Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1 Epidemiology is…
- 2 How long is a piece of string? Measuring disease frequency
- 3 Who, what, where and when? Descriptive epidemiology
- 4 Healthy research: study designs for public health
- 5 Why? Linking exposure and disease
- 6 Heads or tails: the role of chance
- 7 All that glitters is not gold: the problem of error
- 8 Muddied waters: the challenge of confounding
- 9 Reading between the lines: reading and writing epidemiological papers
- 10 Who sank the boat? Association and causation
- 11 Assembling the building blocks: reviews and their uses
- 12 Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters
- 13 Watching not waiting: surveillance and epidemiological intelligence
- 14 Prevention: better than cure?
- 15 Early detection: what benefits at what cost?
- 16 A final word…
- Answers to questions
- Appendix 1 Direct standardisation
- Appendix 2 Standard populations
- Appendix 3 Calculating cumulative incidence and lifetime risk from routine data
- Appendix 4 Indirect standardisation
- Appendix 5 Calculating life expectancy from a life table
- Appendix 6 The Mantel-Haenszel method for calculating pooled odds ratios
- Appendix 7 Formulae for calculating confidence intervals for common epidemiological measures
- Glossary
- Index
- References
This chapter is part of a book that is no longer available to purchase from Cambridge Core
10 - Who sank the boat? Association and causation
Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- 1 Epidemiology is…
- 2 How long is a piece of string? Measuring disease frequency
- 3 Who, what, where and when? Descriptive epidemiology
- 4 Healthy research: study designs for public health
- 5 Why? Linking exposure and disease
- 6 Heads or tails: the role of chance
- 7 All that glitters is not gold: the problem of error
- 8 Muddied waters: the challenge of confounding
- 9 Reading between the lines: reading and writing epidemiological papers
- 10 Who sank the boat? Association and causation
- 11 Assembling the building blocks: reviews and their uses
- 12 Outbreaks, epidemics and clusters
- 13 Watching not waiting: surveillance and epidemiological intelligence
- 14 Prevention: better than cure?
- 15 Early detection: what benefits at what cost?
- 16 A final word…
- Answers to questions
- Appendix 1 Direct standardisation
- Appendix 2 Standard populations
- Appendix 3 Calculating cumulative incidence and lifetime risk from routine data
- Appendix 4 Indirect standardisation
- Appendix 5 Calculating life expectancy from a life table
- Appendix 6 The Mantel-Haenszel method for calculating pooled odds ratios
- Appendix 7 Formulae for calculating confidence intervals for common epidemiological measures
- Glossary
- Index
- References
Summary
A summary is not available for this content so a preview has been provided. Please use the Get access link above for information on how to access this content.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- Essential EpidemiologyAn Introduction for Students and Health Professionals, pp. 237 - 251Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2010
References
(1983). Who Sank the Boat? Thomas Nelson Australia. Republished by Penguin Books Australia Ltd., 1998.
(1852). Influence of elevation on the fatality of cholera. Journal of the Statistical Society London, 15: 155–183.Google Scholar
. (2001). Gastric cancer and Helicobacter pylori: a combined analysis of 12 case–control studies nested within prospective cohorts. Gut, 49: 347–353.Google Scholar
(1965). The environment and disease: association or causation? Proceedings of the Royal Society for Medicine, 58: 295–300.Google Scholar
, ,
et al. (Eds) (2006). Global Burden of Disease and Risk Factors. World Bank and Oxford University Press.
, ,
et al. (2002). Ovarian cancer, cholesterol and eggs: a case–control analysis. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers and Prevention, 11: 1112–1114.Google Scholar
(1986). Modern Epidemiology. Boston: Little Brown & Co.
(2002). Can the “specificity” of an association be rehabilitated as a basis for supporting a causal hypothesis? Epidemiology, 13: 6–8.Google Scholar