We introduce and study the notion of a generalised Hecke orbit in a Shimura variety. We define a height function on such an orbit and study its properties. We obtain lower bounds for the sizes of Galois orbits of points in a generalised Hecke orbit in terms of this height function, assuming the ‘weakly adelic Mumford–Tate hypothesis’ and prove the generalised André–Pink–Zannier conjecture under this assumption, using Pila–Zannier strategy.

Let $U$ be a smooth affine curve over a number field $K$ with a compactification $X$ and let ${\mathbb {L}}$ be a rank $2$, geometrically irreducible lisse $\overline {{\mathbb {Q}}}_\ell$-sheaf on $U$ with cyclotomic determinant that extends to an integral model, has Frobenius traces all in some fixed number field $E\subset \overline {\mathbb {Q}}_{\ell }$, and has bad, infinite reduction at some closed point $x$ of $X\setminus U$. We show that ${\mathbb {L}}$ occurs as a summand of the cohomology of a family of abelian varieties over $U$. The argument follows the structure of the proof of a recent theorem of Snowden and Tsimerman, who show that when $E=\mathbb {Q}$, then ${\mathbb {L}}$ is isomorphic to the cohomology of an elliptic curve $E_U\rightarrow U$.

Let $X$ be a smooth geometrically connected projective curve over the field of fractions of a discrete valuation ring $R$, and $\mathfrak {m}$ a modulus on $X$, given by a closed subscheme of $X$ which is geometrically reduced. The generalized Jacobian $J_\mathfrak {m}$ of $X$ with respect to $\mathfrak {m}$ is then an extension of the Jacobian of $X$ by a torus. We describe its Néron model, together with the character and component groups of the special fibre, in terms of a regular model of $X$ over $R$. This generalizes Raynaud's well-known description for the usual Jacobian. We also give some computations for generalized Jacobians of modular curves $X_0(N)$ with moduli supported on the cusps.

Let $X$, $Y$ be nonsingular real algebraic sets. A map $\varphi \colon X \to Y$ is said to be $k$-regulous, where $k$ is a nonnegative integer, if it is of class $\mathcal {C}^k$ and the restriction of $\varphi$ to some Zariski open dense subset of $X$ is a regular map. Assuming that $Y$ is uniformly rational, and $k \geq 1$, we prove that a $\mathcal {C}^{\infty }$ map $f \colon X \to Y$ can be approximated by $k$-regulous maps in the $\mathcal {C}^k$ topology if and only if $f$ is homotopic to a $k$-regulous map. The class of uniformly rational real algebraic varieties includes spheres, Grassmannians and rational nonsingular surfaces, and is stable under blowing up nonsingular centers. Furthermore, taking $Y=\mathbb {S}^p$ (the unit $p$-dimensional sphere), we obtain several new results on approximation of $\mathcal {C}^{\infty }$ maps from $X$ into $\mathbb {S}^p$ by $k$-regulous maps in the $\mathcal {C}^k$ topology, for $k \geq 0$.

In this paper we produce infinite families of counterexamples to Jantzen's question posed in 1980 on the existence of Weyl $p$-filtrations for Weyl modules for an algebraic group and Donkin's tilting module conjecture formulated in 1990. New techniques to exhibit explicit examples are provided along with methods to produce counterexamples in large rank from counterexamples in small rank. Counterexamples can be produced via our methods for all groups other than when the root system is of type ${\rm A}_{n}$ or ${\rm B}_{2}$.

Let $G$ be a split semisimple group over a global function field $K$. Given a cuspidal automorphic representation $\Pi$ of $G$ satisfying a technical hypothesis, we prove that for almost all primes $\ell$, there is a cyclic base change lifting of $\Pi$ along any $\mathbb {Z}/\ell \mathbb {Z}$-extension of $K$. Our proof does not rely on any trace formulas; instead it is based on using modularity lifting theorems, together with a Smith theory argument, to obtain base change for residual representations. As an application, we also prove that for any split semisimple group $G$ over a local function field $F$, and almost all primes $\ell$, any irreducible admissible representation of $G(F)$ admits a base change along any $\mathbb {Z}/\ell \mathbb {Z}$-extension of $F$. Finally, we characterize local base change more explicitly for a class of toral representations considered in work of Chan and Oi.

