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3.11.2 - Sodium

from Section 3.11 - Metabolic Disorders

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 July 2023

By
Clare Morkane
Edited by
Ned Gilbert-Kawai ,
Debashish Dutta  and
Carl Waldmann
Ned Gilbert-Kawai
Affiliation:
The Royal Liverpool Hospital
Debashish Dutta
Affiliation:
Princess Alexandra Hospital NHS Trust, Harlow
Carl Waldmann
Affiliation:
Royal Berkshire Hospital, Reading
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Summary

Key Learning Points

  1. 1. Disorders of sodium balance are frequently encountered in critically ill patients.

  2. 2. Measurement of serum and urinary electrolytes and osmolality and clinical assessment of volume status are essential components of the diagnostic approach to the patient with an abnormal serum sodium level.

  3. 3. Life-threatening neurological complications can arise from both an acute fall in sodium level (<120 mmol/l) and an overly rapid correction of hyponatraemia.

  4. 4. Treatment is based on severity of symptoms and underlying causes.

Keywords

sodiumhyponatraemiahypernatraemiaSIADHdiabetes insipidus
Type
Chapter
Information
Intensive Care Medicine
The Essential Guide
 , pp. 363 - 365
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021

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References

References and Further Reading

Bradshaw, K, Smith, M. Disorders of sodium balance after brain injury. Contin Educ Anaesth Crit Care Pain 2008;8:129–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cecconi, M, Hochrieser, H, Chew, M, et al. Preoperative abnormalities in serum sodium concentrations are associated with higher in-hospital mortality in patients undergoing major surgery. Br J Anaesth 2016;116:63–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ellison, DH, Berl, T. The syndrome of inappropriate antidiuresis. N Engl J Med 2007;356:2064–72.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Verbalis, JG, Goldsmith, SR, Greenberg, A, et al. Diagnosis, evaluation and treatment of hyponatraemia: expert panel recommendations. Am J Med 2013;126:S1–42.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

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