Online reviews have a significant impact on the purchasing decisions of potential consumers. Positive reviews often sway buyers, even when faced with higher prices. This phenomenon has given rise to a deceptive industry dedicated to crafting counterfeit reviews. Companies frequently indulge in procuring bulk fake reviews, employing them to tarnish their rivals’ reputations or artificially bolster their credibility. These spurious reviews materialize through automated systems or compensated individuals. Thus, detecting fake reviews is becoming increasingly important due to their deceptive nature, as they are extremely difficult for humans to identify. To address this issue, current work has focused on machine learning and deep learning techniques to identify fake reviews. However, they have several limitations, including a lack of sufficient training data, inconsistency in providing accurate solutions across different datasets, concept drift, and inability to address new methods that evolved to create fake reviews over time. The objective of this review paper is to find the gaps in the existing research in the field of fake review detection and provide future directions. This paper provides the latest, comprehensive overview and analysis of research efforts focusing on various techniques employed so far, distinguishing characteristics utilized, and the existing datasets used.

Recently, the field of robotics development and control has been advancing rapidly. Even though humans effortlessly manipulate everyday objects, enabling robots to interact with human-made objects in real-world environments remains a challenge despite years of dedicated research. For example, typing on a keyboard requires adapting to various external conditions, such as the size and position of the keyboard, and demands high accuracy from a robot to be able to use it properly. This paper introduces a novel hierarchical reinforcement learning algorithm based on the Deep Deterministic Policy Gradient (DDPG) algorithm to address the dual-arm robot typing problem. In this regard, the proposed algorithm employs a Convolutional Auto-Encoder (CAE) to deal with the associated complexities of continuous state and action spaces at the first stage, and then a DDPG algorithm serves as a strategy controller for the typing problem. Using a dual-arm humanoid robot, we have extensively evaluated our proposed algorithm in simulation and real-world experiments. The results showcase the high efficiency of our approach, boasting an average success rate of 96.14% in simulations and 92.2% in real-world settings. Furthermore, we demonstrate that our proposed algorithm outperforms DDPG and Deep Q-Learning, two frequently employed algorithms in robotic applications.

Real-time strategy (RTS) games have provided a fertile ground for AI research with notable recent successes based on deep reinforcement learning (RL). However, RL remains a data-hungry approach featuring a high sample complexity. In this paper, we focus on a sample complexity reduction technique called reinforcement learning as a rehearsal (RLaR) and on the RTS game of MicroRTS to formulate and evaluate it. RLaR has been formulated in the context of action-value function based RL before. Here, we formulate it for a different RL framework, called actor-critic RL. We show that on the one hand the actor-critic framework allows RLaR to be much simpler, but on the other hand, it leaves room for a key component of RLaR–a prediction function that relates a learner’s observations with that of its opponent. This function, when leveraged for exploration, accelerates RL as our experiments in MicroRTS show. Further experiments provide evidence that RLaR may reduce actor noise compared to a variant that does not utilize RLaR’s exploration. This study provides the first evaluation of RLaR’s efficacy in a domain with a large strategy space.

High utility itemsets mining (HUIM) is an important sub-field of frequent itemset mining (FIM). Recently, HUIM has received much attention in the field of data mining. High utility itemsets (HUIs) have proven to be quite useful in marketing, retail marketing, cross-marketing, and e-commerce. Traditional HUIM approaches suffer from a drawback as they need a user-defined minimum utility ($ min\_util $) threshold. It is not easy for the users to set the appropriate $ min\_util $ threshold to find actionable HUIs. To target this drawback, top-k HUIM has been introduced. top-k HUIM is more suitable for supermarket managers and retailers to prepare appropriate strategies to generate higher profit. In this paper, we provide an in-depth survey of the current status of top-k HUIM approaches. The paper presents the task of top-k HUIM and its relevant definitions. It reviews the top-k HUIM approaches and presents their advantages and disadvantages. The paper also discusses the important strategies of the top-k HUIM, their variations, and research opportunities. The paper provides a detailed summary, analysis, and future directions of the top-k HUIM field.

