This chapter examines a spectrum of civil war and Interregnum venues – literal and textual – in which authors either imagined alternatives to engagement or pursued intellectual projects at some remove from the era’s political, religious and military conflicts. Drawing on longstanding generic practices, foreign and native, as well as various philosophical and religious traditions, numerous writers, mainly Royalist, celebrated country life and rural retirement in order to evade or address Britain’s crisis. Royalist authors also expressed defiant insouciance, shared values and mutual support-in-adversity with innovative contributions to traditional genres, such as the drinking poem, and newer sorts of publications, such as the anthology of verse ‘drollery’. With differing degrees of involvement in current events, like-minded intellectuals, such as Samuel Hartlib’s circle, the Oxford scientific club and the Cambridge Platonists articulated new intellectual visions. Others, such as Thomas Browne and Thomas Urquhart, pursued more solitary intellectual and literary paths for a personal purchase on both their age and eternity, or participated in contemporaries’ group endeavours with self-conscious distinctiveness – as did John Milton, the Puritan convivial poet and Hartlib’s classicising colleague in educational reform.

One of the greatest celebrants of country life and retired contentment, Robert Herrick mixes lyric grace and epigrammatic point in his 1648 volume consisting of the predominantly secular Hesperides and religious Noble Numbers. Hesperides documents ‘Times trans-shifting’ (‘The Argument of his Book’, line 9) – not only seasonal changes, ageing and death, but also English sociopolitical disruption. Yet the polysemous title Hesperides evokes England as a paradisal garden island.