The growth of ‘four nations’ British literary history in the last decade has brought with it new approaches to the ‘Celtic’ idea in eighteenth-century and Romantic studies. Yet there is a danger of losing sight of the extent to which Celticism was used as a tool in the construction and expansion of the post-1745 British state. This is one of the central concerns of this volume.

We can see the British use and abuse of the Celtic in its starkest, most jingoistic form in a song by the patriotic English songwriter, Charles Dibdin. At the height of the Napoleonic wars, he writes:

Here we find the confection of Scoto-British Celticism in the service of British military aggression. Ancient history has been overwritten with eighteenth-century literary history as James Macpherson's identification of the legendary ‘Ossianic’ materials with Scotland rather than Ireland has taken root and this Celtic Scotland is seen as seamlessly antecedent to the Anglophone medieval Scotland of Robert the Bruce.