Let $F$ be a separable integral binary form of odd degree $N \geq 5$. A result of Darmon and Granville known as ‘Faltings plus epsilon’ implies that the degree-$N$ superelliptic equation $y^2 = F(x,z)$ has finitely many primitive integer solutions. In this paper, we consider the family $\mathscr {F}_N(f_0)$ of degree-$N$ superelliptic equations with fixed leading coefficient $f_0 \in \mathbb {Z} \smallsetminus \pm \mathbb {Z}^2$, ordered by height. For every sufficiently large $N$, we prove that among equations in the family $\mathscr {F}_N(f_0)$, more than $74.9\,\%$ are insoluble, and more than $71.8\,\%$ are everywhere locally soluble but fail the Hasse principle due to the Brauer–Manin obstruction. We further show that these proportions rise to at least $99.9\,\%$ and $96.7\,\%$, respectively, when $f_0$ has sufficiently many prime divisors of odd multiplicity. Our result can be viewed as a strong asymptotic form of ‘Faltings plus epsilon’ for superelliptic equations and constitutes an analogue of Bhargava's result that most hyperelliptic curves over $\mathbb {Q}$ have no rational points.

This paper explores the cohomological consequences of the existence of moduli spaces for flat bundles with bounded rank and irregularity at infinity and gives unconditional proofs. Namely, we prove the existence of a universal bound for the dimension of de Rham cohomology of flat bundles with bounded rank and irregularity on surfaces. In any dimension, we prove a Lefschetz recognition principle stating the existence of hyperplane sections distinguishing flat bundles with bounded rank and irregularity after restriction. We obtain in any dimension a universal bound for the degrees of the turning loci of flat bundles with bounded rank and irregularity. Along the way, we introduce a new operation on the group of $b$-divisors on a smooth surface (the partial discrepancy) and prove a closed formula for the characteristic cycles of flat bundles on surfaces in terms of the partial discrepancy of the irregularity $b$-divisor attached to any flat bundle by Kedlaya.

For any smooth proper rigid space $X$ over a complete algebraically closed extension $K$ of $\mathbb {Q}_p$ we give a geometrisation of the $p$-adic Simpson correspondence of rank one in terms of analytic moduli spaces: the $p$-adic character variety is canonically an étale twist of the moduli space of topologically torsion Higgs line bundles over the Hitchin base. This also eliminates the choice of an exponential. The key idea is to relate both sides to moduli spaces of $v$-line bundles. As an application, we study a major open question in $p$-adic non-abelian Hodge theory raised by Faltings, namely which Higgs bundles correspond to continuous representations under the $p$-adic Simpson correspondence. We answer this question in rank one by describing the essential image of the continuous characters $\pi ^{{\mathrm {\acute {e}t}}}_1(X)\to K^\times$ in terms of moduli spaces: for projective $X$ over $K=\mathbb {C}_p$, it is given by Higgs line bundles with vanishing Chern classes like in complex geometry. However, in general, the correct condition is the strictly stronger assumption that the underlying line bundle is a topologically torsion element in the topological group $\operatorname {Pic}(X)$.

