Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-78c5997874-94fs2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-11-02T19:25:15.015Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

12 - The cognitive revolution

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 September 2015

John D. Greenwood
Affiliation:
City University of New York
Get access

Summary

The “cognitive revolution” in psychology emerged from postwar developments in information theory and computer science. The development of the electronic computer created a new and technically proven model of the mind as a mechanical information processor, conceived of as operating on the same sorts of “rules and representations” employed by “intelligent” machines (Bechtel, 1988).

One of the peculiarities of the cognitive revolution was that many of its pioneers came to conceive of their own intellectual achievement in terms of Thomas Kuhn's (1970) analysis of the structure of scientific revolutions, according to which one general theoretical or methodological paradigm is replaced by a radically different paradigm, under the pressure of accumulating empirical anomalies (Lachman et al., 1979). Kuhn's influential The Structure of Scientific Revolutions was first published in 1962, as the new forms of cognitive psychology were being advanced and developed by Jerome Bruner (1915–), George Miller (1920–2012), Ulric Neisser (1928–2012), Allen Newell (1927–1992), and Herbert Simon (1915–2001). As James J. Jenkins (1923–2012) later remarked, during the early years of the cognitive revolution in psychology, “everyone toted around their little copy of Kuhn's The Structure of Scientific Revolutions” (Jenkins, quoted in Baars, 1986, p. 249).

Although there was no revolution in the strict Kuhnian sense, the development of cognitive theories from the 1950s and 1960s onward did mark a genuine discontinuity with behaviorist theories, including later “liberalized” neobehaviorist theories in terms of internal “mediating” r–s sequences (Miller, 1959; Osgood, 1957). Although the primary stimulus for the cognitive revolution came from without, the empirical problems faced by neobehaviorism in the 1950s and 1960s created an intellectual climate that left many psychologists predisposed to theoretical and methodical change. As Jenkins put it, “things were boiling over…a new day was coming” (Jenkins, quoted in Baars, 1986, p. 249).

Information theory

The primary stimulus for the growth of cognitive psychology came from outside academic psychology, notably from developments in logic, mathematics, and computer science, which were a product of applied research on radar, message encoding, and missile guidance conducted during the Second World War.

Type
Chapter
Information
A Conceptual History of Psychology
Exploring the Tangled Web
, pp. 454 - 494
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

