The third orientation of African psychology, the more culturally, spiritually, religiously, metaphysically, philosophically inclined African psychology, situates the investigator and the investigated, the therapist and the client, the teacher and the student in a cultural world. This psychology also believes in spirits, in non-material entities such as God and ancestors, in other invisible dimensions that interact with this one. For the sake of convenience we have given the name cultural African psychology to this orientation; it is not a perfect name. As it concerns itself with values and beliefs and traditions and spirits and the supernatural, we can also refer to it as value-based psychology. Cultural or value-based African psychology begins by placing people in their cultural context, seeing practices from the people's cultural point of view. Philosophies of life, world views, life-worlds, cultures, traditions, beliefs, or values are placed at the centre of this psychology. The cultural effects of colonialism and apartheid racism are also seen as figuring prominently in the lives of Africans. The object of study is the person in their cultural, traditional, spiritual, or religious context, and the values and beliefs that shape the person. The problems of the person seeking counselling are seen to emerge from the dynamic between culture and person. An understanding of the culture is as important as an understanding of the person. The student who comes to the psychology class is seen as a cultural being, bringing his or her culture into the lecture room.