Let $F$ be a non-archimedean local field of characteristic different from 2 and residual characteristic $p$. This paper concerns the $\ell$-modular representations of a connected reductive group $G$ distinguished by a Galois involution, with $\ell$ an odd prime different from $p$. We start by proving a general theorem allowing to lift supercuspidal $\overline {\mathbf {F}}_{\ell }$-representations of $\operatorname {GL}_n(F)$ distinguished by an arbitrary closed subgroup $H$ to a distinguished supercuspidal $\overline {\mathbf {Q}}_{\ell }$-representation. Given a quadratic field extension $E/F$ and an irreducible $\overline {\mathbf {F}}_{\ell }$-representation $\pi$ of $\operatorname {GL}_n(E)$, we verify the Jacquet conjecture in the modular setting that if the Langlands parameter $\phi _\pi$ is irreducible and conjugate-selfdual, then $\pi$ is either $\operatorname {GL}_n(F)$-distinguished or $(\operatorname {GL}_{n}(F),\omega _{E/F})$-distinguished (where $\omega _{E/F}$ is the quadratic character of $F^\times$ associated to the quadratic field extension $E/F$ by the local class field theory), but not both, which extends one result of Sécherre to the case $p=2$. We give another application of our lifting theorem for supercuspidal representations distinguished by a unitary involution, extending one result of Zou to $p=2$. After that, we give a complete classification of the $\operatorname {GL}_2(F)$-distinguished representations of $\operatorname {GL}_2(E)$. Using this classification we discuss a modular version of the Prasad conjecture for $\operatorname {PGL}_2$. We show that the ‘classical’ Prasad conjecture fails in the modular setting. We propose a solution using non-nilpotent Weil–Deligne representations. Finally, we apply the restriction method of Anandavardhanan and Prasad to classify the $\operatorname {SL}_2(F)$-distinguished modular representations of $\operatorname {SL}_2(E)$.

We define higher semiadditive algebraic K-theory, a variant of algebraic K-theory that takes into account higher semiadditive structure, as enjoyed for example by the $\mathrm {K}(n)$- and $\mathrm {T}(n)$-local categories. We prove that it satisfies a form of the redshift conjecture. Namely, that if $R$ is a ring spectrum of height $\leq n$, then its semiadditive K-theory is of height $\leq n+1$. Under further hypothesis on $R$, which are satisfied for example by the Lubin–Tate spectrum $\mathrm {E}_n$, we show that its semiadditive algebraic K-theory is of height exactly $n+1$. Finally, we connect semiadditive K-theory to $\mathrm {T}(n+1)$-localized K-theory, showing that they coincide for any $p$-invertible ring spectrum and for the completed Johnson–Wilson spectrum $\widehat {\mathrm {E}(n)}$.

The deepest arithmetic invariants attached to an algebraic variety defined over a number field $F$ are conjecturally captured by the integral part of its motivic cohomology. There are essentially two ways of defining it when $X$ is a smooth projective variety: one is via the $K$-theory of a regular integral model, the other is through its $\ell$-adic realization. Both approaches are conjectured to coincide. This paper initiates the study of motivic cohomology for global fields of positive characteristic, hereafter named $A$-motivic cohomology, where classical mixed motives are replaced by mixed Anderson $A$-motives. Our main objective is to set the definitions of the integral part and the good $\ell$-adic part of the $A$-motivic cohomology using Gardeyn's notion of maximal models as the analogue of regular integral models of varieties. Our main result states that the integral part is contained in the good $\ell$-adic part. As opposed to what is expected in the number field setting, we show that the two approaches do not match in general. We conclude this work by introducing the submodule of regulated extensions of mixed Anderson $A$-motives, for which we expect the two approaches to match, and solve some particular cases of this expectation.

We use sheaves of spectra to quantize a Hamiltonian $\coprod _n BO(n)$-action on $\varinjlim _{N}T^*\mathbf {R}^N$ that naturally arises from Bott periodicity. We employ the category of correspondences developed by Gaitsgory and Rozenblyum [A study in derived algebraic geometry, vol. I. Correspondences and duality, Mathematical Surveys and Monographs, vol. 221 (American Mathematical Society, 2017)] to give an enrichment of stratified Morse theory by the $J$-homomorphism. This provides a key step in the work of Jin [Microlocal sheaf categories and the $J$-homomorphism, Preprint (2020), arXiv:2004.14270v4] on the proof of a claim of Jin and Treumann [Brane structures in microlocal sheaf theory, J. Topol. 17 (2024), e12325]: the classifying map of the local system of brane structures on an (immersed) exact Lagrangian submanifold $L\subset T^*\mathbf {R}^N$ is given by the composition of the stable Gauss map $L\rightarrow U/O$ and the delooping of the $J$-homomorphism $U/O\rightarrow B\mathrm {Pic}(\mathbf {S})$. We put special emphasis on the functoriality and (symmetric) monoidal structures of the categories involved and, as a byproduct, we produce several concrete constructions of (commutative) algebra/module objects and (right-lax) morphisms between them in the (symmetric) monoidal $(\infty, 2)$-category of correspondences, generalizing the construction out of Segal objects of Gaitsgory and Rozenblyum, which might be of independent interest.

