Book contents
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Cross References
- Entries
- Abbott, Robert S.
- Abele, Julian F.
- Affirmative Action
- Africa
- African Blood Brotherhood (ABB)
- Afro-American Studies
- Agriculture
- AIDS
- Ali, Muhammad
- Allen, Richard
- American Revolution
- Anderson, Marian
- Angelou, Maya
- Anticommunism
- Antilynching Campaign
- Antislavery Movement
- Antiterror Wars
- Apartheid
- Architecture
- Art
- Ashe, Arthur R.
- Associated Negro Press (ANP)
- Atlanta Compromise (1895)
- Back-to-Africa Movement
- Baker, Ella J.
- Baker v. Carr (1962)
- Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978)
- Baldwin, James
- Barnett, Claude A.
- Bates, Daisy L.
- Bethune, Mary McLeod
- Birth of a Nation, The (1915)
- Black Arts Movement
- Black Belt
- Black Bourgeoisie (1957)
- Black Manifesto (1969)
- Black Nationalism
- Black Panther Party (BPP)
- Black Power Movement
- Black Towns
- Bloody Sunday
- Bond, Horace M.
- Bond, Julian
- Bouchet, Edward A.
- Brooke, Edward W.
- Brooks, Gwendolyn E.
- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP)
- Brown, Charlotte Hawkins
- Brown, James N. (Jim)
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Buchanan v. Warley (1917)
- Buffalo Soldiers
- Bunche, Ralph J.
- Business
- Caesar, Shirley
- Capitalism
- Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Turé)
- Carver, George Washington
- Chesnutt, Charles W.
- Children's Defense Fund (CDF)
- Chisholm, Shirley A.
- Cities
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Civil Rights Movement (CRM)
- Civil War
- Clark, Kenneth B.
- Clark, Septima P.
- Clubs
- Cold War
- Colonialism
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Constitution, US (1789)
- Conventions, National Negro
- Convict-Lease System
- Cooper, Anna Julia
- Cosby, William H. (Bill)
- Dance
- Davis, Angela Y.
- Davis, W. Allison
- Death Penalty
- Delany, Martin R.
- DePriest, Oscar S.
- Desegregation
- Divine, Father (George Baker)
- Douglass, Frederick
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Drew, Charles R.
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- Durham Manifesto (1942)
- Education
- Ellison, Ralph
- Emancipation
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Evers, Medgar W.
- Executive Order 9981 (1948)
- Exodusters
- Family
- Farmer, James L.
- Farrakhan, Louis A.
- Feminism
- Film
- Fisher, Miles Mark
- Foreign Affairs
- “Forty Acres and a Mule”
- Four Freedoms
- Franklin, Aretha L.
- Franklin, John Hope
- Fraternal Orders and Lodges
- Fraternities
- Free African Society (FAS)
- Free Blacks
- Freedmen's Bank
- Freedmen's Bureau
- Freedom Rides
- Freedom Summer
- Freedom Train
- Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
- Garvey, Marcus M.
- Ghetto
- G. I. Bill (1944)
- Gibson, Althea
- Gospel of Freedom
- Graves, Earl G.
- Great Depression
- Great Migration
- Haitian Revolution
- Hall, Prince
- Hamer, Fannie Lou
- Hampton–Tuskegee Idea
- Hancock, Gordon B.
- Handy, William C. (W. C.)
- Harlem Renaissance
- Harris, Abram L.
- Hastie, William H.
- Height, Dorothy I.
- Higginbotham, H. Leon
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
- Hope, John
- Horne, Lena M.
- Houston, Charles H.
- Hughes, Langston
- Humphrey–Hawkins Bill (1976)
- Immigration
- Indentured Servitude
- Indian Wars
- Institute of the Black World (IBW)
- Interracial Relations
- Jackson, Jesse L.
- Jackson, Luther P.
- Jackson, Mahalia
- Jackson, Michael J.
- Jacobs, Harriet A.
- Jemison, Mae C.
- Jobs Campaigns
- John Brown's Raid
- John Henryism
- Johnson, John A. (Jack)
- Johnson, John H.
- Johnson, Sargent C.
- Jordan, Barbara C.
- Jordan, Michael J.
- Journalism
- Journey of Reconciliation (1947)
- Just, Ernest E.
- Justice, US Department of
- Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
- Kerner Report
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.
- Korean War
- Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
- Kwanzaa
- Labor
- Law Enforcement
- Lawson, James M.
- Lee, Shelton J. (Spike)
- Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
- Lewis, Edmonia
- Lewis, John R.
- Lewis, Reginald F.
