With a resounding “No,” Senate President Jovito Salonga cast the final vote against the Treaty of Friendship, Cooperation, and Security between the Republic of the Philippines (R.P.) and the United States. The final tally totaled 12–11 against the Treaty, effectively ending over ninety years of U.S. military presence in the Philippines. Salonga's vote was perhaps less suspenseful than the 12–11 margin would suggest since the Philippine Senate only needed eight out of twenty-three “No” votes to reject the Treaty. Nevertheless, the rejection of the Treaty and U.S. bases in the Philippines was a monumental day for Filipinos. The decision was all the more astonishing given that a traditionally conservative institution such as the Senate ultimately snubbed its nose against its primary international benefactor. Asking how an economically deprived, politically unstable country held its own against a world superpower, Roland Simbulan, a longtime Philippine activist and scholar, and advisor to Senator Wigberto Tañada during the R.P.-U.S. base negotiations, replied, “The real moving spirit behind the twelve Senators was the broad and unified people's movement outside the Senate....[T]he Anti-Treaty Movement was forged with the broadest unity possible among organized forces and indivduals. In that end, it was the power of the people that ended the most visible symbols of our colonial legacy and the Cold War in the Philippines.”