Anselm, The Urbanization of Opera: Music Theater in Paris in the Nineteenth Century, tr. Mary Whittall, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1998

Glass, Frank W., The Fertilizing Seed: Wagner's Concept of the Poetic Intent, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1983

Granville-Barker, Frank, The Flying Dutchman: A Guide to the Opera, London: Barrie & Jenkins, 1979

Gregor-Dellin, Martin, Richard Wagner: His Life, His Work, His Century, tr. J. Maxwell Brownjohn, San Diego: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, 1983

Grene, David, Reality and the Heroic Pattern: Last Plays of Ibsen, Shakespeare and Sophocles, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1967

Grey, Thomas, Richard Wagner: Der fliegende Holländer, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000

Grimm, Reinhold, and Hermand, Jost (eds.), Re-Reading Wagner, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993

Groos, Arthur, “Appropriation in Wagner's Tristan Libretto,” in Reading Opera, ed. Arthur Groos and Roger Parker, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1988

Groos, Arthur “Back to the Future: Hermeneutic Fantasies in Der fliegende Holländer,” 19th-Century Music 19/2 (1995), 191–211Google Scholar

Großmann-Vendrey, Susanna, Bayreuth in der deutschen Presse: Beiträge zur Rezeptionsgeschichte Richard Wagners und seiner Festspiele, 3 vols., Regensburg: Bosse, 1977

Gutman, Robert, Richard Wagner: The Man, His Mind, and His Music, Harmondsworth: Penguin, 1971

Hartford, Robert (ed.), Bayreuth: The Early Years, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980

Hatfield, Henry, Clashing Myths in German Literature, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1974

Heldt, Brigitte, Richard Wagner, Tristan und Isolde: Das Werk und seine Inszenierung, Laaber: Laaber-Verlag, 1994

Holman, J. K., Wagner's Ring: A Listener's Companion and Concordance, Portland, OR: Amadeus, 1996

Hutcheon, Linda and Michael, , “Death Drive: Eros and Thanatos in Wagner's Tristan und Isolde,” Cambridge Opera Journal, 11/3 (November 1999), 267–93Google Scholar

Hutcheon, Linda Opera: Desire, Disease, Death, Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1996

Kämpfer, Frank (ed.), Musiktheater heute: Peter Konwitschny, Regisseur, Hamburg: Europäische Verlagsanstalt, 2001

Kerman, Joseph, Opera and Drama, new and rev. edn., Berkeley: University of California Press, 1988

Kirchmeyer, Helmut (ed.), Situationsgeschichte der Musikkritik und des musikalischen Pressewesens in Deutschland, ⅳ Das zeitgenössische Wagner-Bild, 2, Regensburg: Bosse, 1967

Knudsen, Hans, Deutsche Theatergeschichte, Stuttgart: Kröner, 1959

Kohn, Hans, The Mind of Germany: The Education of a Nation, London: Macmillan, 1962

Kunze, Stefan (ed.), Richard Wagner: Von der Oper zum Musikdrama, Bern and Munich: Franke, 1978

Large, David C., and Weber, William (eds.), Wagnerism in European Culture and Politics, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984

Lash, John, The Hero: Manhood and Power, London: Thames & Hudson, 1995

Lindenberger, Herbert, Opera: The Extravagant Art, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1984

Liszt, Franz, Lohengrin und Tannhäuser von Richard Wagner. Sämtliche Schriften ⅳ, ed. Detlev Altenberg, Wiesbaden: Breitkopf & Härtel, 1989

Lloyd-Jones, Hugh, Blood for the Ghosts: Classical Influences in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, London: Duckworth, 1982

Mack, Dietrich, Der Bayreuther Inszenierungsstil, Munich: Prestel, 1976

Mann, Thomas, Pro and Contra Wagner, tr. Allan Blunden, London: Faber & Faber, 1985

