This book deals with the Scandinavian invasions of England during the reign of King Æthelred II (the Unready), starting with an invasion leading to the battle of Maldon in 991 and concluding with the Danish conquest of England more than twenty years later. Swein Forkbeard, king of Denmark, played a significant part in the invasions of England until his death in February 1014. The conquest was completed by his son, King Cnut the Great, who was acknowledged as king of all England at the beginning of 1017.

Attention is focused upon the activities of Swein Forkbeard and, after his death, the Danish warlord, Thorkell the Tall. Both were outstanding warriors and political leaders of what is sometimes termed ‘The Second Viking Age’. A focus upon the invasions and conquest from the Scandinavian viewpoint provides new insight into events in England during this period. In particular, it reveals the complexity of the political and economic relationship between the leaders of Scandinavian liðs, or armies, and the English establishment.

English wealth was an important factor in attracting the attention of the Scandinavian liðs that invaded England. Most commentators have focused on the payment of gafol, or tribute, during this period, but, whilst acknowledging its significant cost to the English and its value to the invaders, this book also describes the evidence of other costs arising as a result of the invasions which, together, created an economic impact on an annual basis.