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8 - Poor Russia, poor show: mobilising a backward economy for war, 1914–1917

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 July 2009

By
Peter Gatrell
Edited by
Stephen Broadberry  and
Mark Harrison
Peter Gatrell
Affiliation:
Professor, University of Manchester
Stephen Broadberry
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
Mark Harrison
Affiliation:
University of Warwick
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Summary

The war taught us much, not only that people suffered, but that those who have the best technology, discipline, and machinery come out on top; it is this that the war taught us, and it is a good thing it taught us

(V. I. Lenin, cited by Bailes, 1978: 49).

Introduction

Russia's participation in the First World War began on 19 July 1914 and ended on 26 October 1917 (old style), when the Bolshevik Party seized power. In three and a quarter years Russia conscripted 10 per cent of its population and spent on average around 24 per cent of its national income in each year of war. Russia's premature departure from the war nevertheless brought but temporary respite from conflict. Civil war and foreign intervention erupted in the summer of 1918. Only at the very end of 1920 were peacetime conditions restored, by which time the political and socioeconomic system had undergone a profound transformation. Russia thus experienced a prolonged period of upheaval, characterised by the mobilisation of resources for war and revolution (Holquist, 2002). These processes were accompanied by demographic shocks, depletion of the capital stock, a rupture of external and internal trade, and (by 1918) the collapse of the currency. This chapter devotes particular attention to the behaviour of the major economic variables, providing a quantitative illustration of the impact of war up to and including the Bolshevik Revolution.

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The Economics of World War I , pp. 235 - 275
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2005