Mayer, Hans, Richard Wagner: Mitwelt und Nachwelt, Stuttgart and Zurich: Belser, 1978

Magee, Bryan, Aspects of Wagner, rev. and enl. edn., London: Oxford University Press, 1988

Magee, Bryan Wagner and Philosophy, London: Allen Lane, 2000

Magee, Elizabeth, Richard Wagner and the Nibelungs, Oxford: Clarendon, 1990

McCreless, Patrick, Wagner's Siegfried: Its Drama, History, and Music, Ann Arbor: UMI Research Press, 1982

Millington, Barry , “Nuremberg Trial: Is There Anti-Semitism in Die Meistersinger?” Cambridge Opera Journal 3/3 (November 1991), 247–60Google Scholar

Millington, Barry Wagner, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1992

Millington, Barry (ed.), The Wagner Compendium: A Guide to Wagner's Life and Music, New York: Schirmer, 1992

Millington, Barry, and Spencer, Stewart (eds.), Selected Letters of Richard Wagner, London: Dent, 1987

Millington, Barry, and Spencer, Stewart Wagner in Performance, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992

Müller, Ulrich and Peter Wapnewski (eds.), Wagner Handbook, ed. Eng. trans. John Deathridge, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1992

Nattiez, Jean-Jacques, Wagner Androgyne, tr. Stewart Spencer, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1993

Nemoianu, Virgil, The Taming of Romanticism, Cambridge, MA.: Harvard University Press, 1984

Newman, Ernest, The Wagner Operas, New York: Knopf, 1949

Nietzsche, Friedrich, Nietzsche contra Wagner, vol. ⅷ, The Complete Works of Friedrich Nietzsche, tr. J. M. Kennedy, New York: Russell & Russell, 1964

Nietzsche, Friedrich On the Genealogy of Morals and Ecce Homo, ed. and tr. Walter Kaufmann, New York: Vintage, 1989

Nietzsche, Friedrich Untimely Meditations, tr. R. J. Hollingdale, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Nipperdey, Thomas, Germany from Napoleon to Bismarck, 1800–1866, tr. Daniel Nolan, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996

Nordau, Max, Degeneration, New York: Appleton, 1897

Peckham, Morse, Beyond the Tragic Vision: The Quest for Identity in the Nineteenth Century, New York: Brazillier, 1962

Petzet, Detta and Michael, Die Richard Wagner-Bühne König Ludwigs II, München, Bayreuth, Munich: Prestel, 1970

Pfitzner, Heinrich (ed.), “Vorwort” to Der Vampyr, Berlin: Fürstner, 1925

Porges, Heinrich, Wagner Rehearsing the Ring, tr. Robert L. Jacobs, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983

Praz, Mario, The Romantic Agony, 2nd edn., tr. Angus Davidson, London: Oxford University Press, 1970

Raglan, Lord, The Hero, New York: Oxford University Press, 1937

Raphael, Robert, Richard Wagner, New York: Twayne, 1969

Rather, L. J., The Dream of Self-Destruction: Wagner's Ring and the Modern World, Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University Press, 1979

Reed, Walter L., Meditations on the Hero: A Study of the Romantic Hero in Nineteenth Century Fiction, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1974

Robinson, Paul, Opera and Ideas: From Mozart to Strauss, New York: Harper & Row, 1985

Rose, Paul Lawrence, Wagner, Race and Revolution, New Haven: Yale University Press, 1992

Salmu, Hannu, Imagined Germany: Richard Wagner's National Utopia, New York: Peter Lang, 1999

Schaefer, A. T., Der Stuttgarter Ring: Staatsoper Stuttgart 1999/2000, Mönchengladbach: Kühlen, n.d

Shaw, George Bernard, The Perfect Wagnerite: A Commentary on the Nibelung's Ring, 4th edn., London: Constable, 1923

Sheehan, James J., German History: 1770–1866, Oxford: Clarendon, 1989

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