American Psychological Association. (2001). Directory of the American Psychological Association: 2001 edition. Washington, DC: Author.
American Psychological Association. (2013). Directory of the American Psychological Association: 2013 edition. Washington, DC: Author.
Amsel, A. (1989). Behaviorism, Neobehaviorism, and Cognitivism in Learning Theory: Historical and Contemporary Perspectives. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (1978). Arguments concerning representations for mental imagery. Psychological Review, 85, 249–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, J. (1981). Concepts, propositions, and schemata: what are the cognitive units? In Flowers, J. H. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 28. Cognitive Processes. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Anderson, J. (1983). The Architecture of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Angell, J. R. (1907). The province of functional psychology. Psychological Review, 14, 61–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Association for Psychological Science. (2014). History of APS. Association for Psychological Science Website.
Astington, J. W., Olson, D., and Harris, P. (Eds.) (1988). Developing Theories of Mind. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Baars, B. J. (1986). The Cognitive Revolution in Psychology. New York, NY: Guilford Press.Google Scholar
Baddeley, A. (1994). The magical number seven: still magic after all these years?Psychological Review, 101, 353–356.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bartlett, F. C. (1932). Remembering. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Bartlett, F. C. (1943). Fatigue following highly skilled work. Proceedings of the Royal Society, 131, 247–257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bechtel, W. (1988). Connectionism and rules and representation systems: are they compatible?Philosophical Psychology, 1, 5–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, A. T. (1976). Cognitive Therapy and Emotional Disorders. New York, NY: International Universities Press.Google Scholar
Boden, M. (1997). Promise and achievement in cognitive science. In Johnson, D. M. and Erneling, C. E. (Eds.), The Future of the Cognitive Revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Brewer, M. B. (1994). Growing up with APA: the next five years. APS Observer, 10.Google Scholar
Broadbent, D. E. (1957). A mechanical model for human attention and immediate memory. Psychological Review, 64, 205–215.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Broadbent, D. E. (1958). Perception and Communication. Oxford: Pergamon Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. (1980). Jerome S. Bruner. In Lindzey, G. (Ed.), A History of Psychology in Autobiography. (Vol. 7.) San Francisco, CA: Freeman.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S., Goodnow, J., and Austin, G. (1956). A Study of Thinking. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. and Krech, D. (Eds.) (1950). Perception and Personality. Durham, NC: University of North Carolina Press.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S., Oliver, R. R., and Greenfield, P. M. (1966). Studies in Cognitive Growth. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Bruner, J. S. and Postman, L. (1947a). Emotional selectivity in perception and reaction. Journal of Personality, 16, 69–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruner, J. S. and Postman, L. (1947b). Tension and tension-release as organizing factors in perception. Journal of Personality, 15, 300–308.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bruner, J. S. and Postman, L. (1949). On perception of incongruity: a paradigm. Journal of Personality, 18, 206–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chomsky, N. (1959). Review of B. F. Skinner's Verbal Behavior. Language, 35, 26–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cohen, D. (1977). Psychologists on Psychology. New York, NY: Taplinger.Google ScholarPubMed
Craik, K. J. W. (1947). Theory of the human operator in control systems: II. Man as an element in a control system. British Journal of Psychology, 38, 142–148.Google Scholar
de Groot, A. D. (1946). Het denken van denschaker [Thought and Choice in Chess]. Amsterdam: Noord-Hollandsche Uitgevers Maatschappij.Google Scholar
Dennett, D. C. (1991). Two contrasts: folk craft versus folk science, and belief versus opinion. In Greenwood, J. D. (Ed.), The Future of Folk Psychology: Intentionality and Cognitive Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Dreyfus, H. L. (1972). What Computers Can't Do: A Critique of Artificial Reason. New York, NY: Harper and Row.Google Scholar
Duncker, K. (1945). On problem solving. (Lees, L. S., Trans.) Psychological Monographs, No. 270. (Original work published 1935.)CrossRef
Durkin, H. E. (1937). Trial and error, gradual analysis and sudden reorganization: an experimental study of problem solving. Archives of Psychology, 210.Google Scholar
Dupuy, J-P. (2000). The Mechanization of the Mind: On the Origins of Cognitive Science (DeBevoise, M. B., Trans.) Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Ellis, A. (1984). Rational-emotive therapy. In Corsini, R. J. (Ed.), Current Psychotherapies. (edn.) Itasca, IL: Peacock.Google Scholar
Ericsson, K. A. and Simon, H. (1980). Verbal reports as data. Psychological Review, 87, 215–281.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fiske, S. T. and Taylor, S. E. (1982). Social Cognition. New York, NY: Random House.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1975). The Language of Thought. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. (1983). The Modularity of Mind. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Fodor, J. A. and Pylyshyn, Z. W. (1988). Connectionism and cognitive architecture: a critical analysis. Cognition, 28, 3–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Frick, F. C. and Miller, G. A. (1951). A statistical description of operant conditioning. American Journal of Psychology, 64, 20–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gardner, H. (1985). The Mind's New Science: A History of the Cognitive Revolution. New York, NY: Basic Books.Google Scholar