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References

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Davies, R. W. (1958), The Development of the Soviet Budgetary System, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dikhtiar, G. A. (1960), Vnutrenniaia torgovlia v dorevolutsionnoi Rossii, Moscow: Gosstatizdat.Google Scholar
Eklof, B. (1986), Russian Peasant Schools: Officialdom, Village Culture and Popular Pedagogy, 1861–1914, Berkeley: California University Press.Google Scholar
Eliacheff, B. (1919), Les finances de guerre de la Russie, Paris: Giard et Brière.Google Scholar
Falkus, M. E. (1968), ‘Russia's National Income, 1913: A Revaluation’, Economica 35: 52–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatrell, P. (1986), The Tsarist Economy 1850–1917, London: Batsford.Google Scholar
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Gatrell, P. (1994b), Government, Industry and Rearmament in Russia, 1900–1914, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gatrell, P.(1999), A Whole Empire Walking: Refugees in Russia during World War I, Bloomington: Indiana University Press.Google Scholar
Gatrell, P. and Davies, R. W. (1990), ‘The Industrial Economy’, in Davies, R. W. (ed.), From Tsarism to the New Economic Policy, Houndmills: Macmillan, pp. 127–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golder, Frank (1927), Documents on Russian History, 1914–1927, New York: The Century Company.Google Scholar
Golovin, N. N. (2001), Voennye usiliia Rossii v mirovoi voine. (1st edition Paris, 1939), Moscow: Kuchkovo pole.Google Scholar
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Haimson, Leopold (2000), ‘The Problem of Political and Social Stability in Urban Russia on the Eve of War Revisited’, Slavic Review 59(4): 848–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, M. (1994), ‘National Income’, in Davies, R. W., Harrison, Mark, and Wheatcroft, S. G. (eds.), The Economic Transformation of the Soviet Union, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 38–56.Google Scholar
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Ivantsov, D. N. (1915), ‘Urozhai 1914 goda po dannym TsSK’, in Trudy Kommissii po izucheniiu sovremennoi dorogovizny, vol. I, Moscow: Gorodskaia tipografia, pp. 123–201.Google Scholar
Izmailovskaia, E. I. (1920), Russkoe sel'skokhoziaistvennoe mashinostroenie, Moscow: VSNKh.Google Scholar
Kafengauz, L. B. (1994), Evoliutsiia promyshlennogo proizvodstva Rossii (posledniaia tret' XIXv. – 30e gody XXv.), Moscow: RAN.Google Scholar
Kahan, A. (1989), Russian Economic History: The Nineteenth Century, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Katsenelenbaum, Z. S. (1917), Voina i finansovo-ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii, Moscow: Moskovskii Kommercheskii institut.Google Scholar
Katzenellenbaum, S. S. (1925), Russian Currency and Banking 1914–1924, London: P. S. King.Google Scholar
Khromov, P. A. (1950), Ekonomicheskoe razvitie Rossii v XIX–XX vekakh, Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo politicheskoi literatury.Google Scholar
Kohn, S. and Meyendorff, A. F. (1932), The Cost of the War to Russia, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Kokhn, M. P. (1926), Russkie indeksy tsen, Moscow: Ekonomicheskaia zhizn'.Google Scholar
Kondrat'ev, N. D. (1991), Rynok khlebov i ego regulirovanie vo vremia voiny i revoliutsii (first published 1922), Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Lewin, M. (1985), The Making of the Soviet System, London: Allen and Unwin.Google Scholar
Lih, L. T. (1990), Bread and Authority in Russia, 1914–1920, Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Lincoln, W. B. (1986), Passage Through Armageddon: The Russians in War and Revolution, NewYork: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar
Lohr, E. (2003), Nationalizing the Russian Empire: The Campaign Against Enemy Aliens during World War I, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Malle, S. (1985), The Economic Organization of War Communism, 1918–1921, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAuley, M. (1991), Bread and Justice: State and Society in Petrograd, 1917–1922, Oxford: Clarendon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McKay, J. P. (1970), Pioneers for Profit: Foreign Entrepreneurship and Russian Industrialization, 1885–1913, Chicago: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maddison, A. (1995), Monitoring the World Economy 1820–1992, Paris: OECD.Google Scholar
Manikovskii, A. A. (1930), Boevoe snabzhenie russkoi armii v mirovuiu voinu 1914–1918gg, (2 vols. 2nd edition), Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar
Maslov, P. P. (1918), Itogi voiny i revoliutsii, Moscow: n.p.Google Scholar
Mendel'son, L. A. (1964), Teoriia i istoriia ekonomicheskikh krizisov i tsiklov, vol. III, Moscow: Mysl'.Google Scholar
Michelson, A. M., Apostol, P. N., and Bernatzky, M. W. (1928), Russian Public Finance during the War, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Mindlin, Z. (1919), ‘Rabochee vremia i zarabotnaia plata v predpriiatiiakh Moskovskoi oblasti za 1914–1918’, Statistika truda 8–10: 8–14.Google Scholar
Mints, L. E. (1975), Trudovye resursy SSSR, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Nol'de, A. A. (1918), Russkaia l'nianaia promyshlennost' vo vremia voiny i revoliutsii, Moscow: Somovoi.Google Scholar
Nolde, Boris E. (1928), Russia in the Economic War, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Pasvolsky, L. and Moulton, H. G. (1924), Russian Debts and Russian Reconstruction, New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Poliakov, Iu. A. (1986), Sovetskaia strana posle okonchaniiea grazhdanskoi voiny: territoriia i naselenie, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Prokopovich, S. N. (1917), Voina i narodnoe khoziaistvo (2nd edition, 1918), Moscow: Sovet Vserossiiskikh kooperativnikh s'ezdov.Google Scholar
Raffalovich, A. (1918) (ed.), Russia: Its Trade and Commerce, London: P. S. King.Google Scholar
Ransel, D. (1988), Mothers of Misery: Child Abandonment in Russia, Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Rashin, A. G. (1958), Formirovanie rabochego klassa Rossii: istoriko-statisticheskii ocherki, Moscow: Sotsekgiz.Google Scholar
Shebaldin, Iu. N. (1959) ‘Gosudarstvennyi biudzhet tsarskoi Rossii v nachale XXv.’, Istoricheskie zapiski 65: 163–90.Google Scholar
Sheliakin, P.(1930), Voina i ugol'naia promyshlennost', Moscow: Osoaviakhim.Google Scholar
Shepelev, L. E. (1963), ‘Aktsionernye kommercheskie banki v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny’, Istoricheskie zapiski 73: 156–93.Google Scholar
Shepelev, L. E. (1969), ‘Fondovaia birzha v Rossii v period pervoi mirovoi voiny’, Istoricheskie zapiski 84: 121–63.Google Scholar
Sidorov, A. L. (1960), Finansovoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Sidorov, A. L. (1973), Ekonomicheskoe polozhenie Rossii v gody pervoi mirovoi voiny, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Smith, S. A. (2002), The Russian Revolution: A Short Introduction, Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Strakhov, V. V. (2003), ‘Vnutrennie zaimy v Rossii v pervuiu mirovuiu voinu’, Voprosy istorii 9: 28–43.Google Scholar
Strumilin, S. G (1958), Statistiko-ekonomicheskie ocherki, Moscow: Gosudarstennoe statisticheskoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar
Strumilin, S. G. (1964), Problemy ekonomiki truda, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Strumilin, S. G. (1966), Ocherki ekonomicheskoi istorii Rossii i SSSR, Moscow: Nauka.Google Scholar
Struve, P. B., Zaitsev, K. I., Dolinsky, N. V., and Demosthenov, S. S. (1930), Food Supply in Russia during the War, New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar
Trotsky, L. (1934), History of the Russian Revolution, London: Gollancz.Google Scholar
Tugan-Baranovskii, M. I. (1915), ‘Vliianie voiny na narodnoe khoziaistvo Rossii, Anglii i Germanii’, in Tugan-Baranovskii, M. I. (ed.), Voprosy mirovoi voiny. Moscow: n. p., pp. 269–324.Google Scholar
Urlanis, B. (1971), Wars and Population, Moscow: Progress Publishers.Google Scholar
Vainshtein, A. L. (1960), Narodnoe bogatstvo i narodnokhoziaistvennoe nakoplenie predrevoliutsionnoi Rossii, Moscow: Gosstatizdat.Google Scholar
Volkov, E. Z. (1930), Dinamika narodonaseleniia SSSR za vosem'desiat let, Moscow: Gosudarstvennoe izdatel'stvo.Google Scholar
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