When restricted to alternating links, both Heegaard Floer and Khovanov homology concentrate along a single diagonal $\delta$-grading. This leads to the broader class of thin links that one would like to characterize without reference to the invariant in question. We provide a relative version of thinness for tangles and use this to characterize thinness via tangle decompositions along Conway spheres. These results bear a strong resemblance to the L-space gluing theorem for three-manifolds with torus boundary. Our results are based on certain immersed curve invariants for Conway tangles, namely the Heegaard Floer invariant $\operatorname {HFT}$ and the Khovanov invariant $\widetilde {\operatorname {Kh}}$ that were developed by the authors in previous works.

Let $F$ be a totally real field in which $p$ is unramified and let $B$ be a quaternion algebra over $F$ which splits at at most one infinite place. Let $\overline {r}:\operatorname {{\mathrm {Gal}}}(\overline {F}/F)\rightarrow \mathrm {GL}_2(\overline {\mathbb {F}}_p)$ be a modular Galois representation which satisfies the Taylor–Wiles hypotheses. Assume that for some fixed place $v|p$, $B$ ramifies at $v$ and $F_v$ is isomorphic to $\mathbb {Q}_p$ and $\overline {r}$ is generic at $v$. We prove that the admissible smooth representations of the quaternion algebra over $\mathbb {Q}_p$ coming from mod $p$ cohomology of Shimura varieties associated to $B$ have Gelfand–Kirillov dimension $1$. As an application we prove that the degree-two Scholze's functor (which is defined by Scholze [On the $p$-adic cohomology of the Lubin–Tate tower, Ann. Sci. Éc. Norm. Supér. (4) 51 (2018), 811–863]) vanishes on generic supersingular representations of $\mathrm {GL}_2(\mathbb {Q}_p)$. We also prove some finer structure theorems about the image of Scholze's functor in the reducible case.

For $2 \leq d \leq 5$, we show that the class of the Hurwitz space of smooth degree $d$, genus $g$ covers of $\mathbb {P}^1$ stabilizes in the Grothendieck ring of stacks as $g \to \infty$, and we give a formula for the limit. We also verify this stabilization when one imposes ramification conditions on the covers, and obtain a particularly simple answer for this limit when one restricts to simply branched covers.

We show that for every finite set of prime numbers $S$, there are at most finitely many singular moduli that are $S$-units. The key new ingredient is that for every prime number $p$, singular moduli are $p$-adically disperse. We prove analogous results for the Weber modular functions, the $\lambda$-invariants and the McKay–Thompson series associated with the elements of the monster group. Finally, we also obtain that a modular function that specializes to infinitely many algebraic units at quadratic imaginary numbers must be a weak modular unit.

We study families of rational curves on irreducible holomorphic symplectic varieties. We give a necessary and sufficient condition for a sufficiently ample linear system on a holomorphic symplectic variety of $K3^{[n]}$-type to contain a uniruled divisor covered by rational curves of primitive class. In particular, for any fixed $n$, we show that there are only finitely many polarization types of holomorphic symplectic variety of $K3^{[n]}$-type that do not contain such a uniruled divisor. As an application, we provide a generalization of a result due to Beauville–Voisin on the Chow group of $0$-cycles on such varieties.

We prove a large finite field version of the Boston–Markin conjecture on counting Galois extensions of the rational function field with a given Galois group and the smallest possible number of ramified primes. Our proof involves a study of structure groups of (direct products of) racks.

We introduce $F$-gauges over a prism, construct syntomic cycle classes, and prove the prismatic Poincaré duality for proper smooth schemes.