Garner, W. R. (1962). Uncertainty and Structure as Psychological Concepts. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Goldstein, K. and Scheerer, M. (1941). Abstract and concrete behavior: an experimental study with special tests. Psychological Monographs, 53(2).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Griffin, D. R. (1976). The Question of Animal Awareness: Evolutionary Continuity of Mental Experience. New York, NY: Rockefeller Press.Google Scholar
Hanfmann, E. and Kasanin, J. (1937). A method for the study of concept formation. Journal of Psychology, 3, 521–540.Google Scholar
Haselager, W. F. G. (1997). Cognitive Psychology and Folk Psychology: The Right Frame of Mind. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
Hearnshaw, L. S. (1989). The Shaping of Modern Psychology: A Historical Introduction. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949). The Organization of Behavior. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Heidbreder, E. (1945). Toward a dynamic psychology of cognition. Psychological Review, 52, 1–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidbreder, E. (1946a). The attainment of concepts. I: terminology and methodology. Journal of General Psychology, 35, 173–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Heidbreder, E. (1946b). The attainment of concepts. II: the problem. Journal of General Psychology, 35, 191–223.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heidbreder, E. (1947). The attainment of concepts. III: the process. Journal of Psychology, 24, 93–138.Google Scholar
Hodges, A. (1992). Alan Turing: The Enigma. (Rev. edn.) London: Vintage.Google Scholar
Holdstock, L. T. (1994). Is the cognitive revolution all it is made up to be?American Psychologist, 49, 819–820.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hovland, C. I. (1952). A “communication analysis” of concept learning. Psychological Review, 59, 461–472.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hovland, C. I. (1960). Computer simulation of thinking. American Psychologist, 15, 687–693.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1920). Quantitative aspects of the evolution of concepts: an experimental approach. Psychological Monographs, 28 (Whole No. 123).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hull, C. L. (1937). Mind, mechanism and adaptive behavior. Psychological Review, 44, 1–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, E. B. (1962). Concept Learning: An Information Processing Problem. New York, NY: Wiley.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hunt, M. (1994). The Story of Psychology. New York, NY: Anchor Books.Google Scholar
Janis, I. L. and Frick, F. (1943). The relationship between attitudes towards conclusions and errors in judging logical validity of syllogisms. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 33, 73–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jenkins, J. J. (1981). Can we find a fruitful cognitive psychology? In Flowers, J. H. (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation, 1980: Vol. 28. Cognitive Processes. Lincoln, NE: University of Nebraska Press.Google Scholar
Johnson-Laird, J. (1983). Mental Models: Towards a Cognitive Science of Language, Inference and Consciousness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kendler, H. H. (1952). What is learned? – a theoretical blind alley. Psychological Review, 59, 269–277.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kendler, H. H. and Kendler, T. S. (1975). From discrimination learning to cognitive development: a neobehaviorist odyssey. In Estes, W. K. (Ed.), Handbook of Learning and Cognitive Processes. (Vol. 1.) Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kimble, G. A. (1995). Discussant's remarks: from chaos to coherence in psychology. International Newsletter of Uninomic Psychology, 15, 34–38.Google Scholar
Knapp, T. J. (1985). Contributions to the history of psychology: T. V. Moore and his “Cognitive psychology.”Psychological Reports, 357, 1311–1316.Google Scholar
Knapp, T. J. (1986). The emergence of cognitive psychology in the latter half of the twentieth century. In Knapp, T. J. and Robertson, L. C. (Eds.), Approaches to Cognition: Contrasts and Controversies. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Kosslyn, S. M. (1980). Image and Mind. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Krantz, D. L. (1972). The mutual isolation of operant and non-operant psychology as a case study. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 8, 86–102.3.0.CO;2-B>CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kuhn, T. S. (1970). The Structure of Scientific Revolutions. (edn.) Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Külpe, O. (1964). The modern psychology of thinking. In Mandler, G. and Mandler, J. M. (Eds. and Trans.), Thinking: From Association to Gestalt. New York, NY: Wiley. (Original work published 1912 in German.)Google Scholar
Lachman, J. R., Lachman, J., and Butterfield, E. (1979). Cognitive Psychology and Information Processing. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Leahey, T. H. (1992). The mythical revolutions of American psychology. American Psychologist, 47, 308–318.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lefford, A. (1946). The influence of emotional subject matter on logical reasoning. Journal of General Psychology, 34, 127–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Long, L. (1937). Conceptual relationships in children: the concept of roundness. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 57, 289–315.Google Scholar
