Although international organisations, non-governmental organisations and individuals (so-called non-state actors) now participate much more in the international legal order, this is because states have given them parts to play. They still have only supporting roles. Only states have international legal personality to the fullest extent. In this chapter we will therefore look first at states and then at some non-state actors, other than international organisations.

Criteria for statehood

The accepted criteria for statehood is that the entity has to demonstrate that it has ‘(a) a permanent population; (b) defined territory; (c) a government; and (d) capacity to enter into relations with other states’. Let us take these in turn.

1. A permanent population. The population does not have to be homogeneous racially, ethnically, tribally, religiously, linguistically or otherwise. But it must be a settled population, though the presence of certain inhabitants who are traditionally nomadic does not matter.

2. Territory. Size does not matter either. At one time it was thought that countries with a small territory or population (‘mini- or micro-states’) were not eligible for UN membership. But since 1990, Andorra, Liechtenstein, Monaco, Nauru, San Marino and Tuvalu have joined the United Nations. Although they include some wealthy countries, some are very poor. Nor do the land or maritime boundaries have to be defined definitively.

3. […]