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This chapter introduces machine learning in contemporary artificial intelligence. The first section looks at an expert system developed in the early days of AI research – ID3, which employs a decision-tree-based algorithm. The second section looks at advances in deep learning, which has transformed modern machine learning. We introduce a deep learning model inspired by the mammalian visual system, illustrating how it can extract hierarchical information from the raw data. The third section addresses two examples of neural networks -- autoencoders and convolutional neural networks, which can feature in layers of deep learning networks. The last section looks at a distinct type of machine learning -- reinforcement learning. We explain how deep reinforcement learning has made possible the two most spectacular milestones in artificial intelligence - AlphaGo and AlphaGo Zero.
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