- “Lift Every Voice and Sing”
- Literature
- Little (X), Malcolm
- Little Rock Crisis
- Louis, Joe
- Loving v. Virginia (1967)
- Mandela, Nelson R.
- Manumission
- March on Washington (1963)
- March on Washington Movement (MOWM)
- Marshall, Thurgood
- Massive Resistance
- Mays, Benjamin E.
- McCoy, Elijah J.
- McKissick, Floyd B.
- McKissick v. Carmichael (1951)
- Medicine
- Micheaux, Oscar
- Military
- Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
- Minorities, Racial and Ethnic
- Miscegenation
- Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
- Mitchell, Clarence M.
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Moore, Harry T.
- Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
- Morrison, Toni
- Moseley-Braun, Carol
- Motley, Constance Baker
- Moynihan Report
- Muhammad, Elijah
- Multiculturalism
- Murray, Pauli
- Music
- Nation of Islam (NOI)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW)
- National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
- National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
- National Urban League (NUL)
- Négritude
- Negro History Movement
- New Left
- New Negro Movement
- Niagara Movement
- Norris v. Alabama (1935)
- Obama, Barack H.
- Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity)
- Owens, James C. (Jesse)
- Pan-African Movement
- Parks, Gordon
- Parks, Rosa L.
- Persian Gulf War
- Philanthropy
- Photography
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Politics
- Port Chicago Mutiny (1944)
- Poverty
- Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.
- Powell, Colin L.
- Race Labels
- Race Man/Woman
- Randolph, A. Philip
- Reconstruction (1865–77)
- Redistricting
- Religion
- Resegregation
- Rice, Condoleeza
- Robeson, Paul
- Robinson, Jack R. (Jackie)
- Roots
- Rosenwald Schools
- Rustin, Bayard T.
- Scholarship
- Science
- Segregation
- Share Croppers’ Union (SCU)
- Sharecropping
- Shaw v. Reno (1993)
- Sit-ins
- Slavery
- Smith v. Allwright (1944)
- Societies, Mutual Aid
- Sororities
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC)
- Spanish-American War
- Spaulding, Charles C.
- Sports
- State Convention of Colored Men of Texas (1883)
- Student Activism
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
- Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
- Talented Tenth
- Technology
- Television
- Temperance Movement
- Terrell, Mary Church
- Theatre
- Thomas, Clarence
- Thurman, Howard
- TransAfrica
- Truth, Sojourner
- Tubman, Harriet R.
- Tuskegee Experiment
- Tuskegee Machine
- Underground Railroad
- United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
- Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
- Vietnam War
- Violence, Racial
- Voter Education Project (VEP)
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Wagner Act (1935)
- Walker, Alice
- Walker, David
- Walker, Madam C. J.
- Walker, Maggie Lena
- Washington, Booker T.
- Weaver, Robert C.
- Welfare
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
- Wheatley, Phillis
- White, Walter F.
- Wilder, L. Douglas
- Wilkins, Roy O.
- Williams, Robert F.
- Wilmington Ten
- Winfrey, Oprah G.
- Woods, Eldrick T. (Tiger)
- Woodson, Carter G.
- World War I
- World War II
- Wright, Richard
- Young, Andrew J.
- Young, Plummer B.
- Young, Whitney M.
- Index
- References
Little Rock Crisis
from Entries
Published online by Cambridge University Press: 05 March 2016
- Frontmatter
- Contents
- Preface
- Cross References
- Entries
- Abbott, Robert S.
- Abele, Julian F.
- Affirmative Action
- Africa
- African Blood Brotherhood (ABB)
- Afro-American Studies
- Agriculture
- AIDS
- Ali, Muhammad
- Allen, Richard
- American Revolution
- Anderson, Marian
- Angelou, Maya
- Anticommunism
- Antilynching Campaign
- Antislavery Movement
- Antiterror Wars
- Apartheid
- Architecture
- Art
- Ashe, Arthur R.
- Associated Negro Press (ANP)
- Atlanta Compromise (1895)
- Back-to-Africa Movement
- Baker, Ella J.
- Baker v. Carr (1962)
- Bakke v. Board of Regents of California (1978)
- Baldwin, James
- Barnett, Claude A.
- Bates, Daisy L.
- Bethune, Mary McLeod
- Birth of a Nation, The (1915)
- Black Arts Movement
- Black Belt
- Black Bourgeoisie (1957)
- Black Manifesto (1969)
- Black Nationalism
- Black Panther Party (BPP)
- Black Power Movement
- Black Towns
- Bloody Sunday
- Bond, Horace M.