Lovie, A. D. (1983). Attention and behaviorism – fact and fiction. British Journal of Psychology, 74, 301–310.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luchins, A. S. (1942). Mechanization in problem-solving. Psychological Monographs, 54 (No. 248).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1930). Reasoning in humans. I. On direction. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 10, 115–143.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1931). Reasoning in humans. II. The solution of a problem and its appearance in consciousness. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 12, 181–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1933). An aspect of human reasoning. British Journal of Psychology, 24, 144–155.Google Scholar
Maier, N. R. F. (1945). Reasoning in humans. III. The mechanisms of equivalent stimuli and of reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 35, 349–360.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mandler, G. (1979). Emotion. In Hearst, E. (Ed.), The First Century of Experimental Psychology. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Mandler, G. (2002). Origins of the cognitive (r)evolution. Journal for the History of the Behavioral Sciences, 38, 339–353.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Marr, D. (1982). Vision: A Computational Investigation into the Human Representation and Processing of Visual Information. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.Google Scholar
McClelland, J. L., Rumelhart, D. E., and Hinton, G. E. (1986). The appeal of parallel distributed processing. In Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., and the PDP Research Group. (Eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Vol.1. Foundations. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
McCulloch, W. S. and Pitts, W. (1943). A logical calculus of the ideas immanent in nervous activity. Bulletin of Mathematical Biophysics, 5, 115–133.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1951). Language and Communication. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1953). What is information measurement?American Psychologist, 8, 3–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1956). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 63, 81–97.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1962). Some psychological studies of grammar. American Psychologist, 17, 748–762.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, G. A. (1965). Some preliminaries to psycholinguistics. American Psychologist, 20, 15–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A. (1989). George A. Miller. In Lindzey, G. (Ed.), A History of Psychology in Autobiography. (Vol. 8.) Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Miller, G. A. and Frick, F. C. (1949). Statistical behavioristics and sequences of responses. Psychological Review, 56, 311–324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, G. A., Galanter, E., and Pribram, K. H. (1960). Plans and the Structure of Behavior. New York, NY: Holt.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, N. E. (1959). Liberalization of basic S-R concepts. In Koch, S. (Ed.), Psychology: Study of a Science. (Vol. 2.) New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
Minsky, M. (1963). Steps towards artificial intelligence. In Feigenbaum, E. A. and Feldman, J. (Eds.), Computers and Thought. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. (Originally circulated in 1957.)Google Scholar
Mitchell, C. J., Houwer, J. D., and Lovibond, P.F. (2009). The propositional nature of human associative learning. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 32, 183–246.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Moore, T. V. (1938). Cognitive Psychology. Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott.Google Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1896). Habit and Instinct. London: Arnold.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, C. L. (1977). Introduction to comparative psychology. In Robinson, D. N. (Ed.), Significant Contributions to the History of Psychology, 1750–1920. Series D: Comparative Psychology (Vol. 2). Washington, DC: University Publications of America. (Original work published 1894.)Google Scholar
Morgan, J. J. B. (1944). Effect of non-rational factors on inductive reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 34, 159–168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Morgan, J. J. B. and Morton, J. T. (1940). The distortion of syllogistic reasoning produced by personal convictions. Journal of Social Psychology, 20, 39–59.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1967). Cognitive Psychology. New York, NY: Appleton–Century–Crofts.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1976). Cognition and Reality. San Francisco, CA: Freeman.Google Scholar
Neisser, U. (1997). The future of cognitive science: an ecological analysis. In Johnson, D. M. and Erneling, C. E. (Eds.), The Future of the Cognitive Revolution. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Newell, A. (1973). You can't play twenty questions with nature and win. In Chase, W. G. (Ed.), Visual Information Processing. New York, NY: Academic Press.Google Scholar
Newell, A., Shaw, J. C., and Simon, H. A. (1958). Elements of a theory of problem solving. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.Google Scholar