In the previous two decades, knowledge graphs (KGs) have evolved significantly, inspiring developers to build ever-more context-related KGs. Due to this development, artificial intelligence (AI) applications can now access open domain-specific information in a format that is both semantically rich and machine comprehensible. In this article, a framework that depicts functional design for indoor workspaces and urban adaptive design, in order to help architects, artists, and interior designers for the design and construction of an urban or indoor workspace, based on the emotions of human individuals, is introduced. For the creation of online adaptive environments, the framework may incorporate emotional, physiological, visual, and textual measures. Additionally, an information retrieval mechanism that extracts critical information from the framework in order to assist the architects, artists, and the interior designers is presented. The framework provides access to commonsense knowledge about the (re-)design of an urban area and an indoor workspace, by suggesting objects that need to be placed, and other modifications that can be applied to the location, in order to achieve positive emotions. The emotions referred reflect to the emotions experienced by an individual when being in the indoor or urban area, which are pointers for the functionality, the memorability, and the admiration of the location. The framework also performs semantic matching between entities from the web KG ConceptNet, using semantic knowledge from ConceptNet and WordNet, with the ones existing in the KG of the framework. The paper provides a set of predefined SPARQL templates that specifically handle the ontology upon which the knowledge retrieval system is based. The framework has an additional argumentation function that allows users to challenge the knowledge retrieval component findings. In the event that the user prevails in the reasoning, the framework will learn new knowledge.

We propose a logic-based framework to model a system whose aim is to help provide the user with those pieces of information that are useful with respect to his/her current information need, as well as relevant to his/her query. More precisely, we propose three measures of information usefulness which take into account the fact that the user can be represented as a cognitive agent endowed with some beliefs—a partial “picture” about what it already knows—and goals—a certain state of affairs in which the agent would like to be. This paper extends a previous version of the framework by considering a more realistic hypothesis, according to which there are several ways to achieve goals. We present three different approaches: the binary approach, the ordinal approach, and the numerical approach. We take information retrieval (IR) as a particular application domain, and we compare some existing measures with the usefulness measure we introduce here.

Emerging reinforcement learning algorithms that utilize human traits as part of their conceptual architecture have been demonstrated to encourage cooperation in social dilemmas when compared to their unaltered origins. In particular, the addition of a mood mechanism facilitates more cooperative behaviour in multi-agent iterated prisoner dilemma (IPD) games, for both static and dynamic network contexts. Mood-altered agents also exhibit humanlike behavioural trends when environmental aspects of the dilemma are altered, such as the structure of the payoff matrix used. It is possible that other environmental effects from both human and agent-based research will interact with moody structures in previously unstudied ways. As the literature on these interactions is currently small, we seek to expand on previous research by introducing two more environmental dimensions; voluntary interaction in dynamic networks, and stability of interaction through varied network restructuring. From an initial Erdos–Renyi random network, we manipulate the structure of a network IPD according to existing methodology in human-based research, to investigate possible replication of their findings. We also facilitated strategic selection of opponents through the introduction of two partner evaluation mechanisms and tested two selection thresholds for each. We found that even minimally strategic play termination in dynamic networks is enough to enhance cooperation above a static level, though the thresholds for these strategic decisions are critical to desired outcomes. More forgiving thresholds lead to better maintenance of cooperation between kinder strategies than stricter ones, despite overall cooperation levels being relatively low. Additionally, moody reinforcement learning combined with certain play termination decision strategies can mimic trends in human cooperation affected by structural changes to the IPD played on dynamic networks—as can kind and simplistic strategies such as Tit-For-Tat. Implications of this in comparison with human data is discussed, and suggestions for diversification of further testing are made.

In the previous two decades, Knowledge Graphs (KGs) have evolved, inspiring developers to build ever-more context-related KGs. Because of this development, Artificial Intelligence (AI) applications can now access open domain-specific information in a format that is both semantically rich and machine comprehensible. In this article, we introduce the XR4DRAMA framework. The KG of the XR4DRAMA framework can represent data for media preparation and disaster management. More specifically, the KG of the XR4DRAMA framework can represent information about: (a) Observations and Events (e.g., data collection of biometric sensors, information in photos and text messages), (b) Spatio-temporal (e.g., highlighted locations and timestamps), (c) Mitigation and response plans in crisis (e.g., first responder teams). In addition, we provide a mechanism that allows Points of Interest (POI) to be created or updated based on videos, photos, and text messages sent by users. For improved disaster management and media coverage of a location, POI serve as markers to journalists and first responders. A task creation mechanism is also provided for the disaster management scenario with the XR4DRAMA framework, which indicates to first responders and citizens what tasks need to be performed in case of an emergency. Finally, the XR4DRAMA framework has a danger zone creation mechanism. Danger zones are regions in a map that are considered as dangerous for citizens and first responders during a disaster management scenario and are annotated by a severity score. The last two mechanisms are based on a Decision Support System (DSS).