MIDDLE AND PASSIVE PARTICIPLES OF PRESENT AND FUTURE
The present middle participle of a verb is formed by taking the present stem and adding the suffix -māna- in the case of a thematic verb, or the weak present stem and adding -āna- in the case of an athematic verb. Present middle participles decline as regular a-/ā-stems. For example:
√द्युत‘to shine’ (Class I MID), present stem द्योत- –› द्योतमान- ‘shining’ (-मानः (MASC), -माना (FEM), मानम् (NTR))
√भुज् ‘to enjoy’ (Class VII), weak present stem भुञ्ज्- –› भुञ्जान- ‘enjoying’
A noteworthy formal exception is the present middle participle of √आस् ‘to sit’, which is आसीन- rather than the expected +आसान-.
As is the case with finite passive verb forms, the present passive participle is formed by adding the middle suffix to the passive stem (root in zero grade (with possible changes –› Chapter 21) + -ya-):
√नी ‘to lead’ –› नीयमान- ‘being led’
√ईक्ष् ‘to see’ –› ईक्ष्यमान- ‘being seen’
√श्रु ‘to listen, hear’ –› श्रूयमान- ‘being listened to, heard’
√दा ‘to give’ –› दीयमान- ‘being given’
Note that passive forms are always thematic (the passive marker -ya- ends in the thematic vowel -a), hence all present passive participles employ the thematic suffix -māna-. Like the ta-participles encountered in Chapter 8, these participles are adjectives, agreeing with the noun they refer to in case, number and gender. In English, they may sometimes be translated as running, being seen etc., but frequently are better rendered by means of a subordinate clause (see below).
Future middle and passive participles (which are identical to one another, as discussed in Chapter 21) are formed by adding the suffix -māna- to the future stem (which ends in an -a-, hence only the thematic participle suffix is employed).
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