- Bond, Julian
- Bouchet, Edward A.
- Brooke, Edward W.
- Brooks, Gwendolyn E.
- Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters (BSCP)
- Brown, Charlotte Hawkins
- Brown, James N. (Jim)
- Brown v. Board of Education (1954)
- Buchanan v. Warley (1917)
- Buffalo Soldiers
- Bunche, Ralph J.
- Business
- Caesar, Shirley
- Capitalism
- Carmichael, Stokely (Kwame Turé)
- Carver, George Washington
- Chesnutt, Charles W.
- Children's Defense Fund (CDF)
- Chisholm, Shirley A.
- Cities
- Civil Rights Act of 1957
- Civil Rights Act of 1964
- Civil Rights Act of 1968
- Civil Rights Movement (CRM)
- Civil War
- Clark, Kenneth B.
- Clark, Septima P.
- Clubs
- Cold War
- Colonialism
- Congress of Racial Equality (CORE)
- Constitution, US (1789)
- Conventions, National Negro
- Convict-Lease System
- Cooper, Anna Julia
- Cosby, William H. (Bill)
- Dance
- Davis, Angela Y.
- Davis, W. Allison
- Death Penalty
- Delany, Martin R.
- DePriest, Oscar S.
- Desegregation
- Divine, Father (George Baker)
- Douglass, Frederick
- Dred Scott v. Sandford (1857)
- Drew, Charles R.
- Du Bois, W. E. B.
- Durham Manifesto (1942)
- Education
- Ellison, Ralph
- Emancipation
- Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC)
- Evers, Medgar W.
- Executive Order 9981 (1948)
- Exodusters
- Family
- Farmer, James L.
- Farrakhan, Louis A.
- Feminism
- Film
- Fisher, Miles Mark
- Foreign Affairs
- “Forty Acres and a Mule”
- Four Freedoms
- Franklin, Aretha L.
- Franklin, John Hope
- Fraternal Orders and Lodges
- Fraternities
- Free African Society (FAS)
- Free Blacks
- Freedmen's Bank
- Freedmen's Bureau
- Freedom Rides
- Freedom Summer
- Freedom Train
- Fugitive Slave Act (1850)
- Garvey, Marcus M.
- Ghetto
- G. I. Bill (1944)
- Gibson, Althea
- Gospel of Freedom
- Graves, Earl G.
- Great Depression
- Great Migration
- Haitian Revolution
- Hall, Prince
- Hamer, Fannie Lou
- Hampton–Tuskegee Idea
- Hancock, Gordon B.
- Handy, William C. (W. C.)
- Harlem Renaissance
- Harris, Abram L.
- Hastie, William H.
- Height, Dorothy I.
- Higginbotham, H. Leon
- Historically Black Colleges and Universities (HBCUs)
- Hope, John
- Horne, Lena M.
- Houston, Charles H.
- Hughes, Langston
- Humphrey–Hawkins Bill (1976)
- Immigration
- Indentured Servitude
- Indian Wars
- Institute of the Black World (IBW)
- Interracial Relations
- Jackson, Jesse L.
- Jackson, Luther P.
- Jackson, Mahalia
- Jackson, Michael J.
- Jacobs, Harriet A.
- Jemison, Mae C.
- Jobs Campaigns
- John Brown's Raid
- John Henryism
- Johnson, John A. (Jack)
- Johnson, John H.
- Johnson, Sargent C.
- Jordan, Barbara C.
- Jordan, Michael J.
- Journalism
- Journey of Reconciliation (1947)
- Just, Ernest E.
- Justice, US Department of
- Katzenbach v. McClung (1964)
- Kerner Report
- King, Martin Luther, Jr.
- Korean War
- Ku Klux Klan (KKK)
- Kwanzaa
- Labor
- Law Enforcement
- Lawson, James M.
- Lee, Shelton J. (Spike)
- Letter from Birmingham Jail (1963)
- Lewis, Edmonia
- Lewis, John R.
- Lewis, Reginald F.
- “Lift Every Voice and Sing”
- Literature
- Little (X), Malcolm
- Little Rock Crisis
- Louis, Joe
- Loving v. Virginia (1967)
- Mandela, Nelson R.
- Manumission
- March on Washington (1963)
- March on Washington Movement (MOWM)
- Marshall, Thurgood
- Massive Resistance
- Mays, Benjamin E.
- McCoy, Elijah J.
- McKissick, Floyd B.