Newell, A. and Simon, H. (1972). Historical addendum. In Newell, A. and Simon, H., Human Problem Solving. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. and Ross, L. (1980). Human Inference: Strategies and Shortcomings in Social Judgment. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall.Google Scholar
Nisbett, R. E. and Wilson, T. D. (1977). Telling more than we can know: verbal reports on mental processes. Psychological Review, 84, 231–259.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Osgood, C. E. (1953). Method and Theory in Experimental Psychology. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Osgood, C. E. (1957). A behaviorist analysis of perception and language as cognitive phenomena. In Gruber, H. E. (Ed.), Contemporary Approaches to Cognition. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Palermo, D. S. (1971). Is a scientific revolution taking place in psychology?Science Studies, 1, 135–155.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pavio, A. (1971). Imagery and Verbal Processes. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart, and Winston.Google Scholar
Pease, R. (2012). Alan Turing: inquest's suicide verdict ‘not supportable.’ BBC News Online. June 23.
Penn, D. C., Holyoak, K. J, and Povinelli, D.J. (2008). Darwin's mistake: explaining the discontinuity between human and animal minds. Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 31, 109–178.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Perner, J., Leekam, S. R., and Wimmer, H. (1987). Three-year-olds’ difficulty with false belief: the case for a conceptual deficit. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 5, 125–137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Piaget, J. (1926). The Language and Thought of the Child. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, and Trubner.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1927). Judgment and Reasoning in the Child. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, and Trubner.Google Scholar
Piaget, J. (1930). The Child's Conception of Physical Causality. London: Kegan Paul, Trench, and Trubner.Google Scholar
Port, R. and Gelder, T. (Eds.) (1995). Mind as Motion: Explorations in the Dynamics of Cognition. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Premack, D. and Premack, A. J. (1983). The Mind of an Ape. New York, NY: Norton.Google Scholar
Quine, W. V. O. (1960). Word and Object. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rapaport, D. (1951). Organization and Pathology of Thought. New York, NY: Columbia University Press.Google Scholar
Reed, H. (1946a). Factors influencing the learning and retention of concepts. I. The influence of set. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36, 71–87.Google Scholar
Reed, H. B. (1946b). The learning and retention of concepts. II. The influence of length of series. III. The origin of concepts. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36, 166–179.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Reed, H. B. (1946c). The learning and retention of concepts. IV. The influence of complexity of the stimuli. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 36, 252–261.Google Scholar
Rees, H. J. and Israel, H. C. (1935). An investigation of the establishment and operation of mental sets. Psychological Monographs, 46 (No. 210).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roitblat, H. L. (1987). Introduction to Comparative Cognition. New York, NY: Freeman.Google Scholar
Rosch, E. and Lloyd, B. B. (Eds.) (1978). Cognition and Categorization. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Rosenblueth, A., Wiener, N., and Bigelow, J. (1943). Behavior, purpose and teleology. Philosophy of Science, 10, 18–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E. and McClelland, J. L. (1986a). On learning the past tense of English verbs. In Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L., and the PDP Research Group. (Eds.), Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Vol. 2. Psychological and Biological Models. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Rumelhart, D. E., McClelland, J. L, and the PDP Research Group. (Eds.) (1986b). Parallel Distributed Processing: Explorations in the Microstructure of Cognition: Vol. 1. Foundations. Vol. 2. Psychological and Biological Models. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Google Scholar
Russell, B. and Whitehead, A. N. (1910). Principia Mathematica. Cambridge: The University Press.Google Scholar
Salisbury, R. (1934). A study of the transfer effects of training in logical organization. Journal of Educational Research, 28, 241–254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. C. and Abelson, R. (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals and Understanding. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. (1987). Connectionism: is a paradigm shift taking place?Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers, 19, 73–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Seashore, R. H. (1940). The pyramid puzzle, a useful device for studying thought. American Journal of Psychology, 51, 549–557.Google Scholar
Searle, J. (1980). Minds, brains, and programs. The Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 3, 417–457.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sells, S. B. (1936). The atmosphere effect: an experimental study of reasoning. Archives of Psychology, 200.Google Scholar
Selz, O. (1922). Zur Psychologie des produktiven Denkens und des Irrtums [About the Psychology of Productive Thinking and Error]. Bonn: Cohen.Google Scholar
Selz, O. (1964). The revision of the fundamental conceptions of intellectual processes. In Mandler, G. and Mandler, J. M. (Eds.), Thinking: From Association to Gestalt. New York, NY: Wiley. (Original work published 1927.)Google Scholar