- McKissick v. Carmichael (1951)
- Medicine
- Micheaux, Oscar
- Military
- Milliken v. Bradley (1974)
- Minorities, Racial and Ethnic
- Miscegenation
- Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party (MFDP)
- Mitchell, Clarence M.
- Montgomery Bus Boycott
- Moore, Harry T.
- Morgan v. Virginia (1946)
- Morrison, Toni
- Moseley-Braun, Carol
- Motley, Constance Baker
- Moynihan Report
- Muhammad, Elijah
- Multiculturalism
- Murray, Pauli
- Music
- Nation of Islam (NOI)
- National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)
- National Association of Black Social Workers (NABSW)
- National Association of Colored Women (NACW)
- National Council of Negro Women (NCNW)
- National Urban League (NUL)
- Négritude
- Negro History Movement
- New Left
- New Negro Movement
- Niagara Movement
- Norris v. Alabama (1935)
- Obama, Barack H.
- Operation PUSH (People United to Save Humanity)
- Owens, James C. (Jesse)
- Pan-African Movement
- Parks, Gordon
- Parks, Rosa L.
- Persian Gulf War
- Philanthropy
- Photography
- Plessy v. Ferguson (1896)
- Politics
- Port Chicago Mutiny (1944)
- Poverty
- Powell, Adam Clayton, Jr.
- Powell, Colin L.
- Race Labels
- Race Man/Woman
- Randolph, A. Philip
- Reconstruction (1865–77)
- Redistricting
- Religion
- Resegregation
- Rice, Condoleeza
- Robeson, Paul
- Robinson, Jack R. (Jackie)
- Roots
- Rosenwald Schools
- Rustin, Bayard T.
- Scholarship
- Science
- Segregation
- Share Croppers’ Union (SCU)
- Sharecropping
- Shaw v. Reno (1993)
- Sit-ins
- Slavery
- Smith v. Allwright (1944)
- Societies, Mutual Aid
- Sororities
- Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)
- Southern Negro Youth Congress (SNYC)
- Spanish-American War
- Spaulding, Charles C.
- Sports
- State Convention of Colored Men of Texas (1883)
- Student Activism
- Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)
- Swann v. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Board of Education (1971)
- Sweatt v. Painter (1950)
- Talented Tenth
- Technology
- Television
- Temperance Movement
- Terrell, Mary Church
- Theatre
- Thomas, Clarence
- Thurman, Howard
- TransAfrica
- Truth, Sojourner
- Tubman, Harriet R.
- Tuskegee Experiment
- Tuskegee Machine
- Underground Railroad
- United Negro College Fund (UNCF)
- Universal Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)
- Vietnam War
- Violence, Racial
- Voter Education Project (VEP)
- Voting Rights Act of 1965
- Wagner Act (1935)
- Walker, Alice
- Walker, David
- Walker, Madam C. J.
- Walker, Maggie Lena
- Washington, Booker T.
- Weaver, Robert C.
- Welfare
- Wells-Barnett, Ida B.
- Wheatley, Phillis
- White, Walter F.
- Wilder, L. Douglas
- Wilkins, Roy O.
- Williams, Robert F.
- Wilmington Ten
- Winfrey, Oprah G.
- Woods, Eldrick T. (Tiger)
- Woodson, Carter G.
- World War I
- World War II
- Wright, Richard
- Young, Andrew J.
- Young, Plummer B.
- Young, Whitney M.
- Index
- References
Summary
Advised by the Arkansas NAACP, nine black students (five women, four men) transferred to Little Rock's all-white Central High (1957). It fueled a white backlash and revealed their remarkable courage.
Crisis ensued from opening day. The state National Guard blocked Central's entrance on Governor Orville Faubus's orders as a mob harassed the students. President Dwight Eisenhower urged Faubus to comply; in the meantime guardsmen withdrew and local police became students’ protectors. But Faubus was defiant and racial violence escalated. To enforce school desegregation and keep the peace, the president federalized the state Guard and ordered in the 101st Airborne Division. The division remained at Central High for more than two months; Guard units did so until the end of the year. Desegregation then stalled as the city closed its schools in 1958–59.
The “Little Rock Nine” were courageous and empowered. They drew strength from the black community, whose churches and civic and educational groups helped build Arkansas’ freedom movement. Melba Pattillo never forgot “the daily insults and abuse at school” but appreciated that “a few white students were trying to reach out to us.” Ernest Green, Central High's first black graduate (1958), considered his ordeal to be a victory, adding “I had cracked the wall” of segregation.
- Type
- Chapter
- Information
- The Cambridge Guide to African American History , pp. 172 - 173Publisher: Cambridge University PressPrint publication year: 2016