Serra, R. and Zanarini, G. (1990). Complex Systems and Cognitive Processes. Berlin: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schank, R. and Ableson, R. (1977). Scripts, Plans, Goals, and Understanding: An Inquiry into Human Knowledge Structure. Hillsdale, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.Google Scholar
Shannon, C. E. (1938). A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits. Master's thesis, MIT.
Shannon, C. E. (1948). A mathematical model of communication. Bell System Technical Journal, 27, 379–423, 623–656.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shannon, C. E. and Weaver, W. (1949). The Mathematical Theory of Communication. Urbana, IL: University of Illinois Press.Google Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1987). Toward a universal law of generalization for psychological science. Science, 237, 1317–1323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shepard, R. N. (1995). Mental universals: towards a twenty-first century science of mind. In Solso, R. L. and Massaro, D. W. (Eds.), The Science of the Mind: 2001 and Beyond. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Simon, H. A. (1962). An information processing theory of intellectual development. In Kessen, W. and Kuhlman, C. (Eds.), Thought in the young child. Monographs on Social Research and Child Development, 27(2), Serial No. 83.Google ScholarPubMed
Skinner, B. F. (1985). Cognitive science and behaviorism. British Journal of Psychology, 76, 291–301.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Skinner, B. F. (1990). Can psychology be a science of the mind?American Psychologist, 45, 1206–1210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spence, J. T. (1987). Centrifugal versus centripetal tendencies in psychology: will the center hold?American Psychologist, 42, 1052–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Staats, A. W. (1983). Psychology's Crisis of Disunity: Philosophy and Method for a Unified Science. New York, NY: Praeger.Google Scholar
Stevens, S. S. (Ed.) (1951). Handbook of Experimental Psychology. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1932). Purposive Behavior in Animals and Men. New York, NY: Century.Google Scholar
Tolman, E. C. (1948). Cognitive maps in rats and men. Psychological Review, 55, 189–209.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turing, A. (1936). On computable numbers, with an application to the Entscheidungs problem. Proceedings of the London Mathematical Society, 42, 230–265.Google Scholar
Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 51, 433–460.Google Scholar
Turing, A. (1992). Proposed electronic calculator. National Physical Laboratory Report. In Britton, J. L., Ince, D. C., and Saunders, P. T. (Eds.), Collected Works of Alan Turing. New York, NY: Elsevier. (Original work published 1946.)Google Scholar
Vinacke, W. E. (1952). The Psychology of Thinking. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar
von Neumann, J. (1951). The general and logical theory of automata. In Jeffress, L. A. (Ed.), Cerebral Mechanisms in Behavior: The Hixon Symposium. New York, NY: Wiley.Google Scholar
Vygotsky, L. S. (1986). Thought and Language. (Kozulin, A., Trans.) Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. (Original work published 1934.)Google Scholar
Walter, W. G. (1953). The Living Brain. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar
Weimer, W. B. and Palermo, D. S. (1973). Paradigms and normal science in psychology. Science Studies, 3, 211–244.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wellman, H. M. and Esters, D. (1986). Early understanding of mental entities: a reexamination of childhood realism. Child Development, 57, 910–923.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Welch, L. and Long, L. (1943). Comparison of the reasoning ability of two age groups. Journal of Genetic Psychology, 62, 63–76.Google Scholar
Wiener, N. (1948). Cybernetics, Or Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine. New York, NY: Wiley.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkins, M. C. (1928). The effect of changed material on ability to do formal syllogistic reasoning. Archives of Psychiatry, 102.Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S. (1938). Experimental Psychology. New York, NY: Holt.Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S. and Schlosberg, R. (1954). Experimental Psychology (edn.). New York, NY: Holt.Google Scholar
Woodworth, R. S. and Sells, S. B. (1935). An atmospheric effect in syllogistic reasoning. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 18, 451–460.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wundt, W. (1912). An Introduction to Psychology. London: Allen and Unwin.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Youtz, R. P. (1948). The relation between number of confirmations of one hypothesis and the speed of accepting a new and incompatible hypothesis. American Psychologist, 3, 248–249.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • The cognitive revolution
  • John D. Greenwood, City University of New York
  • Book: A Conceptual History of Psychology
  • Online publication: 05 September 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107414914.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • The cognitive revolution
  • John D. Greenwood, City University of New York
  • Book: A Conceptual History of Psychology
  • Online publication: 05 September 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107414914.013
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • The cognitive revolution
  • John D. Greenwood, City University of New York
  • Book: A Conceptual History of Psychology
  • Online publication: 05 September 2015
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781107414914.013
Available formats
×